(Documents, Visuals, & Multimodal Rhetoric)
Professionals in the natural sciences regularly create a variety of documents and presentations tailored to diverse audiences, including peers, policymakers, investors, and the general public. These compositions demand a balance of technical accuracy and effective communication strategies to achieve maximum rhetorical impact for a specific target audience. Below is a categorized list of common scientific documents and presentations.
Reference the following article for overall information about communicating scientific topics to the public:
"A Checklist for Communicating Science and Health Research to the Public" - National Institute of Health
(Modes, Media, & Basic Information)
(Written Text, Visual Elements, & References)
Text-based science communication documents rely on clear, structured text to convey scientific information, research findings, and expert insights to various audiences. This format allows for detailed explanations, persuasive arguments, and comprehensive analysis, making it essential for academic, professional, and public communication. Written documents often include supporting visuals, data, and structured formatting to enhance clarity and impact.
Short Articles
Length: 800–2,000 words with engaging photos and illustrations
Rhetorical Purpose: To educate and engage a general audience by simplifying complex scientific concepts
Examples: Blog posts or magazine articles simplifying complex scientific topics
Details: Popular Science Article (short form)
Length: 600–1,000 words with minimal or no visuals
Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade and provide expert opinion or commentary on scientific topics
Examples: Opinion articles providing insight or commentary on scientific topics
Details: Scientific Op-Ed
Length: 1,000–2,000 words with simple charts and graphs
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and persuade policymakers to take specific actions based on scientific evidence
Examples: Documents guiding policymakers on science-based decisions
Details: Policy Brief
Length: 300–800 words with minimal images or data visualizations
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public and media about scientific discoveries or innovations
Examples: Announcements of scientific discoveries or innovations
Details: Press Relief
Length: Typically 500–1,500 words, often complemented by images, infographics, or multimedia content.
Rhetorical Purpose: Informative. To educate and engage general audiences by breaking down scientific concepts in an informal, relatable style.
Examples: Blog posts explaining new medical discoveries or space missions.
Details: Scientific Blog Post
Length: 750–1,000 words with limited use of visuals
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform readers by summarizing key findings or debates in recent scientific publications
Examples: Summaries of high-impact research in journals like Nature or Science
Length: 750–1,000 words with supportive visuals (charts or illustrations, if necessary)
Rhetorical Purpose: To clarify and simplify complex scientific concepts for non-expert audiences
Examples: Articles explaining CRISPR technology or quantum computing for a general audience
Length: 750–1,000 words with relevant photos or data visuals
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and illustrate how scientific research or technology is applied in real-world scenarios
Examples: Brief studies showcasing renewable energy projects or healthcare innovations in action
Length: 1,000–3,000 words with charts, graphs, and photos
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and demonstrate practical applications of scientific concepts or research
Examples: Practical examples illustrating scientific applications in real-world contexts
Long Articles
Length: 3,000–10,000 words with charts, graphs, photos, illustrations, & extensive references
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and argue for the validity of original scientific research and findings
Published in peer-reviewed journals to share findings with the scientific community. Include detailed methodologies, results, and discussions.
Examples: Academic journals and peer-reviewed scientific papers
Length: 2,000–4,000 words with charts, graphs, photos, illustrations, & references
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, analyze, or persuade readers about scientific controversies or complex topics
Examples: Analyzing scientific controversies with implications for public policy
Details: Feature Article
Academic/Scientific Position Paper: 2,000–3,000 words (8–12 pages) with in-depth analysis with extensive references.
Policy or Advocacy Position Paper: 1,500–2,500 words (5–10 pages) focusing on evidence-based arguments and actionable recommendations with extensive references
Rhetorical Purpose: To present a well-researched argument that supports or opposes a controversial scientific claim, backed by evidence and expert analysis.
Tone: Formal, persuasive, and evidence-driven.
Examples: A paper challenging the safety of a newly released pesticide or defending the validity of climate change models.
Details: Position Paper
Length: 3,000–7,500 words with charts, graphs, data visualizations, & references
Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade funding agencies to support scientific research or projects
Submitted to funding agencies (e.g., NSF, NIH) or private foundations to secure research funding. Highlight the project’s significance, innovation, and feasibility.
Examples: Funding applications for scientific research and development (e.g., NIH, NSF)
Details: Grant Proposal
Length: 3,000–5,000 words with charts, graphs, images, detailed diagrams, and extensive references
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and advocate for specific scientific initiatives or policy changes
Examples: Detailed reports advocating for specific scientific initiatives
Details: White Paper
(Aesthetically Compelling Data-Driven Visual Arguments)
Visual science communication uses images, graphics, and design to convey complex scientific information in a clear, engaging, and accessible way. By integrating visual elements, this approach simplifies data, highlights key concepts, and appeals to both specialized and general audiences. Visual formats are essential for enhancing understanding, supporting arguments, and capturing attention across various platforms.
