Modes, Methods, & Media

Text-based science communication documents rely on clear, structured text to convey scientific information, research findings, and expert insights to various audiences. This format allows for detailed explanations, persuasive arguments, and comprehensive analysis, making it essential for academic, professional, and public communication. Written documents often include supporting visuals, data, and structured formatting to enhance clarity and impact.

Short Articles

1. Popular Science Article

   • Length: 800–2,000 words with engaging photos and illustrations

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To educate and engage a general audience by simplifying complex scientific concepts

   • Examples: Blog posts or magazine articles simplifying complex scientific topics

   • Details: Popular Science Article (short form)

2. Op-Ed

   • Length: 600–1,000 words with minimal or no visuals

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade and provide expert opinion or commentary on scientific topics

   • Examples: Opinion articles providing insight or commentary on scientific topics

   • Details: Scientific Op-Ed

3. Policy Brief

   • Length: 1,000–2,000 words with simple charts and graphs

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and persuade policymakers to take specific actions based on scientific evidence

   • Examples: Documents guiding policymakers on science-based decisions

   • Details: Policy Brief

4. Press Release

   • Length: 300–800 words with minimal images or data visualizations

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public and media about scientific discoveries or innovations

   • Examples: Announcements of scientific discoveries or innovations

   • Details: Press Relief

5. Science Blog Post

   • Length: Typically 500–1,500 words, often complemented by images, infographics, or multimedia content.

   • Rhetorical Purpose: Informative. To educate and engage general audiences by breaking down scientific concepts in an informal, relatable style.

   • Examples: Blog posts explaining new medical discoveries or space missions.

   • Details: Scientific Blog Post

6. Editorial Summary

   • Length: 750–1,000 words with limited use of visuals

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform readers by summarizing key findings or debates in recent scientific publications

   • Examples: Summaries of high-impact research in journals like Nature or Science

7. Explainer Article

   • Length: 750–1,000 words with supportive visuals (charts or illustrations, if necessary)

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To clarify and simplify complex scientific concepts for non-expert audiences

   • Examples: Articles explaining CRISPR technology or quantum computing for a general audience

8. Case Study Snapshot

   • Length: 750–1,000 words with relevant photos or data visuals

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and illustrate how scientific research or technology is applied in real-world scenarios

   • Examples: Brief studies showcasing renewable energy projects or healthcare innovations in action

9. Case Study

   • Length: 1,000–3,000 words with charts, graphs, and photos

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and demonstrate practical applications of scientific concepts or research

   • Examples: Practical examples illustrating scientific applications in real-world contexts

Long Articles

10. Research Article

    • Length: 3,000–10,000 words with charts, graphs, photos, illustrations, & extensive references

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and argue for the validity of original scientific research and findings

    • Published in peer-reviewed journals to share findings with the scientific community. Include detailed methodologies, results, and discussions.

    • Examples: Academic journals and peer-reviewed scientific papers

11. Feature Article

    • Length: 2,000–4,000 words with charts, graphs, photos, illustrations, & references

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, analyze, or persuade readers about scientific controversies or complex topics

    • Examples: Analyzing scientific controversies with implications for public policy

    • Details: Feature Article

12. Position Paper

• Academic/Scientific Position Paper: 2,000–3,000 words (8–12 pages) with in-depth analysis with extensive references.

• Policy or Advocacy Position Paper: 1,500–2,500 words (5–10 pages) focusing on evidence-based arguments and actionable recommendations with extensive references

• Rhetorical Purpose: To present a well-researched argument that supports or opposes a controversial scientific claim, backed by evidence and expert analysis.

• Tone: Formal, persuasive, and evidence-driven.

• Examples: A paper challenging the safety of a newly released pesticide or defending the validity of climate change models.

• Details: Position Paper

13. Grant Proposal

    • Length: 3,000–7,500 words with charts, graphs, data visualizations, & references

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade funding agencies to support scientific research or projects

    • Submitted to funding agencies (e.g., NSF, NIH) or private foundations to secure research funding. Highlight the project’s significance, innovation, and feasibility.

    • Examples: Funding applications for scientific research and development (e.g., NIH, NSF)

      1. Details: Grant Proposal

14. White Paper

    • Length: 3,000–5,000 words with charts, graphs, images, detailed diagrams, and extensive references

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and advocate for specific scientific initiatives or policy changes

    • Examples: Detailed reports advocating for specific scientific initiatives

    • Details: White Paper

Visual science communication uses images, graphics, and design to convey complex scientific information in a clear, engaging, and accessible way. By integrating visual elements, this approach simplifies data, highlights key concepts, and appeals to both specialized and general audiences. Visual formats are essential for enhancing understanding, supporting arguments, and capturing attention across various platforms.

1. Charts & Graphs

   • Length: Varies (single chart or series in reports)

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To support arguments with data-driven visuals, making trends and relationships more understandable

   • Examples: Bar graphs showing experimental results, pie charts illustrating budget allocations, or line graphs tracking climate data

   • Details: Charts & Graphs

2. Illustrations & Diagrams

   • Length: A single image or 1 page

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To visually explain scientific processes, mechanisms, or structures in a simplified, accessible manner

   • Examples: Diagrams of the water cycle, cell structures, or mechanical designs in engineering projects

   • Details: Illustrations & Diagrams

3. Infographics

   • Length: A single image or 1 page

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To simplify complex data and concepts using visual storytelling and design for broad audiences

   • Examples: Data visualizations explaining climate change impacts, health statistics, or scientific timelines 

   • Details: Infographics

4. Posters

   • Length: 24 x 36 inches or A1/A0 size for academic settings

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To present research findings concisely through text, visuals, charts, and diagrams for academic conferences or public exhibitions

   • Examples: Scientific research posters for academic conferences summarizing experiments, data, and conclusions

   • Details: Posters

5. Slides

   • Length: 10–30 slides per presentation (15–30 minutes)

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To present scientific information visually and verbally, often combining text, images, and multimedia for clarity and engagement

   • Examples: Google Slides or PowerPoint presentations for classroom instruction, conference talks, or project proposals

6. Graphical Abstract

   • Length: A single image or 1 page

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To visually summarize the key points of one (1) scientific paper, making the research more accessible and shareable

   • Use: A graphical abstract is used when publishing a specific research study to summarize key results in a single visual snapshot.

   • Examples: Animated or static graphics shared on journal websites or social media summarizing study findings

   • Details: Graphical Abstract

7. Graphical Summary

   • Length: A single image or 1 page

   • Rhetorical Purpose: A visual overview of a concept, method, or dataset, often used in presentations or reviews. Can cover multiple studies, methodologies, or datasets.

   • Use: A graphical summary is used when explaining a broader topic, concept, or dataset, often incorporating multiple insights.

   • Examples: Used in review papers, lectures, posters, and conference presentations, often for educational or analytical purposes.

   • Resources: Introduction, How To, Tutorial

   • Details: Graphical Summary

Multimodal science communication integrates multiple forms of media—such as text, visuals, audio, video, and interactive elements—to effectively convey scientific information to diverse audiences. This approach enhances engagement, accessibility, and understanding by combining different modes of communication tailored to specific contexts and platforms.

1. Professional Portfolio

   • Length: 1–5 pages per document, multimodal with structured text, visuals, hyperlinks, and interactive design elements

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To present professional qualifications, scientific expertise, and research experience through written documents enhanced with visuals and digital media. Posted online in a digitally accessible format for easy access and sharing. 

   • Components: Résumé, curriculum vitae (CV), cover letter, statement of purpose, work samples, reference list, letters of recommendation.

   • Details: Professional Portfolio

   • Optional Project: Assignment 

2. Op-Ed Video

   • Length: Typically 2–5 minutes with visual elements, voiceover narration, on-screen text, & graphics or video clips

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade and provide expert opinion or commentary on current events or scientific topics through a combination of spoken word, visuals, and sound

   • Platforms: Major media outlets like The New York Times, The Washington Post, and BBC often publish video op-eds to engage viewers using storytelling, visuals, and emotional appeals.

