In PAR the researcher is both consultant and participant, assisting co-researchers to identify research focus, introduce action, evaluate efficacy of intervention, and reflect on key learnings (Bhattacherjee, 2012, p.107).

Researchers may initiate the research process and actively seek participation, but then must work to co-facilitate so as not to recreate power imbalances or introduce bias (Duijs et al., 2019; ICPHR, 2013). Researchers must foster a communicative space based on mutual encouragement, respect, and support (Duijs et al., 2019; Fine et al., 2021; ICPHR, 2013; McTaggart, 1998).

Researchers aim to guide participants through the PAR process (including understanding logistical, social, and political complexities), rather than directing their actions (ICPHR, 2013; McTaggart, 1998; Owens et al., 202). Their focus is on empowerment of participants and facilitating self-determination as well as acknowledging that all involved have something to bring to the table (ICPHR, 2013; Owens et al., 2021).

Researchers are not sole actors in the change process, but rather partners and co-creators with community members, health policy makers, and practitioners all of whom are seeking social change (Baum et al., 2006; Vaughn & Jacquez, 2020).

Researchers must be prepared to reject prevailing knowledge and accept counter narratives, always remaining focused on the perspectives of participants (Fine et al., 2021).

PAR is participant driven.

Participants, through open sharing and negotiation, choose a research focus that is locally meaningful as well as actions that, while based in part on theory, stand to showcase participant capacity and the influence of experiential knowledge (Baum et al., 2006; Fine et al., 2021; Savin-Baden & Wimpenny, 2007).

Participants, as co-researchers, collectively build theory, research design, methods, action, and analysis (Fine et al., 2021). Participants must demonstrate strong investment and meaningful participation at all stages of the research process in order to ensure the research agenda remains participant-focused and that actions taken are successful and sustainable (McTaggart, 1998).

Participants must learn to work through rather than work around or ignore points of disagreement (Fine et al., 2021).

Actions, if chosen correctly, will build capacity, encourage self-determination, and foster responsive, personal, and innovative solutions (Baum et al., 2006).