Length: Varies (single chart or series in reports)
Rhetorical Purpose: To support arguments with data-driven visuals, making trends and relationships more understandable
Examples: Bar graphs showing experimental results, pie charts illustrating budget allocations, or line graphs tracking climate data
Details: Charts & Graphs
Length: A single image or 1 page
Rhetorical Purpose: To visually explain scientific processes, mechanisms, or structures in a simplified, accessible manner
Examples: Diagrams of the water cycle, cell structures, or mechanical designs in engineering projects
Details: Illustrations & Diagrams
Length: A single image or 1 page
Rhetorical Purpose: To simplify complex data and concepts using visual storytelling and design for broad audiences
Examples: Data visualizations explaining climate change impacts, health statistics, or scientific timelines
Details: Infographics
Length: 24 x 36 inches or A1/A0 size for academic settings
Rhetorical Purpose: To present research findings concisely through text, visuals, charts, and diagrams for academic conferences or public exhibitions
Examples: Scientific research posters for academic conferences summarizing experiments, data, and conclusions
Details: Posters
Length: 10–30 slides per presentation (15–30 minutes)
Rhetorical Purpose: To present scientific information visually and verbally, often combining text, images, and multimedia for clarity and engagement
Examples: Google Slides or PowerPoint presentations for classroom instruction, conference talks, or project proposals
Length: A single image or 1 page
Rhetorical Purpose: To visually summarize the key points of one (1) scientific paper, making the research more accessible and shareable
Use: A graphical abstract is used when publishing a specific research study to summarize key results in a single visual snapshot.
Examples: Animated or static graphics shared on journal websites or social media summarizing study findings
Details: Graphical Abstract
Length: A single image or 1 page
Rhetorical Purpose: A visual overview of a concept, method, or dataset, often used in presentations or reviews. Can cover multiple studies, methodologies, or datasets.
Use: A graphical summary is used when explaining a broader topic, concept, or dataset, often incorporating multiple insights.
Examples: Used in review papers, lectures, posters, and conference presentations, often for educational or analytical purposes.
Resources: Introduction, How To, Tutorial
Details: Graphical Summary
(Text, Visuals, Audio, Video, Hyperlinks & Interactive Media)
Multimodal science communication integrates multiple forms of media—such as text, visuals, audio, video, and interactive elements—to effectively convey scientific information to diverse audiences. This approach enhances engagement, accessibility, and understanding by combining different modes of communication tailored to specific contexts and platforms.
Length: 1–5 pages per document, multimodal with structured text, visuals, hyperlinks, and interactive design elements
Rhetorical Purpose: To present professional qualifications, scientific expertise, and research experience through written documents enhanced with visuals and digital media. Posted online in a digitally accessible format for easy access and sharing.
Components: Résumé, curriculum vitae (CV), cover letter, statement of purpose, work samples, reference list, letters of recommendation.
Details: Professional Portfolio
Optional Project: Assignment
Length: Typically 2–5 minutes with visual elements, voiceover narration, on-screen text, & graphics or video clips
Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade and provide expert opinion or commentary on current events or scientific topics through a combination of spoken word, visuals, and sound
Platforms: Major media outlets like The New York Times, The Washington Post, and BBC often publish video op-eds to engage viewers using storytelling, visuals, and emotional appeals.
Examples:
A short video advocating for climate action using expert commentary, infographics, and real-world footage
A scientist explaining the importance of vaccine equity with supporting data visualizations and interviews
Length: 5-16 minute oral presentation with slides, graphics, illustrations, & posters
To inform, explain, or persuade peers about recent research findings or ongoing projects
Examples: Presenting research at academic conferences or industry events
Length: 15–120 minutes with high-quality visuals, interviews, narration, and graphics
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, educate, and engage viewers by exploring scientific topics in depth, often highlighting real-world impacts and personal stories
Examples: Documentaries on climate change, medical breakthroughs, space exploration, or environmental conservation (e.g., Cosmos, Our Planet)
Details: Documentary Video
Length: 2-minute video
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public about current and ongoing research as well as fundamental terms and concepts.
Science Sketches are short, accessible videos--made by scientists--about scientific research.
Examples: YouTube Explainer videos, educational websites, ScienceSketches.org
Resources: Platform, Workshop, Instructions, Video Editing
Length: 20–60 minutes with video content and visual aids (recorded audio or video)
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, engage, and entertain audiences by discussing scientific topics, research, or innovations in a conversational format
Examples: Interviews with scientists about recent discoveries, discussions on emerging technologies, or debates on controversial scientific issues in video podcast series. (Posted on YouTube, websites, TikTok, and similer platforms.)
