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Infinite verb is generally of four types:
a) Infinitives are formed by adding 'to', expressed or understood before the verb.
Eg: He came to play. Learn to ride.
b) Participles are formed of verbs that works both as adjective and verb.
Eg: I saw a sinking boat. Hearing his words I became angry.
c) Gerunds are formed when a 'ing' is added to a verb and it describes some features of a noun.
Eg: Writing poem is a noble art. What he does best is singing.
d) Verbal nouns are formed by adding 'ing' after verb and 'the' is used before and 'of' after a verbal noun.
a) Infinitive is of two types: Simple or Noun-Infinitives and Gerundial Infinitives.
* Simple or Noun-Infinitives are used as:
i) As the subject of the verb.
Eg: To write this story is not easy. To see him is my luck.
ii) As the object of the verb.
Eg: He likes to read. He is about to run.
iii) As the complement of the verb.
Eg: He seems to be rich. I ordered him to go.
iv) Absolutely, in exclamation or interrogation.
Eg: And now what to do? To think that he would do so!
* Gerundial Infinitives are used to express purpose, cause, condition or results, and may be attached:
i) Adverbially to a verb.
Eg: He came to see me. We eat to live.
ii) Adverbially to an adjective.
Eg: I am sorry to hear this. He is ready to go.
iii) Adjectivially to a noun.
Eg: I have a house to let. Here is a chair to sit on.
b) Participles are of two classes: Present and Past or Perfect Participle.
* Present Participles express an action going on, and not completed, and formed by adding 'ing' to the verb.
Eg: Seeing the bird he became happy. I saw a sinking boat.
* Past or Perfect Participles express an action complete, and are formed by adding 'ed, d, t, en or n' to the
verb.
Eg: This is a broken cup. I heard the story.
* Use of Participles:
i) As an attributive adjective. Eg: A charming scenery. A rolling stone.
ii) Predicatively, to complete the sentence. Eg: The scenery looks charming. We saw him running away.
iii) Absolutely. Eg: The dinner being over, the party broke. God willing, we shall do it tomorrow.
c) Gerund is used as:
i) As the subject of the verb. Eg: Walking is a good habit. Studying is good.
ii) As the object of the verb. Eg: Stop shouting. I learn swimming.
iii) As the object of the preposition. Eg: He is fond of reading. He likes working.
iv) As a part of compound noun. Eg: A dinning room, A walking stick.
d) Noun- Verbal Verbal nouns are formed by adding 'ing' after verb and 'the' is used before and 'of' after a
verbal noun.
Eg: The hunting of tiger is very dangerous. I like the reading of English.
* Difference between Present Participles, Gerunds and Noun- Verbal:
i) A Present Participle is the combination of verb and adjective. But it is primarily an adjective qualifying a noun,
though it takes an object when it is formed from a transitive verb. Eg: I found him reading. Playing cricket is
interesting.
ii) A Gerund is the combination of verb and noun. But it is primarily a noun and is used as an ordinary noun in
a sentence, i.e., as subject, object or a complement. Eg: His reading is not good. I am fond of playing football.
iii) The Noun- Verbal is a noun only. It is practically a Gerund preceded by „the‟ and followed by „of‟. Eg: The
working of Rohim is nice. I am fond of the singing of Mr Sen.
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