   • Examples:

     1. A short video advocating for climate action using expert commentary, infographics, and real-world footage

     2. A scientist explaining the importance of vaccine equity with supporting data visualizations and interviews

3. Conference Presentation

   • Length: 5-16 minute oral presentation with slides, graphics, illustrations, & posters

   • To inform, explain, or persuade peers about recent research findings or ongoing projects

   • Examples: Presenting research at academic conferences or industry events

4. Documentary Video

   • Length: 15–120 minutes with high-quality visuals, interviews, narration, and graphics

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, educate, and engage viewers by exploring scientific topics in depth, often highlighting real-world impacts and personal stories

   • Examples: Documentaries on climate change, medical breakthroughs, space exploration, or environmental conservation (e.g., Cosmos, Our Planet)

   • Details: Documentary Video

5. Science Sketch

   • Length: 2-minute video

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public about current and ongoing research as well as fundamental terms and concepts. 

   • Science Sketches are short, accessible videos--made by scientists--about scientific research.

   • Examples: YouTube Explainer videos, educational websites, ScienceSketches.org

   • Resources: Platform, Workshop, Instructions, Video Editing

6. Podcast Episode

   • Length: 20–60 minutes with video content and visual aids  (recorded audio or video) 

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, engage, and entertain audiences by discussing scientific topics, research, or innovations in a conversational format

   • Examples: Interviews with scientists about recent discoveries, discussions on emerging technologies, or debates on controversial scientific issues in video podcast series. (Posted on YouTube, websites, TikTok, and similer platforms.) 

7. Public Lecture

   • Length: 15–60 minutes with slides or visual aids

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To educate and engage general or specialized audiences on scientific topics

   • Examples: Ted Talk (Mini-Ted Talk), university-hosted talks, museum lectures, or public science events

8. TED Talk (Mini-TED Talk)

   • Length: under 18 minutes (Mini-TED Talk: under 5 min)

   • Rhetorical Purpose: ​(Informative, Argumentive, or Persuasive) To foster learning, inspiration, and wonder, and to provoke conversations that matter.

   • Examples: Most Popular Science Talks (TED)

   • Details: Mini-Ted Talk

9. Panel Discussion

   • Length: 15–90 minutes, typically with multiple speakers

   • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, debate, and provide expert perspectives on controversial or emerging scientific issues

   • Examples: Expert panels at conferences or public forums on climate change or medical ethics

10. Interview

    • Length: 10–30 minutes for live interviews (recorded audio or video) 

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public by answering questions and providing expert insights on scientific topics

    • Examples: Media interviews about new scientific discoveries or expert opinions on current scientific issues

11. Elevator Pitch

    • Length: 30 seconds to 2 minutes

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade stakeholders or investors by quickly summarizing the value and impact of a scientific idea or project

    • Examples: Pitching a startup idea to investors or summarizing research to grant reviewers

12. Outreach Campaigns 

    • Length: 500–1,500 words per article, 1–3 minutes per video, 100–300 words per social media post

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To engage and educate the public about scientific topics using integrated media such as written articles, videos, infographics, and social media content

    • Examples: A campaign combining blog posts, explainer videos, podcasts, and social media graphics to raise awareness about climate change

13. Explainer Video

    • Length: 3–5 minutes with integrated slides, visuals, charts, graphs, and data visualizations

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To simplify and explain complex scientific concepts for a general audience through a combination of visual, auditory, and textual elements

    • Examples: Online videos explaining how vaccines work or what quantum computing is

14. Advocacy Campaign

    • Length: 500–1,500 words articles, 1–3 minute videos, 100–300 word social media posts

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade the public and policymakers to support science-based policy changes using coordinated written, visual, and digital media strategies

    • Examples: Multimedia campaigns with videos, infographics, social media posts, and petitions promoting renewable energy policies or public health reforms

15. Science Story

    • Length: 1,000–2,000 words or 3–5 minutes for video/audio formats

    • Rhetorical Purpose: To narrate scientific discoveries or research in a compelling, story-driven format to engage broad audiences

    • Examples: A narrative article on a scientist's journey to discover a new species or a podcast episode explaining space exploration

Digital & interactive platforms transform how scientific information is shared and understood. By combining multimedia elements such as visuals, videos, interactive graphics, and immersive technologies, these formats engage audiences in more dynamic and accessible ways. From websites and social media to virtual simulations and scrollytelling, these tools make complex scientific concepts more interactive, engaging, and impactful.

1. 1. Website

      • Length: Varies (single-page sites to multi-page platforms)

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To provide comprehensive information about research projects, scientific topics, or outreach initiatives through interactive and multimedia content

      • Examples: Dedicated research project websites, university lab pages, or science communication platforms

   2. Social Media Post

      • Length: 100–300 words per post, with visuals, videos, or interactive elements

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To quickly inform, engage, and persuade broad audiences about scientific topics using brief, impactful content

      • Examples: Twitter threads explaining scientific concepts, Instagram infographics, LinkedIn updates on research milestones

   3. Interactive Simulation

      • Length: Varies depending on complexity (5–30 minutes of user interaction)

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To educate users by allowing them to engage with dynamic models that demonstrate scientific phenomena or processes

      • Examples: Online simulations of chemical reactions, climate models, or physics-based learning games

   4. Augmented Reality (AR) & Virtual Reality (VR)

      • Length: Typically 5–20 minutes per experience, depending on interactivity

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To immerse users in scientific concepts or environments, enhancing understanding through 3D, interactive experiences

      • Examples: VR tours of the human body, AR apps showing planetary systems, or interactive lab safety training modules

   5. Interactive E-book

      • ˆLength: 20–100 pages with embedded videos, animations, and clickable content

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To engage readers with scientific topics through a combination of text, visuals, audio, and interactive features

      • Examples: E-books explaining space exploration with embedded videos, or biology textbooks with interactive diagrams and quizzes

   6. Pitch Deck

• • • • Length: 10–30 slides per presentation (15–30 minutes)

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade investors, stakeholders, or funding bodies by visually and verbally presenting scientific ideas, research projects, or startup concepts. Pitch decks typically combine concise text, data visualizations, images, and multimedia to clearly communicate the value, impact, and feasibility of a project or innovation.

      • Examples: 

        • Google Slides presentations pitching biotech startup ideas to venture capitalists

        • Slide decks for grant proposals showcasing research goals, methodologies, and projected outcomes

        • Presentations introducing new scientific tools or technologies at industry conferences

      • Details: Pitch Deck

1. 7. Data Dashboard

      • Length: Continuous, real-time interactive display

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To present complex, real-time scientific data in an interactive format that enables users to explore trends and patterns

      • Examples: COVID-19 tracking dashboards, environmental monitoring tools, or financial data visualizations for scientific funding

      • Details: Data Dashboard

   8. Scrollytelling

      • Length: 1,000–2,000 words combined with interactive visuals and multimedia

      • Rhetorical Purpose: To engage readers by combining text, animations, images, and interactive graphics in a scrolling format to explain complex scientific topics

      • “Scrollytelling” (scroll + storytelling) is when elements on a webpage appear, move, disappear, or otherwise change as the user scrolls the page. Scrollytelling is used to make web content more interactive and immersive by enhancing written text with multimedia like audio, video, and animation.

      • Examples: 12 Engaging Scrollytelling examples, 11 Examples of Scrollytelling 

      • Resources: Platform, Beginner's Guide

      • Details: Scrollytelling

A Scientific Op-Ed is a short, persuasive opinion article written by a scientist or expert to provide insight, analysis, or commentary on scientific topics for a general audience. It blends factual scientific knowledge with the author's informed opinion to educate the public, influence policy, or raise awareness about scientific issues. Op-ed stands for "opposite the editorial" or "opinion editorial." Scientific op-eds typically appear in the opinion, viewpoint, or editorial section of newspapers, online media outlets, or science communication platforms.

Features

• Length: 750–800 words with minimal or no visuals

• Rhetorical Purpose: Persuasive or argumentative

• Content: Present a clear, well-supported argument or persuasive stance (call to action) on a controversial scientific topic. Incorporate credible evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims.

• Required Elements: 

  • 1. 1. 1. Analogy: Include an analogical model to explain your scientific topic.

