To find out, we first have to begin with complete sentences.
A subject (the noun performing the verb).
He sings.
A verb (the verb tied to the noun).
He sings.
And a complete thought (the sentence makes sense).
Are called by that name because they are two or more sentences "fused" together with no punctuation. They are also called "run-ons".
Examples:
My pet bear is very fashionable she only wears high heels.
It is hard to dance in high heels bears are very top-heavy.
The weather was lovely today I spent all day outside with my pet bear.
Read the above sentences aloud. You can often "hear" where there should be a pause.
Think of sentences as people on a crowded train. They don't like being cramped together and need breathing room!
We can give them that through punctuation!
Here are some strategies that work.
Simply add a period between sentence one and sentence two.
Examples:
My pet bear is very fashionable. She only wears high heels.
It is hard to dance in high heels. Bears are very top-heavy.
The weather was lovely today. I spent all day outside with my pet bear.
FANBOYS (For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So) can connect sentences with a comma. A comma alone cannot connect two sentences (this is called a comma splice). Read more on FANBOYS.
Examples:
My pet bear is very fashionable, for she only wears high heels.
It is hard to dance in high heels, and bears are very top-heavy.
The weather was lovely today, so I spent all day outside with my pet bear.
Subordinating words can connect sentences without the use of a comma. Read more on subordinating words. Common examples are after, although, because, if, since, while, until, unless, before.
Examples:
My pet bear is very fashionable because she only wears high heels.
It is hard to dance in high heels since bears are very top-heavy.
The weather was lovely today while I spent all day outside with my pet bear.
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