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Susman & Evered, 1978, p. 588.
How is PAR Conducted?
How is PAR Conducted?
PAR is a non-linear, reflective, and iterative process involving observation, action, evaluation, and reflection (Baum et al., 2006; Bhattacherjee, 2012, pp. 107-108; Duijs et al., 2019; Savin-Baden & Wimpenny, 2007; Susman & Evered, 1978).
Susman & Evered (1978) identify five distinct phases in the PAR process:
Diagnosing: Collectively identifying and defining the problem in a local context.
Action Planning: Collaboratively identifying and evaluating solutions to the problem and deciding on an informed future course of action
Action Taking: Implementing the planned action(s)
Evaluating: Examining the success or failure of the action(s) implemented; and
Learning: Reflecting on experience gained and feedback received and using this to modify or change future action planning.
The PAR process may be repeated multiple times based on perceived impact and knowledge gained. (Bhattacherjee, 2012, p. 108).
Research Methods and Data Collection
Research Methods and Data Collection
Research methods involve tools, tasks, and structured activities which aim to facilitate participation, mutual learning, and shared decision-making (Vaughn & Jacquez, 2020).
Methods adapt and change throughout the research process to meet the need for participation and as priorities are explored and understood (ICPHR, 2013; Vaughn & Jacquez, 2020).
The primary method of data collection is often participant observation, though other qualitative methods such as interviews and documentation, as well as quantitative methods, may be used to corroborate findings (Bhattacherjee, 2012, p. 108; Duijs et al., 2019; ICPHR, 2013)
Critical reflection of participants is KEY to the success of PAR (Baum et al., 2006).
Lewin, K. (n.d.). Learning is more effective when it is an active rather than a passive process [Clip Art]. Quote Fancy. 2982760-Kurt-Lewin-Quote-Learning-is-more-effective-when-it-is-an-active.jpg (3840Ă—2160) (quotefancy.com)
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