          2. Visuals: Include visual elements as appropriate for your purpose & target audience.

          3. Sources: Include outside sources as appropriate for your publication’s target audience. 

• Audience: Write considering the target audience and standards of the publication chosen.

• Style: Maintain clarity, conciseness, and engagement throughout the article. Professional tone.

• Characteristics: Opinion articles providing insight or commentary on scientific topics

  • 1. 1. 1. Opinion-Driven: Expresses the author’s viewpoint on a scientific issue.

          2. Evidence-Based: Uses scientific research and data to support arguments.

          3. Accessible Language: Avoids technical jargon to reach a broad, non-expert audience.

          4. Persuasive Tone: Aims to inform, persuade, or inspire action.

          5. Timely & Relevant: Connects to current events, public debates, or policy discussions.

Typical Structure

1. Hook: A compelling opening that grabs attention (often tied to a current event).

2. Thesis: A clear statement of the author’s main argument or opinion.

3. Evidence: Concise, well-supported reasoning with scientific data or examples.

4. Counterarguments: Acknowledgment of opposing views with rebuttals (optional).

5. Call to Action: Suggested solutions or actions for readers or policymakers.

6. Conclusion: A strong closing that reinforces the argument.

Writing Instructions

• Op-Ed Writing Guide - The Washington Post

• Writing Effective Op-Eds - ProQuest

• How to Write an Op-Ed or Column - Shorenstein Center

• Writing an Op-Ed - AAAS

• Ten Simple Rules for Writing Op-Eds - PLOS Computational Biology

• Political Science Op-Ed Writing - Now Publishers

• Public Understanding of Science: Writing for Engagement

Examples

1. "We Asked GPT-3 to Write an Academic Paper about Itself—Then We Tried to Get It Published" by Almira Osmanovic Thunström  (Scientific American)

2. "Fusion's False Promise" by Naomi Oreskes (Scientific American)

3. "Eight Billion People in the World Is a Crisis, Not an Achievement" by Naomi Oreskes (Scientific American)

4. "Biological Science Rejects the Sex Binary, and That’s Good for Humanity" by Agustín Fuentes.
   (The Scientist)

5. “How Wealthy UFO Fans Helped Fuel Fringe Beliefs” by Keith Kloor  (Scientific American)

A Policy Brief is a concise, targeted document designed to inform and persuade policymakers about a specific issue by presenting clear recommendations based on evidence. It provides actionable insights derived from research and is structured to address a non-specialist audience in government, organizations, or advocacy roles. 

*In a Policy Brief, scientists analyze and report the current status of a specific issue and make policy recommendations to governing bodies. The purpose is to transform research into to policy. 

Features

• Length: 1,000–2,000 words, with simple charts and graphs for clarity.

• Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and persuade policymakers to take specific actions based on scientific evidence.

• Content: Presents evidence-based analysis of a problem and provides concrete recommendations for addressing it.

• Required Elements:

  • 1. 1. 1. Problem Statement: Clear articulation of the issue at hand.

          2. Evidence Summary: Concise overview of research findings or data.

          3. Recommendations: Specific, actionable steps policymakers can take.

• Visual Aids: Simple charts, graphs, or infographics to enhance comprehension.

• Audience: Policymakers, government officials, advocacy groups, and stakeholders with decision-making power.

• Style: Clear, concise, and accessible language with a neutral, professional tone. Avoids excessive jargon.

• Characteristics:

  • 1. 1. 1. Evidence-Based: Rooted in scientific research and reliable data.

          2. Focused: Addresses a single, specific issue to avoid overwhelming the reader.

          3. Policy-Oriented: Emphasizes actionable recommendations rather than theoretical discussions.

          4. Visually Supported: Incorporates visuals for clarity and to support key points.

          5. Strategic Tone: Balances objectivity and persuasiveness to maintain credibility while advocating for action.

          6. Timeliness: Often tied to current events, legislative cycles, or emerging challenges.

Typical Structure

1. Title: Clear, compelling, and directly indicative of the topic.

2. Executive Summary: Brief overview of the issue, key findings, and recommendations.

3. Rationale for Action on the Problem: "Why do something different?"

4. Proposed Policy Options: Presents the strngths and weaknesses of available options. 

5. Policy Recommendations: Concrete steps policymakers should take, prioritized by feasibility and impact.

6. Sources Consulted or Recommended.

7. Link to Original Research/Analysis. 

8. Conclusion: Reinforces the importance of action and summarizes the main points.

9. References: Credible sources that underpin the analysis.

Writing Instructions

• "An Essential Guide to Writing Policy Briefs" (International Center for Public Advocacy)

• "Writing effective reports: Preparing policy briefs" (IDRC)

• "Crafting Policy Briefs" (The Writing Center, UNC Chapel Hill)

Examples

1. "Trends in artificial intelligence and robotics, 2011–2019" (UNESCO)

2. "How Policy Can Help Ensure the Proper Use of AI in K-12 Education" (MIT College of Computing) 

3. "Autonomous Delivery Vehicles: Why You Should Care and What You Should Do" (Harvard Kennedy School)

4. "Managing Industry Influence in U.S. AI Policy" (RAND)

5. "A Fair Net-Zero Transition" (OECD)

6. "Access to climate finance for the most vulnerable" (CFAS)

A scientific Press Release is a concise, informative document designed to communicate new scientific discoveries or innovations to the public and media. Its primary goal is to make complex scientific topics accessible and engaging to a non-expert audience while maintaining accuracy and credibility. Press releases often serve as a bridge between scientists and the general public, promoting understanding and sparking interest in recent advancements.

Features

• Length: 300–800 words, with minimal use of images or data visualizations.

• Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public and media about scientific discoveries or innovations in a clear, concise manner.

• Content: Focus on new, noteworthy findings or technological developments, highlighting their significance and potential impact.

• Required Elements:

  • 1. 1. 1. Headline: A concise, attention-grabbing title summarizing the discovery or innovation.

          2. Lead Paragraph: A clear summary of the announcement, including the "what," "who," "when," "where," and "why."

          3. Body: Detailed explanation of the discovery or innovation, including background context, methodologies, and significance.

          4. Quotes: Statements from researchers or key stakeholders to add authority and human interest.

          5. Contact Information: Details for follow-up inquiries from journalists or interested parties.

• Audience: General public, journalists, policymakers, and stakeholders.

• Style: Engaging, clear, and jargon-free to ensure accessibility.

• Characteristics:

  • 1. 1. 1. Informative: Presents factual information about scientific developments.

          2. Engaging: Written to capture and maintain the audience’s interest.

          3. Accurate: Ensures scientific details are correct and well-represented.

          4. Clear and Concise: Avoids unnecessary technical language or excessive details.

Writing Instructions

• "Crafting a Science News Release" (National Institute of Health)

• "Press Releases 101" (ContentGrip)

• "A Template for Scientific Press Releases and Science News Articles" by Scott A. Sandford (Reference only!)

• "Press release guidelines for scientists" (NASA - ESA Hubble)

Examples

1. "Webb Discovers Methane, Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere of K2-18 b" (NASA)

2. "Webb Finds Water Vapor, But From a Rocky Planet or Its Star?" (NASA)

3. "What do old books smell like?" (BioMed Central)

4. "New Species of Dumbo Octopus Identified Using Minimally Invasive Techniques" (BioMed Central)

5. "Invasive alien species may cost African agricultural sector $3.66 trillion per year" (Springer Nature)

6. "Discovery Alert: A ‘Super-Earth’ in the Habitable Zone" (NASA)

7. Hubble News Press Releases

A Popular Science Article (short form) is a written piece designed to simplify complex scientific concepts and make them accessible to a general audience. It blends accurate, evidence-based science with engaging storytelling, often featuring visuals to enhance understanding and interest. These articles are commonly published in science magazines, general-interest publications, or online platforms dedicated to science communication.

Features

• Length: 800–2,000 words, complemented by engaging photos and illustrations.

• Rhetorical Purpose: Informative, aiming to educate and engage a broad audience.

• Content: Simplifies complex scientific topics, using storytelling and relatable examples to explain ideas.

• Required Elements:

  • 1. 1. 1. Analogies: Include an analogical model to clarify scientific concepts.