Length: 15–60 minutes with slides or visual aids
Rhetorical Purpose: To educate and engage general or specialized audiences on scientific topics
Examples: Ted Talk (Mini-Ted Talk), university-hosted talks, museum lectures, or public science events
Length: under 18 minutes (Mini-TED Talk: under 5 min)
Rhetorical Purpose: (Informative, Argumentive, or Persuasive) To foster learning, inspiration, and wonder, and to provoke conversations that matter.
Examples: Most Popular Science Talks (TED)
Details: Mini-Ted Talk
Length: 15–90 minutes, typically with multiple speakers
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform, debate, and provide expert perspectives on controversial or emerging scientific issues
Examples: Expert panels at conferences or public forums on climate change or medical ethics
Length: 10–30 minutes for live interviews (recorded audio or video)
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public by answering questions and providing expert insights on scientific topics
Examples: Media interviews about new scientific discoveries or expert opinions on current scientific issues
Length: 30 seconds to 2 minutes
Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade stakeholders or investors by quickly summarizing the value and impact of a scientific idea or project
Examples: Pitching a startup idea to investors or summarizing research to grant reviewers
Length: 500–1,500 words per article, 1–3 minutes per video, 100–300 words per social media post
Rhetorical Purpose: To engage and educate the public about scientific topics using integrated media such as written articles, videos, infographics, and social media content
Examples: A campaign combining blog posts, explainer videos, podcasts, and social media graphics to raise awareness about climate change
Length: 3–5 minutes with integrated slides, visuals, charts, graphs, and data visualizations
Rhetorical Purpose: To simplify and explain complex scientific concepts for a general audience through a combination of visual, auditory, and textual elements
Examples: Online videos explaining how vaccines work or what quantum computing is
Length: 500–1,500 words articles, 1–3 minute videos, 100–300 word social media posts
Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade the public and policymakers to support science-based policy changes using coordinated written, visual, and digital media strategies
Examples: Multimedia campaigns with videos, infographics, social media posts, and petitions promoting renewable energy policies or public health reforms
Length: 1,000–2,000 words or 3–5 minutes for video/audio formats
Rhetorical Purpose: To narrate scientific discoveries or research in a compelling, story-driven format to engage broad audiences
Examples: A narrative article on a scientist's journey to discover a new species or a podcast episode explaining space exploration
(Engaging Audiences Through Dynamic & Immersive Media)
Digital & interactive platforms transform how scientific information is shared and understood. By combining multimedia elements such as visuals, videos, interactive graphics, and immersive technologies, these formats engage audiences in more dynamic and accessible ways. From websites and social media to virtual simulations and scrollytelling, these tools make complex scientific concepts more interactive, engaging, and impactful.
Length: Varies (single-page sites to multi-page platforms)
Rhetorical Purpose: To provide comprehensive information about research projects, scientific topics, or outreach initiatives through interactive and multimedia content
Examples: Dedicated research project websites, university lab pages, or science communication platforms
Length: 100–300 words per post, with visuals, videos, or interactive elements
Rhetorical Purpose: To quickly inform, engage, and persuade broad audiences about scientific topics using brief, impactful content
Examples: Twitter threads explaining scientific concepts, Instagram infographics, LinkedIn updates on research milestones
Length: Varies depending on complexity (5–30 minutes of user interaction)
Rhetorical Purpose: To educate users by allowing them to engage with dynamic models that demonstrate scientific phenomena or processes
Examples: Online simulations of chemical reactions, climate models, or physics-based learning games
Length: Typically 5–20 minutes per experience, depending on interactivity
Rhetorical Purpose: To immerse users in scientific concepts or environments, enhancing understanding through 3D, interactive experiences
Examples: VR tours of the human body, AR apps showing planetary systems, or interactive lab safety training modules
ˆLength: 20–100 pages with embedded videos, animations, and clickable content
Rhetorical Purpose: To engage readers with scientific topics through a combination of text, visuals, audio, and interactive features
Examples: E-books explaining space exploration with embedded videos, or biology textbooks with interactive diagrams and quizzes
Length: 10–30 slides per presentation (15–30 minutes)
Rhetorical Purpose: To persuade investors, stakeholders, or funding bodies by visually and verbally presenting scientific ideas, research projects, or startup concepts. Pitch decks typically combine concise text, data visualizations, images, and multimedia to clearly communicate the value, impact, and feasibility of a project or innovation.
