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The CRNAs’ practice is differentiated from ARN practice by more in-dependent clinical judgment during the provision of care, making their practice more analogous to the practice of the anesthesiologist than the ARN.Although the results demonstrate the independent nature of the CRNA practice, they also highlight the source of continuing interprofessional competition. Ambiguity of practice components and boundaries between CRNAs and anesthesiologists are highlighted by the differences in practice components between ARNs and CRNAs. It is legitimate to assume that although ARNs function in more dependent roles, the practice components that they do not perform are accomplished by anesthesiologists. These practice differences highlight the shared practice components between anesthesiologists and CRNAs.In the United States, conflict over professional scope of practice and interprofessional boundaries are played out between professional organizations in the political arenas of each state between the Boards of Nursing and Medicine. However, the cultural differences betweenSouth Korea and the United States are great enough that conflicts over interprofessional boundaries are likely to be played out very differently and in less public forums.Korean culture evolved along strict hierarchical lines over a 5,000-year period. Traditionally physicians were considered “professionals” and ranked higher in the hierarchy. Nurses were considered members of the “service” strata and ranked below physicians. All nurses deferred to physicians. In recent years, nurses are also considered as professionals. However, the old tradi-tional social norms still influence modern society, and nurses still defer to physicians as their superiors. This is true of both ARNs and CRNAs.Some of the most interesting data relate to the respon-dents’ ages and plans to retire from anesthesia practice. As stated earlier, 53.1% of CRNAs were over age 50 years, and 68.3% of them plan to retire from the practice within the next 10 years (see -s 2 and 3). It is also interest-ing that, although the average age of the ARN workforce is much younger than the average age of CRNAs, many ARNs also plan to retire from anesthesia practice within the next 10 years.The survey question asked about the respondents’ plans to retire from anesthesia practice. Because CRNAs are professional anesthesia providers, they likely will not leave the field until they reach retirement at around age 60 years, which is in line with the general Korean popula-tion. It is clear that the number of practicing CRNAs will decline severely as the current workforce reaches retire-ment age and is not replaced by the educational system. If366 AANA Journal n October 2017 n Vol. 85, No. 5 www.aana.com/aanajournalonlineComponent of care χ2 P valuePerformance of a preanesthesia assessment 7.133 .008Obtaining consent for anesthesia .655 .003Collaborating with the anesthesiologist to create the anesthetic plan 39.361 < .001Administering anesthetic drugs 4.958 .026Airway management 173.863 < .001Management of emergence from anesthesia 139.224 < .001Postanesthesia management of airway and pain 9.598 .002Perform regional anesthesia blocks 15.992 < .001Documentation in the anesthesia record 96.568 < .001- 2.