          2. Visuals: High-quality images, infographics, or illustrations to aid understanding and capture interest.

          3. Sources: Incorporates reliable sources to provide accurate and up-to-date scientific information.

• Audience: General readers with an interest in science but limited technical knowledge.

• Style: Clear, engaging, and approachable. A conversational tone is often used to maintain interest.

• Characteristics

  • 1. 1. 1. Accessible: Avoids technical jargon, ensuring comprehension by non-expert readers.

          2. Storytelling: Uses narratives or case studies to illustrate scientific principles.

          3. Evidence-Based: Built on verified scientific research, data, or expert interviews.

          4. Visually Engaging: Combines visuals with text to break up information and maintain reader interest.

          5. Timely & Relevant: Relates to current scientific discoveries, trends, or societal concerns.

Typical Structure

1. Hook: A captivating opening to grab attention (e.g., a surprising fact, question, or story).

2. Context: Background information to introduce the topic.

3. Explanation: Clear, step-by-step breakdown of the scientific concept with an analogical model.

4. Relevance: Discussion of why the topic matters or its impact on society.

5. Conclusion: Summarizes the article and often includes a forward-looking statement.

Writing Instructions

• "Guide for Publishing Popular Science Articles" (TecScience)

• "A Beginner’s Guide to Writing a Popular Science Article, by a Teacher" (Science The Wire) 

Examples

1. "This Company Wants to Build a Space Station That Has Artificial Gravity" by Emilio Cozzi (Wired)

2. "Sunken Worlds Discovered in Earth’s Mantle Create Confusion and Mystery" by Paul Smaglik (Discover Magazine)

A Scientific Blog Post is a concise, engaging piece that communicates scientific ideas, discoveries, or explanations to a broad audience. Unlike academic papers, these posts aim to be accessible, often blending storytelling, relatable analogies, and high-quality visuals to make complex topics digestible.

Features

• Length: Typically 500–1,500 words, often complemented by images, infographics, or multimedia content.

• Rhetorical Purpose: Informative. To educate and engage general audiences by breaking down scientific concepts in an informal, relatable style.

• Content: Covers recent scientific developments, clarifies concepts, or explores scientific debates in an engaging and accessible manner.

• Required Elements

  • 1. 1. 1. Analogies: Uses comparisons to familiar experiences or objects to simplify scientific concepts (analogical model).

          2. Visuals: Incorporates high-quality images, diagrams, or short videos to illustrate key points.

          3. Sources: References reliable, up-to-date scientific research, expert opinions, and credible studies.

          4. Audience: General readers, science enthusiasts, and those with little to no technical background.

          5. Style: Clear, engaging, and often conversational, avoiding excessive technical jargon.

• Audience: General readers with an interest in science but limited technical knowledge.

• Style: Clear, engaging, and approachable. A conversational tone is often used to maintain interest.

• Characteristics

  • 1. 1. 1. Accessible: Presents information in a way that is easy to understand, avoiding complex terminology.

          2. Storytelling: Uses real-world examples, anecdotes, or historical narratives to make the content relatable.

          3. Evidence-Based: Grounded in verified scientific research, data, and expert insights.

          4. Visually Engaging: Enhances understanding through well-designed visuals that break up text-heavy content.

          5. Timely & Relevant: Covers current scientific trends, discoveries, or societal implications of science.

Typical Structure

1. Hook: A compelling opening (e.g., a surprising fact, question, or real-world event) to draw readers in.

2. Context: Provides background on the scientific topic and why it matters.

3. Explanation: Breaks down the concept step by step, often using an analogy for clarity.

4. Relevance: Explores the real-world applications or implications of the topic.

5. Conclusion: Summarizes key takeaways and often includes a forward-looking perspective.

Writing Instructions

• "17 Science Blogs Everyone Should Follow" (ATA Scientific Instruments)

• "How to write a science blog" (SINTEFblog)

• "How To Write a Science Blog: Step-by-Step Science Blogging Guide" by Jesse Harris 

Scientific Blogs

• Discoblog (Discover Magazine)

• ScienceBlogs

• Science.org Blogs

• NeurologicaBlog

• Bad Astronomy by Phil Plait

Examples

1. "The Shocking Truth of the Notorious Milgram Obedience Experiments" Guest Blogger  (Discover Magazine)

2. "Ouch! In the Brain, Social Rejection Feels Like Physical Pain" Guest Blogger  (Discover Magazine)

3. "The fabric of space is a Cheshire Cat" by Ethan Siegel (Stars with a bang! )

4. "Do We Prefer Nature Walks Because of Fractals?" by Rebecca Watson (Skepchick)

A Feature Article in a popular science publication is an in-depth, engaging piece written to explore a scientific topic of interest to a broad, non-expert audience. It combines factual scientific information, storytelling, and visuals to inform and inspire readers while addressing controversial or timely issues in science.

Features

• Length: Length: 2,000–4,000 words with charts, graphs, photos, illustrations, & references

• Style: Present a clear, well-supported argument or persuasive stance (call to action) on a controversial scientific topic. Maintain an engaging tone while adhering to scientific accuracy.

• Sources: Incorporate at least three (3) credible sources, such as peer-reviewed studies, expert interviews, or recognized scientific organizations, to substantiate claims.

• Required Elements:

  • Analogy: Use an analogical model to simplify and explain complex scientific concepts.

  • Visuals: Include high-quality photos, illustrations, charts, graphics, and/or infographics that align with the article’s purpose and target audience.

• Audience: Write for the general public, tailoring content to meet the expectations and standards of the chosen publication.

Characteristics

• Accessible: Avoids technical jargon, ensuring comprehension by non-expert readers.

• Storytelling: Uses narratives or case studies to illustrate scientific principles.

• Evidence-Based: Built on verified scientific research, data, or expert interviews.

• Visually Engaging: Combines visuals with text to break up information and maintain reader interest.

• Timely & Relevant: Relates to current scientific discoveries, trends, or societal concerns.

Typical Structure

• Hook: A captivating opening to grab attention (e.g., a surprising fact, question, or story).

• Context: Background information to introduce the topic.

• Explanation: Clear, step-by-step breakdown of the scientific concept.

• Relevance: Discussion of why the topic matters or its impact on society.

• Conclusion: Summarizes the article and often includes a forward-looking statement.

Writing Instructions

• Focus on clarity and engagement, avoiding overly technical details.

• Use storytelling to illustrate abstract concepts.

• Include visuals to make the article visually appealing and informative.

• Cite credible sources to enhance the article's reliability.

  1. • "A Checklist for Communicating Science and Health Research to the Public" - National Institutes of Health

Reference Material & Guides

• "How To Write a Science Feature" (The Guardian)

• "Science Writing: Guidelines and Guidance" by Carl Zimmer 

• "Feature Articles" (Creative Science Writing)

Examples

• "Crushed Rocks Could Be the Next Climate Solution" by Douglas Fox (Scientific American)

• "NASA Launches Europa Clipper to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon" by Jay Bennett (Smithsonian Magazine)

• "What’s Cooking With CRISPR? Simmering Advances in Genome Editing at NIH" (National Institutes of Health)

• "Astronomers Detect a Possible Signature of Life on a Distant Planet" by Carl Zimmer (New York Times)

A Scientific Position Paper presents an arguable position about a scientific controversy. It is a formal document that presents a well-supported argument on a scientific issue. It is written to persuade an academic, scientific, or policy-making audience by synthesizing research, evaluating different perspectives, and presenting a clear stance on a controversial or unresolved scientific question. These papers are commonly used in academia, policy discussions, and scientific debates to influence decision-making and public understanding.

Features

Length

• Typically 2,500–5,000 words

• Includes graphs, charts, tables, figures, and citations to support claims

• Follows structured formatting (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago) for credibility

Style

• Presents a clear, logical argument backed by scientific evidence

• Maintains a formal, objective tone while clearly articulating a stance

• Provides a balanced analysis of opposing viewpoints before justifying a preferred position

Sources

• Cites at least five (5) credible scientific sources, including:

  • Peer-reviewed journal articles

  • Government or institutional reports (e.g., NASA, WHO, IPCC)

  • Expert opinions from scientists or industry professionals

Required Elements

Analogy

• Uses analogical reasoning to simplify and clarify complex concepts.