Examples:
Google Slides presentations pitching biotech startup ideas to venture capitalists
Slide decks for grant proposals showcasing research goals, methodologies, and projected outcomes
Presentations introducing new scientific tools or technologies at industry conferences
Details: Pitch Deck
Length: Continuous, real-time interactive display
Rhetorical Purpose: To present complex, real-time scientific data in an interactive format that enables users to explore trends and patterns
Examples: COVID-19 tracking dashboards, environmental monitoring tools, or financial data visualizations for scientific funding
Details: Data Dashboard
Length: 1,000–2,000 words combined with interactive visuals and multimedia
Rhetorical Purpose: To engage readers by combining text, animations, images, and interactive graphics in a scrolling format to explain complex scientific topics
“Scrollytelling” (scroll + storytelling) is when elements on a webpage appear, move, disappear, or otherwise change as the user scrolls the page. Scrollytelling is used to make web content more interactive and immersive by enhancing written text with multimedia like audio, video, and animation.
Examples: 12 Engaging Scrollytelling examples, 11 Examples of Scrollytelling
Resources: Platform, Beginner's Guide
Details: Scrollytelling
(Content, Purpose, Style, Publication, & Examples)
(Content, Style, Purpose, & Requirements)
(Persuasive Opinion Article on a Scientific Topic)
A Scientific Op-Ed is a short, persuasive opinion article written by a scientist or expert to provide insight, analysis, or commentary on scientific topics for a general audience. It blends factual scientific knowledge with the author's informed opinion to educate the public, influence policy, or raise awareness about scientific issues. Op-ed stands for "opposite the editorial" or "opinion editorial." Scientific op-eds typically appear in the opinion, viewpoint, or editorial section of newspapers, online media outlets, or science communication platforms.
Features
Length: 750–800 words with minimal or no visuals
Rhetorical Purpose: Persuasive or argumentative
Content: Present a clear, well-supported argument or persuasive stance (call to action) on a controversial scientific topic. Incorporate credible evidence and logical reasoning to support your claims.
Required Elements:
Analogy: Include an analogical model to explain your scientific topic.
Visuals: Include visual elements as appropriate for your purpose & target audience.
Sources: Include outside sources as appropriate for your publication’s target audience.
Audience: Write considering the target audience and standards of the publication chosen.
Style: Maintain clarity, conciseness, and engagement throughout the article. Professional tone.
Characteristics: Opinion articles providing insight or commentary on scientific topics
Opinion-Driven: Expresses the author’s viewpoint on a scientific issue.
Evidence-Based: Uses scientific research and data to support arguments.
Accessible Language: Avoids technical jargon to reach a broad, non-expert audience.
Persuasive Tone: Aims to inform, persuade, or inspire action.
Timely & Relevant: Connects to current events, public debates, or policy discussions.
Typical Structure
Hook: A compelling opening that grabs attention (often tied to a current event).
Thesis: A clear statement of the author’s main argument or opinion.
Evidence: Concise, well-supported reasoning with scientific data or examples.
Counterarguments: Acknowledgment of opposing views with rebuttals (optional).
Call to Action: Suggested solutions or actions for readers or policymakers.
Conclusion: A strong closing that reinforces the argument.
Writing Instructions
Examples
"We Asked GPT-3 to Write an Academic Paper about Itself—Then We Tried to Get It Published" by Almira Osmanovic Thunström (Scientific American)
"Fusion's False Promise" by Naomi Oreskes (Scientific American)
"Eight Billion People in the World Is a Crisis, Not an Achievement" by Naomi Oreskes (Scientific American)
"Biological Science Rejects the Sex Binary, and That’s Good for Humanity" by Agustín Fuentes.
(The Scientist)
“How Wealthy UFO Fans Helped Fuel Fringe Beliefs” by Keith Kloor (Scientific American)
(Persuasive Evidence-Based Recommendations for Policymakers)
A Policy Brief is a concise, targeted document designed to inform and persuade policymakers about a specific issue by presenting clear recommendations based on evidence. It provides actionable insights derived from research and is structured to address a non-specialist audience in government, organizations, or advocacy roles.
*In a Policy Brief, scientists analyze and report the current status of a specific issue and make policy recommendations to governing bodies. The purpose is to transform research into to policy.
Features
Length: 1,000–2,000 words, with simple charts and graphs for clarity.
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform and persuade policymakers to take specific actions based on scientific evidence.
Content: Presents evidence-based analysis of a problem and provides concrete recommendations for addressing it.
Required Elements:
Problem Statement: Clear articulation of the issue at hand.
Evidence Summary: Concise overview of research findings or data.
Recommendations: Specific, actionable steps policymakers can take.
Visual Aids: Simple charts, graphs, or infographics to enhance comprehension.
