unintended and usually unforeseen oppositional outcomes in a social system that threaten its survival—unless they are resolved by fundamentally transforming it—and which are rooted within the operational parameters of the system. It may be noted that contradictions first usually come to light as contradictions through scholarly analysis whereas they are incorrectly manifest to the architects of the system as merely disruptive symptoms (e.g. crises) of “imbalances” in the system which can be dealt with by simply fine-tuning the system (e.g. reforms—rather than fundamentally transforming it).