• Example: Comparing greenhouse gas accumulation to a blanket trapping heat to explain climate change.

Visuals

• Includes graphs, tables, or infographics to present data concisely.

• Uses diagrams or scientific illustrations to explain concepts.

Audience

• Primary

  • Scientists & researchers (e.g., in academic settings)

  • Policymakers (e.g., government agencies)

  • Industry professionals (e.g., engineers, medical experts)

    1. • Secondary Audience

         • General Public

• When the topic is high-profile (e.g. climate change, vaccines, AI).

• When media outlets report on the position paper.

• When it’s written in accessible language or accompanied by summaries aimed at lay readers.

Characteristics

Evidence-Based

• Built on empirical research, not opinions or speculation.

• Uses quantitative data and statistical analysis to support claims.

Structured & Logical

• Follows a clear argumentative structure (problem → analysis → proposed stance).

• Addresses counterarguments and explains why the chosen position is valid.

Concise & Precise

• Avoids unnecessary complexity but maintains scientific rigor.

• Defines technical terms clearly when necessary.

Policy & Impact Focused

• Discusses real-world implications of scientific findings.

• Often includes recommendations for policy or future research.

Typical Structure

1. Introduction (Hook)

• A compelling opening statement to establish relevance.

• Example: "Can genetically modified organisms (GMOs) solve world hunger, or are they a dangerous experiment?"

2. Background & Context

• Introduces scientific foundations of the topic.

• Summarizes historical perspectives or key studies.

3. Argument & Analysis

• Presents the core position and supports it with:

  • Empirical research (e.g., experimental results, case studies)

  • Comparative analysis (e.g., pros and cons of alternative solutions)

4. Counterarguments & Rebuttals

• Acknowledges opposing viewpoints and refutes them with evidence.

• Strengthens credibility by showing an awareness of the broader debate.

5. Conclusion & Implications

• Summarizes key findings.

• Suggests future research directions or policy recommendations.

• Ends with a forward-looking statement on the impact of the issue.

Position Paper vs. Feature Article

1. Purpose

   • Scientific Position Paper

     • Aims to present and defend a specific stance on a scientific issue, often based on extensive literature review, empirical data, and rigorous argumentation. It may advocate for a particular course of action, interpretation, or policy.

   • Popular Science Feature Article

     • Aims to engage and inform a general audience about scientific topics in an accessible and often entertaining way. It emphasizes storytelling, clarity, and relevance to everyday life.

2. Audience

   • Position Paper

     • Targeted at scientists, policymakers, experts, or stakeholders in the field. It assumes background knowledge and familiarity with technical terms.

   • Feature Article

     • Targeted at the general public, including readers without a science background. It avoids jargon and explains concepts clearly.

3. Tone & Language

   • Position Paper

     • Formal, precise, and objective. Heavy use of citations, technical vocabulary, and methodical argumentation.

   • Feature Article

     • Conversational, engaging, and often narrative-driven. Uses analogies, metaphors, and personal or anecdotal examples.

4.  Structure

   • Position Paper

     • Structured like an academic paper: abstract, introduction, argument with evidence, counterarguments, conclusion, references.

   • Feature Article

     • Looser structure: may begin with a hook or anecdote, followed by exposition, expert quotes, and broader context. Ends with a memorable takeaway.

5. Use of Evidence

   • Position Paper

     • Heavy use of peer-reviewed studies, data, and in-depth analysis. All claims are meticulously sourced.

   • Feature Article

     • Still evidence-based, but uses studies more selectively and translates findings into lay terms. May include interviews with scientists or personal stories for human interest.

6. Examples

   • Scientific Position Paper

     • A paper in Science arguing for urgent climate mitigation based on the latest IPCC models.

   • Popular Science Feature Article

     • An article in National Geographic about how melting glaciers are affecting indigenous communities, featuring vivid imagery and personal narratives.

Writing Instructions

✔ Be Objective: Use scientific reasoning and avoid emotional appeals.
✔ Cite Sources Properly: Follow a recognized citation format (APA or MLA).
✔ Use Data Effectively: Include graphs, statistics, and models to support points.
✔ Address Counterarguments: Show understanding of multiple perspectives.

Reference Material & Guides

• "Writing a Position Paper" (University of Hawaii)

• "Position Paper" (Springer Open)

• "Writing a Position Paper" (Rutgers)

Examples of Scientific Position Papers

1. Science Position Papers (The European Science Foundation - ESF)

2. Position Paper Examples (The European Nuclear Society - ENS)

3. White Papers & Position Papers (The American Society for Cell Biology - ASCB)

4. “The Role of Nuclear Power in a Carbon-Neutral Future” – Published in Nature Energy

5. “The Ethics of Gene Editing: Where Should We Draw the Line?” – New England Journal of Medicine

6. “Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Opportunities and Ethical Challenges” – The Lancet Digital Health

A Scientific White Paper is a detailed, authoritative document that presents research findings, technological advancements, or scientific insights in a structured and professional format. Unlike research articles, scientific white papers are often used in industry, government, and academia to communicate complex information, influence policy, or justify investment in scientific endeavors. These papers aim to provide an in-depth examination of a topic, offering clear explanations, supporting evidence, and potential applications.

Features

Length

• Typically 3,000–10,000 words, though shorter versions (1,500–3,000 words) exist for executive summaries.

• Includes graphs, charts, tables, figures, and citations to support claims.

• Uses structured formatting (e.g., APA, IEEE, or Chicago) for credibility and clarity.

Style

• Presents factual, well-supported arguments with a neutral and professional tone.

• Communicates complex scientific principles in an accessible manner.

• Often technical but designed for a broad scientific audience, including decision-makers.

Sources

Cites at least five (5) or more credible scientific sources, such as:

• Peer-reviewed journal articles (e.g., Nature, Science, The Lancet).

• Government or institutional reports (e.g., NASA, NIH, CDC, IPCC).

• Technical white papers from industry leaders (e.g., IBM, Tesla, Google AI).

Required Elements

Analogy

• Uses analogical reasoning to simplify complex scientific ideas.

• Example: Comparing quantum computing to a maze with multiple paths explored at once, rather than one path at a time.

Visuals

• Includes graphs, tables, or infographics to summarize data effectively.

• Uses scientific diagrams to explain mechanisms or theories.

Audience

A scientific white paper is primarily written for:

• Scientists & researchers (e.g., academics, R&D professionals).

• Policy makers (e.g., government agencies, legislators).

• Industry professionals (e.g., engineers, medical researchers, environmental scientists).

Characteristics

Evidence-Based

• Built on empirical research, not speculation.

• Uses quantitative data, case studies, and statistical analysis to support claims.

Structured & Logical

• Follows a problem-solution framework.

• Explores multiple perspectives before presenting conclusions.

Concise & Precise

• Avoids unnecessary complexity, while maintaining scientific rigor.

• Defines technical terms where necessary.

Policy & Impact Focused

• Discusses real-world applications of scientific advancements.

• May include recommendations for future research or policy changes.

Typical Structure

1. Executive Summary (Abstract)

• A brief overview summarizing key findings and recommendations.

• Written for decision-makers who may not read the full document.

2. Background & Context

• Defines the scientific problem or research area.

• Summarizes historical perspectives or previous studies.

3. Technical Analysis & Research Findings

• Explains scientific concepts, experiments, or case studies.

• Uses graphs, models, and statistical analysis to present findings.

4. Applications & Real-World Impact

• Discusses how the research applies to industry, healthcare, or public policy.

• Highlights potential benefits, limitations, and challenges.

5. Conclusion & Recommendations

• Summarizes the key takeaways.

• Provides policy recommendations, future research directions, or industry implications.

Writing Instructions

✔ Be Objective: Avoid opinions—focus on scientific reasoning.

✔ Cite Sources Properly: Use APA, IEEE, or Chicago citation style.

✔ Use Data Effectively: Incorporate graphs, statistics, and models.

✔ Address Limitations: Acknowledge gaps in research or uncertainties.