Audience: Policymakers, government officials, advocacy groups, and stakeholders with decision-making power.
Style: Clear, concise, and accessible language with a neutral, professional tone. Avoids excessive jargon.
Characteristics:
Evidence-Based: Rooted in scientific research and reliable data.
Focused: Addresses a single, specific issue to avoid overwhelming the reader.
Policy-Oriented: Emphasizes actionable recommendations rather than theoretical discussions.
Visually Supported: Incorporates visuals for clarity and to support key points.
Strategic Tone: Balances objectivity and persuasiveness to maintain credibility while advocating for action.
Timeliness: Often tied to current events, legislative cycles, or emerging challenges.
Typical Structure
Title: Clear, compelling, and directly indicative of the topic.
Executive Summary: Brief overview of the issue, key findings, and recommendations.
Rationale for Action on the Problem: "Why do something different?"
Proposed Policy Options: Presents the strngths and weaknesses of available options.
Policy Recommendations: Concrete steps policymakers should take, prioritized by feasibility and impact.
Sources Consulted or Recommended.
Link to Original Research/Analysis.
Conclusion: Reinforces the importance of action and summarizes the main points.
References: Credible sources that underpin the analysis.
Writing Instructions
"An Essential Guide to Writing Policy Briefs" (International Center for Public Advocacy)
"Writing effective reports: Preparing policy briefs" (IDRC)
"Crafting Policy Briefs" (The Writing Center, UNC Chapel Hill)
Examples
(Informative Media Announcement for Scientific Discoveries)
A scientific Press Release is a concise, informative document designed to communicate new scientific discoveries or innovations to the public and media. Its primary goal is to make complex scientific topics accessible and engaging to a non-expert audience while maintaining accuracy and credibility. Press releases often serve as a bridge between scientists and the general public, promoting understanding and sparking interest in recent advancements.
Features
Length: 300–800 words, with minimal use of images or data visualizations.
Rhetorical Purpose: To inform the public and media about scientific discoveries or innovations in a clear, concise manner.
Content: Focus on new, noteworthy findings or technological developments, highlighting their significance and potential impact.
Required Elements:
Headline: A concise, attention-grabbing title summarizing the discovery or innovation.
Lead Paragraph: A clear summary of the announcement, including the "what," "who," "when," "where," and "why."
Body: Detailed explanation of the discovery or innovation, including background context, methodologies, and significance.
Quotes: Statements from researchers or key stakeholders to add authority and human interest.
Contact Information: Details for follow-up inquiries from journalists or interested parties.
Audience: General public, journalists, policymakers, and stakeholders.
Style: Engaging, clear, and jargon-free to ensure accessibility.
Characteristics:
Informative: Presents factual information about scientific developments.
Engaging: Written to capture and maintain the audience’s interest.
Accurate: Ensures scientific details are correct and well-represented.
Clear and Concise: Avoids unnecessary technical language or excessive details.
Writing Instructions
"Crafting a Science News Release" (National Institute of Health)
"Press Releases 101" (ContentGrip)
"A Template for Scientific Press Releases and Science News Articles" by Scott A. Sandford (Reference only!)
"Press release guidelines for scientists" (NASA - ESA Hubble)
Examples
"Webb Discovers Methane, Carbon Dioxide in Atmosphere of K2-18 b" (NASA)
"Webb Finds Water Vapor, But From a Rocky Planet or Its Star?" (NASA)
"What do old books smell like?" (BioMed Central)
"New Species of Dumbo Octopus Identified Using Minimally Invasive Techniques" (BioMed Central)
"Invasive alien species may cost African agricultural sector $3.66 trillion per year" (Springer Nature)
"Discovery Alert: A ‘Super-Earth’ in the Habitable Zone" (NASA)
(Informative Engaging Science for a General Audience)
A Popular Science Article (short form) is a written piece designed to simplify complex scientific concepts and make them accessible to a general audience. It blends accurate, evidence-based science with engaging storytelling, often featuring visuals to enhance understanding and interest. These articles are commonly published in science magazines, general-interest publications, or online platforms dedicated to science communication.
Features
Length: 800–2,000 words, complemented by engaging photos and illustrations.
Rhetorical Purpose: Informative, aiming to educate and engage a broad audience.
Content: Simplifies complex scientific topics, using storytelling and relatable examples to explain ideas.
Required Elements:
Analogies: Include an analogical model to clarify scientific concepts.
Visuals: High-quality images, infographics, or illustrations to aid understanding and capture interest.
Sources: Incorporates reliable sources to provide accurate and up-to-date scientific information.
Audience: General readers with an interest in science but limited technical knowledge.
Style: Clear, engaging, and approachable. A conversational tone is often used to maintain interest.
