Basal Astrids

1. Santalales

Woody; (semi-)parasites; mycorrhiza absent; leaves margins entire flower A epipetalous; perianth often simple, valvate, persisting carpels/ovaries/ovules often reduced, placentation free-central; fruit drupe, one-seeded polyacetylenes, triterpene sapogenins, silicic acid

 2. Berberidopsidales

Woody; leaves stomata cyclocytic, petiole bundles annular; fruit indehiscent (more or less fleshy); calcium oxalate as crystals

 3. Cariophyllales

Mostly herbaceous; without mycorrhiza; G often unilocular with free-central placentation; pollen colpate, surface spiny; betalains or anthocyanins (latter, e.g., in Caryophyllaceae)

4. Cornales