Examples of Scientific White Papers

1. "The Future of Quantum Computing in Cryptography" – IBM Research

2. "Fusion Energy: The Next Frontier in Clean Power" – MIT Plasma Science & Fusion Center

3. "Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: Transforming Medicine" – Google DeepMind

A scientific Grant Proposal is a formal request for research funding submitted to a governmental agency, private foundation, or industry sponsor. It outlines a research project’s objectives, significance, methodology, budget, and expected outcomes. Unlike scientific white papers or journal articles, grant proposals are persuasive documents aimed at securing financial support for advancing scientific knowledge and innovation.

Features

Length

• Typically 5–25 pages, depending on the funding agency’s requirements.

• Includes structured sections such as an abstract, background, research plan, budget, and references.

• Often supplemented with appendices (e.g., CVs, letters of collaboration, data management plans).

Style

• Concise, clear, and persuasive—while maintaining scientific rigor.

• Formal and structured, adhering to funding agency guidelines (e.g., NIH, NSF, DOE, EU Horizon).

• Balances technical detail and accessibility—designed for expert reviewers and funding decision-makers.

Sources

• A well-crafted scientific grant proposal references a variety of credible sources, including:

  1. 1. 1. 1. 1. Peer-reviewed journal articles (e.g., Science, Nature, PNAS).

              2. Previous grant-funded projects and findings from reputable organizations.

              3. Governmental reports (e.g., NIH, NSF, DOE, WHO).

              4. Industry white papers (e.g., IBM Research, Google AI).

Required Elements

Analogy

• To communicate complex research ideas effectively, grant proposals often use analogical reasoning:

  1. 1. 1. • Example: Describing CRISPR gene editing as a "molecular scalpel" that precisely removes and replaces DNA segments, akin to editing text in a word processor.

Visuals

• Include at least one table, graph, or figure to enhance your proposal. Graphs, charts, and tables to illustrate research timelines, expected results, or budget allocations.

• Diagrams explaining experimental setups, scientific models, or technological processes.

Audience

A scientific grant proposal is written for:

• Funding agencies (e.g., NIH, NSF, DARPA, European Research Council).

• Scientific review panels (e.g., experts in the research field assessing feasibility and impact).

• Institutional research offices (e.g., universities and research institutions managing grant compliance).

Characteristics

Evidence-Based

• Built on prior empirical research and preliminary data.

• Cites prior funding success and related studies to justify feasibility.

• Demonstrates innovative potential and contribution to the field.

Structured & Logical

• Follows a hypothesis-driven framework (Problem → Approach → Expected Outcomes).

• Anticipates reviewer questions and provides comprehensive justifications.

• Uses logical flow and sectioned formatting to enhance readability.

Concise & Precise

• Avoids unnecessary technical complexity while ensuring scientific rigor.

• Clearly defines objectives, methodology, and impact.

Impact Focused

• Demonstrates broader implications (e.g., public health, technological advancements, environmental benefits).

• Addresses societal, economic, and policy relevance of the research.

Typical Structure

1. Executive Summary (Abstract)

• A one-page summary of the project’s objectives, significance, methodology, and expected impact.

• Written to persuade funding decision-makers who may not read the full proposal.

2. Background & Significance

• Defines the scientific problem and why it matters.

• Summarizes previous research and unresolved questions.

• Justifies the novelty and importance of the proposed study.

3. Research Objectives & Hypothesis

• Clearly states the central research question(s).

• Formulates hypotheses or specific aims.

• Aligns with funding agency priorities and goals.

4. Methodology & Research Plan

• Describes the experimental design, techniques, and analytical methods.

• Includes expected challenges and contingency plans.

• Provides a timeline (Gantt chart) for project completion.

5. Budget & Resource Justification

• Detailed breakdown of requested funds (e.g., salaries, equipment, materials, travel).

• Justifies why each expense is necessary.

• Includes matching funds or institutional support, if applicable.

6. Expected Outcomes & Impact

• Describes anticipated research findings and potential real-world applications.

• Discusses economic, technological, or policy implications.

• Addresses how the research will be disseminated (e.g., publications, conferences, patents).

7. Conclusion & Future Directions

• Summarizes key takeaways.

• Suggests future research extensions beyond the funded period.

• Reinforces the long-term significance of the study.

Writing Resources & Reference Guides

1. Grant Proposal Guide - (National Science Foundation)

2. Scientific Grant Writing: The Complete Pocket Guide

3. Writing Successful Research Grant Proposals

4. Grant Proposals: (or Give me the money!)

5. How to write a grant proposal

6. Secrets to Writing a Winning Grant Proposal - (Nature)

7. Research Grant Proposal Template

8. BioRender Image Tips

Writing Instructions

✔ Be Persuasive: Demonstrate why the research is crucial and feasible.

✔ Follow Formatting Guidelines: Each funding agency has strict page limits and section requirements.

✔ Use Clear, Measurable Goals: Avoid vague statements—define specific success metrics.

✔ Acknowledge Limitations: Address potential challenges and how they will be mitigated.

Examples of Scientific Grant Proposals

1. Sample Grant Applications -  (National Institutes of Health)

2. Sample Grant Proposals - (University of Central Florida)

3. Samples of Award-Winning Grant Proposals - (Grant Station)

Scientific Charts & Graphs are tools for presenting complex data and scientific concepts in a visual format, enabling efficient communication and understanding. They translate raw data into clear, concise visuals, making information accessible to diverse audiences. These visuals are essential in research, education, public outreach, and policy-making, helping to interpret patterns, relationships, and insights effectively.

Features

• Format & Length: Typically single graphs or grouped into multi-panel formats. Designs range from simple line graphs to intricate combinations of visual elements.

• Purpose: Descriptive, analytical, or persuasive, tailored to the subject matter and target audience.

• Content: Visualize trends, patterns, comparisons, or relationships in scientific data.

• Required Elements:

  • Axes & Labels: Clearly mark variables, units, and scales.

  • Legends & Keys: Explain colors, symbols, or styles used.

  • Titles & Captions: Provide context, summarizing the graph's content and purpose.

  • Data Integrity: Maintain accuracy and avoid misleading visualizations.

• Audience: Designed for researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and the general public.

• Style: Combines clarity, readability, and design aesthetics for maximum impact.

Characteristics

1. Informative: Convey key insights through a simplified representation of data.

2. Data-Centric: Grounded in numerical or statistical information.

3. Accessible: Use clear labels, simple designs, and non-technical language where possible.

4. Visually Compelling: Use design elements like color, line thickness, and spacing to emphasize key information.

5. Scientifically Accurate: Reflect data truthfully without distortion.

Types & Forms

1. Line Graphs: Show trends over time, such as temperature variations across decades.

2. Bar Charts: Compare categories, such as annual rainfall in different regions.

3. Scatter Plots: Highlight relationships or correlations, such as body mass vs. metabolic rate.

4. Pie Charts: Represent proportions, such as the percentage of renewable energy in a power grid.

5. Histograms: Display data distributions, such as population age groups.

6. Heatmaps: Visualize density or intensity, such as regional disease outbreaks.

7. Combination Graphs: Integrate multiple types (e.g., line + bar) to present layered insights.

Reference Material & Guides

1. 1. 1. "Storytelling with Data: A Data Visualization Guide for Business Professionals" (Cole Nussbaumer Knaflic)

      2. "Data Visualization Best Practices" (BioRender)

      3. "The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" (Edward Tufte)

      4. Blogs & Resources (Tableau)

      5. "What Is Data Visualization? Definition, Examples, & Learning Resources" (Tableau)

Examples

• "10 examples of interactive map data visualizations"  (Tableau)

• "Data Visualization Tips and Best Practices"   (Tableau)

• Tableau Public (gallery) (Tableau)

• Research Articles (Nature)

Design Tools  

• 1. 1. • Data Visualization Tools: BioRender, Google Charts, Google Sheets, Julius, Microsoft Excel, GraphPad Prism, Tableau, Hex, Genially, Venngage, Mind the Graph

        • Advanced Data Visualization: Power BI, Looker Studio (formerly Google Data Studio), D3.js, Chart.js, Plotly, RAWGraphs, Flourish

        • AI-Powered & No-Code Platforms: ChartBlocks, Infogram, Visme

        • Colors: Color Brewer, Coolors

Scientific Illustrations & Diagrams are visual representations created to simplify, communicate, or enhance the understanding of complex scientific concepts, processes, or data for diverse audiences. They combine accurate scientific information with artistic design, providing clarity and accessibility to topics that may otherwise be difficult to grasp through text alone. These visuals are crucial in research, education, science communication, and public outreach.