Characteristics
Accessible: Avoids technical jargon, ensuring comprehension by non-expert readers.
Storytelling: Uses narratives or case studies to illustrate scientific principles.
Evidence-Based: Built on verified scientific research, data, or expert interviews.
Visually Engaging: Combines visuals with text to break up information and maintain reader interest.
Timely & Relevant: Relates to current scientific discoveries, trends, or societal concerns.
Typical Structure
Hook: A captivating opening to grab attention (e.g., a surprising fact, question, or story).
Context: Background information to introduce the topic.
Explanation: Clear, step-by-step breakdown of the scientific concept with an analogical model.
Relevance: Discussion of why the topic matters or its impact on society.
Conclusion: Summarizes the article and often includes a forward-looking statement.
Writing Instructions
"Guide for Publishing Popular Science Articles" (TecScience)
"A Beginner’s Guide to Writing a Popular Science Article, by a Teacher" (Science The Wire)
Examples
"This Company Wants to Build a Space Station That Has Artificial Gravity" by Emilio Cozzi (Wired)
"Sunken Worlds Discovered in Earth’s Mantle Create Confusion and Mystery" by Paul Smaglik (Discover Magazine)
(Informative Engaging Science for a General Audience)
A Scientific Blog Post is a concise, engaging piece that communicates scientific ideas, discoveries, or explanations to a broad audience. Unlike academic papers, these posts aim to be accessible, often blending storytelling, relatable analogies, and high-quality visuals to make complex topics digestible.
Features
Length: Typically 500–1,500 words, often complemented by images, infographics, or multimedia content.
Rhetorical Purpose: Informative. To educate and engage general audiences by breaking down scientific concepts in an informal, relatable style.
Content: Covers recent scientific developments, clarifies concepts, or explores scientific debates in an engaging and accessible manner.
Required Elements
Analogies: Uses comparisons to familiar experiences or objects to simplify scientific concepts (analogical model).
Visuals: Incorporates high-quality images, diagrams, or short videos to illustrate key points.
Sources: References reliable, up-to-date scientific research, expert opinions, and credible studies.
Audience: General readers, science enthusiasts, and those with little to no technical background.
Style: Clear, engaging, and often conversational, avoiding excessive technical jargon.
Audience: General readers with an interest in science but limited technical knowledge.
Style: Clear, engaging, and approachable. A conversational tone is often used to maintain interest.
Characteristics
Accessible: Presents information in a way that is easy to understand, avoiding complex terminology.
Storytelling: Uses real-world examples, anecdotes, or historical narratives to make the content relatable.
Evidence-Based: Grounded in verified scientific research, data, and expert insights.
Visually Engaging: Enhances understanding through well-designed visuals that break up text-heavy content.
Timely & Relevant: Covers current scientific trends, discoveries, or societal implications of science.
Typical Structure
Hook: A compelling opening (e.g., a surprising fact, question, or real-world event) to draw readers in.
Context: Provides background on the scientific topic and why it matters.
Explanation: Breaks down the concept step by step, often using an analogy for clarity.
Relevance: Explores the real-world applications or implications of the topic.
Conclusion: Summarizes key takeaways and often includes a forward-looking perspective.
Writing Instructions
"17 Science Blogs Everyone Should Follow" (ATA Scientific Instruments)
"How to write a science blog" (SINTEFblog)
"How To Write a Science Blog: Step-by-Step Science Blogging Guide" by Jesse Harris
Scientific Blogs
Bad Astronomy by Phil Plait
Examples
"The Shocking Truth of the Notorious Milgram Obedience Experiments" Guest Blogger (Discover Magazine)
"Ouch! In the Brain, Social Rejection Feels Like Physical Pain" Guest Blogger (Discover Magazine)
"The fabric of space is a Cheshire Cat" by Ethan Siegel (Stars with a bang! )
"Do We Prefer Nature Walks Because of Fractals?" by Rebecca Watson (Skepchick)
(Content, Style, Purpose, & Requirements)
(Engaging Science for a General Audience)
A Feature Article in a popular science publication is an in-depth, engaging piece written to explore a scientific topic of interest to a broad, non-expert audience. It combines factual scientific information, storytelling, and visuals to inform and inspire readers while addressing controversial or timely issues in science.
Features
Length: Length: 2,000–4,000 words with charts, graphs, photos, illustrations, & references
Style: Present a clear, well-supported argument or persuasive stance (call to action) on a controversial scientific topic. Maintain an engaging tone while adhering to scientific accuracy.
Sources: Incorporate at least three (3) credible sources, such as peer-reviewed studies, expert interviews, or recognized scientific organizations, to substantiate claims.
