A political ideology that first rose to national prominence in Nazi Germany, and Benito Mussolini’s Italy which combined jingoism, militarism, authoritarianism, virulent ethnicism/racism, and capitalism into one ideological package (and which saw the use of violence and terror as legitimate instruments for achieving its ends). It may be noted that, considered generically, a modified form of fascist ideology existed in South Africa and the Jim Crow South in the United States (and which may be labeled as semi-fascism or para-fascism). (See also Totalitarianism.)