Key Differences

1. Illustration: expressive, conceptual; highly detailed or stylized; artistic and decorative; colors, shading, textures; storybook drawings, concept art

2. Diagram: informative, instructional; simplified for clarity; minimalist, structured; labels, arrows, geometric shapes; flow charts, schematics, maps

Features

• Format & Length: Typically vary in size and complexity, ranging from single-page diagrams to elaborate multi-panel illustrations.

• Purpose: Explanatory, educational, or persuasive, depending on the intended audience and subject matter.

• Content: Convey scientific processes, data, or concepts visually. Simplify complex ideas without losing accuracy.

• Required Elements:

  • • Labels and Annotations: Clearly identify components, processes, or relationships.

    • Visual Hierarchy: Organize information to guide viewers through the content logically.

    • Accuracy: Maintain scientific precision while adapting complexity to the audience’s level of expertise.

• Audience: Tailored for various groups, including researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and the general public.

• Style: Strikes a balance between scientific rigor and aesthetic appeal. Designs should be clear, engaging, and accessible.

Characteristics

1. Educational: Aims to teach or clarify scientific principles.

2. Data-Driven: Often incorporates data visualizations such as graphs, charts, or infographics.

3. Accessible Language: Uses minimal or no technical jargon in labeling or annotations.

4. Visually Engaging: Employs color, typography, and design elements to draw attention and facilitate comprehension.

5. Scientific Accuracy: Adheres to the highest standards of factual correctness.

Subjects, Types, & Forms

1. Process Illustration: A step-by-step diagram of the carbon cycle, featuring annotated arrows and clear visual distinctions between processes.

2. Infographic: A concise visualization of global CO₂ emissions with labeled graphs and accompanying statistics.

3. Anatomical Illustration: A detailed, labeled depiction of the human heart, color-coded to highlight blood flow pathways.

4. Biological processes (e.g., photosynthesis, cellular respiration)

5. Medical illustrations (e.g., anatomy, surgical procedures)

6. Environmental science (e.g., climate change models, ecosystems)

7. Physics and engineering (e.g., mechanics, energy systems)

8. Data visualizations (e.g., epidemiological trends, genomic studies)

Reference Material & Guides

1. "Visual Strategies: A Practical Guide to Graphics for Scientists & Engineers"  (Felice C. Frankel - PDF Download)

2. "Effective Data Visualization: The Right Chart for the Right Data" (Stephanie Evergreen)

3. "Color Map Advice for Scientific Visualization" (Kenneth Moreland)

4. Guild of Natural Science Illustrators (GNSI)

5. Scientific Illustrations, Icons and Drawings (Examples)

6. Gallery of Infographic templates made by scientists

Design Tools  

6. 1. • Intermediate: BioRender, Inkscape, Mind the Graph, Venngage, Canva, Genially, Visme, MotionArray, Vistacreate, Creately, Infogram, Piktochart, Beam, Infogram, Plotvar, Chartgo 

      • Advanced: Paraview, The Visualization Toolkit (VTK), VisIt

Scientific Posters are a visual communication tool designed to present research findings in a concise, engaging, and informative manner. They serve as a bridge between complex data and an audience, allowing for quick comprehension while inviting deeper discussion. Scientific posters are commonly used at conferences, academic presentations, and research showcases.

Features

• Format & Length: Typically large-format (e.g., 36” x 48”), designed for print or digital display. Layouts include sections such as Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.

• Purpose: Summarize research findings, facilitate discussion, and visually engage the audience.

• Content: Highlights research objectives, methodology, key results, and conclusions in a structured format.

• Audience: Designed for researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and conference attendees interested in a particular scientific field.

Required Elements

• • • Title & Authors: Clearly state the study title and include author affiliations.

    • Abstract: Briefly summarize the research and its significance.

    • Introduction: Provide background information and the study’s objectives.

    • Methods: Describe the approach, materials, and procedures used.

    • Results: Present data using charts, graphs, or images.

    • Discussion & Conclusion: Interpret findings, implications, and future directions.

    • References: Cite key sources.

    • Acknowledgments: Recognize funding sources or collaborators.

Style

• Concise & Informative: Uses bullet points and short paragraphs for readability.

  • • Minimal Text: Avoid unnecessary details to maintain engagement.

• Visually Compelling: Incorporates colors, images, charts, and diagrams to enhance understanding.

• Structured Layout: Sections are arranged logically for easy navigation.

  • • Visual Hierarchy: Using color, size, and layout to guide attention.

• Scientifically Accurate: Data is presented truthfully and transparently.

• Data Visualization: Communicating results effectively through graphs and figures.

• Audience Adaptation: Tailoring the content to suit specialists or general audiences.

Characteristics

1. Engaging: Balances text and visuals to capture attention.

2. Accessible: Uses clear language and avoids excessive jargon.

3. Data-Driven: Integrates figures and tables to support key findings.

4. Modular: Allows researchers to discuss sections independently.

Types & Forms

1. Traditional Posters: Static, printed posters displayed at conferences.

2. Digital Posters: Interactive or multimedia-enhanced posters displayed on screens.

3. Infographic Posters: Simplified, visually engaging posters designed for broader audiences.

Common Poster Sections

• Introduction: Introduction, Condensed Abstract, Background, Hypothesis, Objectives/Purpose 

• Research: Materials, Methodology, Analysis, Models, Results 

• Conclusion: Conclusion, Recommendations, Implications, Discussion, Acknowledgments, Contact Information

Creation Guidelines

1. Size, Orientation, & Layout

   • 48" x 36" poster in landscape orientation

   • Title section and 2-5 columns of information, divided into sections

2. Title & Heading Styles

   • Title: Keep it short, attention-grabbing, and readable from 10 feet (3 m) away.

   • Title Typeface: Use colored boxes and bold, contrasting typeface of at least 72 points (1 inch/25 mm high).

   • Headings: At least 36 pt. 

   • All Text: Prefer lowercase letters for readability unless required otherwise.

3. Text & Layout

   • Use at least 24 pt for text and at least 36 pt for headings.

   • Set line spacing between 1.25 and 1.5.

   • Avoid large blocks of text—use bulleted or numbered lists when possible.

   • White space is crucial to avoid clutter and improve readability.

   • Use an aesthetically pleasing color palate

4. Enhancing Engagement

   • Highlight key points so passersby can quickly determine interest.

   • Offer handouts or QR codes for more details.

5. Use of Illustrations

   • Posters allow for a variety of images—photos, graphs, maps, cartoons, etc.

   • Make images large, high-resolution, clear, and simple to ensure quick comprehension.

Reference Material & Guides

1. 1. 1. Make The Best Scientific Poster - PosterNerd

      2. "The Structure of a Scientific Poster" - (Designing Science Presentations) – Matt Carter

      3. "Scientific Poster Slides" (Presentation) - (University of Waterloo)

      4. "ePoster Presenter Resource Center"  – The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB)

      5. "Best examples of scientific posters" & "Colour Scheme"- Animate Your Science

      6. "Award Winning Posters" - Climate Change and Global Health Research Group

      7. "Poster Resources" - Dartmouth's Geisel School of Medicine

      8. "Impactful Scientific Poster" - University of Wisconsin

      9. "Poster Presentation Examples" - University of Maryland

      10. Poster Design Tutorials - BioRender

      11. Scientific Poster Tutorials - PosterNerd

Design Tools  

• 1. 1. 1. Poster Templates: "Poster Resources" (Dartmouth), PowerPoint, Purrington,

        2. Desktop Software: PowerPoint, Adobe Illustrator, LaTeX, PosterGenius

        3. Online Tools: BioRender - (BioRender Poster Builder), Canva

        4. Colors: Color Brewer, Coolors

        5. Examples: ** See more scientific poster examples here. **

Scientific Infographics are a visual communication tool designed to present complex scientific information in a clear, engaging, and easily digestible format. They transform data into visually compelling narratives that enhance comprehension and retention. Scientific infographics are used in academic, educational, and public outreach contexts. Scientific infographics serve as powerful visual tools for science communication, enhancing the clarity and significance of complex or abstract information.