Required Elements:
Analogy: Use an analogical model to simplify and explain complex scientific concepts.
Visuals: Include high-quality photos, illustrations, charts, graphics, and/or infographics that align with the article’s purpose and target audience.
Audience: Write for the general public, tailoring content to meet the expectations and standards of the chosen publication.
Characteristics
Accessible: Avoids technical jargon, ensuring comprehension by non-expert readers.
Storytelling: Uses narratives or case studies to illustrate scientific principles.
Evidence-Based: Built on verified scientific research, data, or expert interviews.
Visually Engaging: Combines visuals with text to break up information and maintain reader interest.
Timely & Relevant: Relates to current scientific discoveries, trends, or societal concerns.
Typical Structure
Hook: A captivating opening to grab attention (e.g., a surprising fact, question, or story).
Context: Background information to introduce the topic.
Explanation: Clear, step-by-step breakdown of the scientific concept.
Relevance: Discussion of why the topic matters or its impact on society.
Conclusion: Summarizes the article and often includes a forward-looking statement.
Writing Instructions
Focus on clarity and engagement, avoiding overly technical details.
Use storytelling to illustrate abstract concepts.
Include visuals to make the article visually appealing and informative.
Cite credible sources to enhance the article's reliability.
"A Checklist for Communicating Science and Health Research to the Public" - National Institutes of Health
"How To Write a Science Feature" (The Guardian)
"Science Writing: Guidelines and Guidance" by Carl Zimmer
"Feature Articles" (Creative Science Writing)
Examples
"Crushed Rocks Could Be the Next Climate Solution" by Douglas Fox (Scientific American)
"NASA Launches Europa Clipper to Search for Signs of Life on Jupiter’s Moon" by Jay Bennett (Smithsonian Magazine)
"What’s Cooking With CRISPR? Simmering Advances in Genome Editing at NIH" (National Institutes of Health)
"Astronomers Detect a Possible Signature of Life on a Distant Planet" by Carl Zimmer (New York Times)
(Substantiate or Refute Controversial Scientific Claims)
A Scientific Position Paper presents an arguable position about a scientific controversy. It is a formal document that presents a well-supported argument on a scientific issue. It is written to persuade an academic, scientific, or policy-making audience by synthesizing research, evaluating different perspectives, and presenting a clear stance on a controversial or unresolved scientific question. These papers are commonly used in academia, policy discussions, and scientific debates to influence decision-making and public understanding.
Length
Typically 2,500–5,000 words
Includes graphs, charts, tables, figures, and citations to support claims
Follows structured formatting (e.g., APA, MLA, or Chicago) for credibility
Style
Presents a clear, logical argument backed by scientific evidence
Maintains a formal, objective tone while clearly articulating a stance
Provides a balanced analysis of opposing viewpoints before justifying a preferred position
Sources
Cites at least five (5) credible scientific sources, including:
Peer-reviewed journal articles
Government or institutional reports (e.g., NASA, WHO, IPCC)
Expert opinions from scientists or industry professionals
Analogy
Uses analogical reasoning to simplify and clarify complex concepts.
Example: Comparing greenhouse gas accumulation to a blanket trapping heat to explain climate change.
Visuals
Includes graphs, tables, or infographics to present data concisely.
Uses diagrams or scientific illustrations to explain concepts.
Audience
Primary
Scientists & researchers (e.g., in academic settings)
Policymakers (e.g., government agencies)
Industry professionals (e.g., engineers, medical experts)
Secondary Audience
General Public
When the topic is high-profile (e.g. climate change, vaccines, AI).
When media outlets report on the position paper.
When it’s written in accessible language or accompanied by summaries aimed at lay readers.
Evidence-Based
Built on empirical research, not opinions or speculation.
Uses quantitative data and statistical analysis to support claims.
Structured & Logical
Follows a clear argumentative structure (problem → analysis → proposed stance).
Addresses counterarguments and explains why the chosen position is valid.
Concise & Precise
Avoids unnecessary complexity but maintains scientific rigor.
Defines technical terms clearly when necessary.
Policy & Impact Focused
Discusses real-world implications of scientific findings.
Often includes recommendations for policy or future research.
1. Introduction (Hook)
A compelling opening statement to establish relevance.
Example: "Can genetically modified organisms (GMOs) solve world hunger, or are they a dangerous experiment?"
2. Background & Context
Introduces scientific foundations of the topic.
Summarizes historical perspectives or key studies.
3. Argument & Analysis
Presents the core position and supports it with:
Empirical research (e.g., experimental results, case studies)
Comparative analysis (e.g., pros and cons of alternative solutions)
4. Counterarguments & Rebuttals
Acknowledges opposing viewpoints and refutes them with evidence.