Features

• Length: One page or a single graphic image. 

• Format: Digital or print-based, flexible dimensions optimized for social media, websites, posters, and reports.

• Purpose: To convert data into easily understandable and concrete messages, improving accessibility.

• Content: Focuses on key scientific concepts, data visualizations, and summaries of research or findings.

• Symbolic Representation: Use symbols to facilitate intuitive understanding across diverse cultures.

• Audience: Designed for researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and the general public interested in science.

Process of Composition

A structured approach that integrates data analysis, creative thinking, and graphic design.

• • 1. Information Analysis

       • Assess available information.

       • Synthesize data from multiple sources into a cohesive narrative.

       • Identify key messages, recognize conceptual overlaps, and establish connections between seemingly unrelated elements.

    2. Creative Thinking

       • Develop a visual concept that aligns with the information and highlights established relationships.

    3. Graphic Design

       • Utilize both graphic and textual elements to transform the concept into an engaging visual representation.

Style

1. Concise & Informative: Uses minimal text, clear labels, and structured design.

2. Visually Compelling: Incorporates color, contrast, symbols, icons, images, and hierarchy to enhance readability.

3. Scientifically Accurate: Ensures data integrity and credibility.

4. Engaging & Accessible: Uses layman-friendly language for broader audiences.

Characteristics

1. Simplified Representation: Complex data is distilled into visual summaries.

2. Data-Driven: Integrates graphs, timelines, maps, and other visual aids.

3. Modular: Allows viewers to engage with sections independently.

4. Mobile-Friendly: Designed for accessibility across various digital platforms.

Forms & Functions

1. Diagrams, Descriptions, Illustrations, Series, Processes, Systems

2. Static Infographics: Fixed images optimized for print and digital viewing.

3. Interactive Infographics: Digital infographics with clickable elements, animations, or embedded data. (Example)

4. Infographic Posters: Large-format, visually rich presentations of scientific topics.

Seven Types of Infographics

• List: Supports a claim step-by-step, moving top-down, left-right, or across the canvas.

• Comparison: Highlights similarities and differences to show superiority or inferiority.

• Flowchart: Provides answers based on choices, showing multiple paths to a conclusion.

• Visual Article: Enhances text visually, making content more engaging and shareable.

• Map: Displays data trends by location, comparing places, cultures, and demographics.

• Timeline: Shows chronological events, making complex stories easier to follow.

Reference Material & Guides

1. 1. 1. "Scientific Infographics" (Gallery)

      2. "Designing and Creating Science" (Clips)

      3. "10 tips for creating an effective scientific infographic" by Dr. Miguel Balbin

      4. Scientific Illustrations, Icons and Drawings (Gallery)

      5. Gallery of Infographic templates made by scientists

      6. Cool Infographics (Gallery Infographics)

      7. Compound Interest (Gallery of Scientific Infographics)

Design Tools  

• • • •   Biorender, Canva, Envato, MotionArray, Vistacreate, Genially, Visme, Creately, Infogram, Piktochart, Venngage, Mind the Graph, Beam, Infogram, Plotvar, Chartgo 

Examples  

** See "Infographic Examples" below.

A Graphical Abstract (also known as a visual abstract) is a concise visual summary that represents the key findings, concepts, or conclusions of one scientific research paper. 

Features

• Length: Typically a single image, designed to fit within a standard research article layout.

• Format: Static (JPEG, PNG, SVG, PDF) or animated (GIF, MP4) for digital use.

• Purpose: Summarize the key findings for quick understanding.

• Location: Beginning of a scientific paper (like a text-based abstract) + promotional online

• Complexity: Simple, focused, and uncluttered, using minimal text

• Self-Sufficiency: Single, standalone image that summarizes the paper without reading the text.

• Content: Combination of diagrams, illustrations, and minimal text

• Color & Contrast: colors that enhance clarity and emphasize key areas.

• Icons & Symbols: scientific symbols & icons (vector images preferred)

• Audience: Researchers, journal readers, educators, students, and general

• Requirement: Sometimes required by journals (100+ journals require visual abstracts). 

• Style & Content: Align with publisher's guidelines.

Visual Composition & Layout

• Hierarchy of Information: Arrange elements logically to guide the reader through the abstract.

• Readability & Clarity: Use short phrases & keywords and ensure text size is legible.

Composition Guidelines

1. Objective: Clearly articulate the study's research question or objective.

2. Design: Outline the research design (e.g., randomized trial, retrospective review, survey).

3. Outcome: Present the study's main outcome to reduce reporting bias.

4. Probability Value: Provide P-values or other significance measures (when applicable).

5. Citation: Cite the research article directly in the image and include a link to the full publication.

6. Language: Use terminology that aligns with the definitions and language in the study.

7. Images: Prefer SVG images. Ensure you may legally reproduce and publish all images used.

8. Peer Review: Ask a colleague to review your finished visual abstract for errors and bias.

Components 

• Components of an Effective Visual Abstract #1 (JAMA)

• Components of an Effective Visual Abstract #2 (Ibrahim) 

• Components of an Effective Visual Abstract #3 (BioRender)

Forms & Functions

• Conceptual Overviews: Presents an overview of scientific theories or mechanisms.

• Experimental Summaries: Highlights research methods and key results.

• Comparative Visuals: Contrasts multiple datasets or hypotheses side by side.

• Process Flowcharts: Depicts step-by-step scientific methodologies.

• Mechanistic Illustrations: Explains biological, chemical, or physical processes visually.

Reference Material & Guides

• "Use of a Visual Abstract To Disseminate Scientific Research" (Andrew M. Ibrahim)

• "How To Make A Visual Abstract" (Andrew M. Ibrahim)

• "How To Create A Visual Abstract (5th) - PDF" (Andrew M. Ibrahim)

• "How to Create a Scientific Graphical Abstract" (Elsevier)

• "Top 4 tips for designing a graphical abstract" (BioRender)

• "How To Create An Effective Graphical Abstract" (Mind the Graph)

• "Navigating the Journals that Require Graphical Abstracts" (Mind the Graph)

• "How to Design an Effective Graphical Abstract in PowerPoint" (Scientific Writing with Karen L. McKee)

• "5 Tips for Creating a Graphical Abstract" (SpringerNature)

• "Promoting your research using infographics and visual abstracts" (Elsevier)

• "A Guide to Visual Abstracts" (PLOS)

• "Visual Abstracts: Redesigning the Landscape of Research Dissemination" (ScienceDirect)

• "Resources for Visual Abstracts" (Nielsen Norman Group)

Templates

• Visual Abstract Templates (VisualAbstract Primer)

Journal Guidelines

• Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA)

• Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)

• The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM)

Design Tools

• Graphical Abstract Creation: Google Slides, BioRender, Mind the Graph, Canva, Adobe Illustrator, Affinity Designer

• Scientific Diagramming: ChemDraw, SmartDraw, Lucidchart, BioVinci

• Infographic & Data Visualization: Venngage, Infogram, Piktochart, Tableau

• Animation Tools: Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Animaker, Powtoons, Animate, Blender, Storyboarder

• Icons: (Science) Fontawesome, Nounproject, SVGrepo, IconScout  (Biology & Medicine) Phylopic, EBI, Reactome, Smart, Bioicons, Health Icons

• Colors: Color Brewer, Coolers

Examples

• Graphical Abstract Example Images (Google Drive)

• "Incidence of ESKD in US Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders" (AJKD)

• "Graphical Abstracts - Examples" (Oxford Academic)

• "Esophageal Hypervigilance and Symptom-Specific Anxiety in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis" (AGA)

• Journal Article Submission Standards Example 1 (AGA)

• Journal Article Submission Standards Example 2 (JACI)

• Graphical Abstract Gallery (JACI)

• "Graphical Abstract Examples" (Sage Research Methods)

      **See graphical abstract examples below.