Strengthens credibility by showing an awareness of the broader debate.
5. Conclusion & Implications
Summarizes key findings.
Suggests future research directions or policy recommendations.
Ends with a forward-looking statement on the impact of the issue.
Purpose
Scientific Position Paper
Aims to present and defend a specific stance on a scientific issue, often based on extensive literature review, empirical data, and rigorous argumentation. It may advocate for a particular course of action, interpretation, or policy.
Popular Science Feature Article
Aims to engage and inform a general audience about scientific topics in an accessible and often entertaining way. It emphasizes storytelling, clarity, and relevance to everyday life.
Audience
Position Paper
Targeted at scientists, policymakers, experts, or stakeholders in the field. It assumes background knowledge and familiarity with technical terms.
Feature Article
Targeted at the general public, including readers without a science background. It avoids jargon and explains concepts clearly.
Tone & Language
Position Paper
Formal, precise, and objective. Heavy use of citations, technical vocabulary, and methodical argumentation.
Feature Article
Conversational, engaging, and often narrative-driven. Uses analogies, metaphors, and personal or anecdotal examples.
Structure
Position Paper
Structured like an academic paper: abstract, introduction, argument with evidence, counterarguments, conclusion, references.
Feature Article
Looser structure: may begin with a hook or anecdote, followed by exposition, expert quotes, and broader context. Ends with a memorable takeaway.
Use of Evidence
Position Paper
Heavy use of peer-reviewed studies, data, and in-depth analysis. All claims are meticulously sourced.
Feature Article
Still evidence-based, but uses studies more selectively and translates findings into lay terms. May include interviews with scientists or personal stories for human interest.
Examples
Scientific Position Paper
A paper in Science arguing for urgent climate mitigation based on the latest IPCC models.
Popular Science Feature Article
An article in National Geographic about how melting glaciers are affecting indigenous communities, featuring vivid imagery and personal narratives.
✔ Be Objective: Use scientific reasoning and avoid emotional appeals.
✔ Cite Sources Properly: Follow a recognized citation format (APA or MLA).
✔ Use Data Effectively: Include graphs, statistics, and models to support points.
✔ Address Counterarguments: Show understanding of multiple perspectives.
"Writing a Position Paper" (University of Hawaii)
"Position Paper" (Springer Open)
"Writing a Position Paper" (Rutgers)
Science Position Papers (The European Science Foundation - ESF)
Position Paper Examples (The European Nuclear Society - ENS)
White Papers & Position Papers (The American Society for Cell Biology - ASCB)
“The Role of Nuclear Power in a Carbon-Neutral Future” – Published in Nature Energy
“The Ethics of Gene Editing: Where Should We Draw the Line?” – New England Journal of Medicine
“Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Opportunities and Ethical Challenges” – The Lancet Digital Health
(In-Depth Analysis of Scientific Solutions and Innovations)
A Scientific White Paper is a detailed, authoritative document that presents research findings, technological advancements, or scientific insights in a structured and professional format. Unlike research articles, scientific white papers are often used in industry, government, and academia to communicate complex information, influence policy, or justify investment in scientific endeavors. These papers aim to provide an in-depth examination of a topic, offering clear explanations, supporting evidence, and potential applications.
Length
Typically 3,000–10,000 words, though shorter versions (1,500–3,000 words) exist for executive summaries.
Includes graphs, charts, tables, figures, and citations to support claims.
Uses structured formatting (e.g., APA, IEEE, or Chicago) for credibility and clarity.
Style
Presents factual, well-supported arguments with a neutral and professional tone.
Communicates complex scientific principles in an accessible manner.
Often technical but designed for a broad scientific audience, including decision-makers.
Sources
Cites at least five (5) or more credible scientific sources, such as:
Peer-reviewed journal articles (e.g., Nature, Science, The Lancet).
Government or institutional reports (e.g., NASA, NIH, CDC, IPCC).
Technical white papers from industry leaders (e.g., IBM, Tesla, Google AI).
Analogy
Uses analogical reasoning to simplify complex scientific ideas.
Example: Comparing quantum computing to a maze with multiple paths explored at once, rather than one path at a time.
Visuals
Includes graphs, tables, or infographics to summarize data effectively.
Uses scientific diagrams to explain mechanisms or theories.
Audience
A scientific white paper is primarily written for:
Scientists & researchers (e.g., academics, R&D professionals).
Policy makers (e.g., government agencies, legislators).
Industry professionals (e.g., engineers, medical researchers, environmental scientists).
Evidence-Based
Built on empirical research, not speculation.
Uses quantitative data, case studies, and statistical analysis to support claims.
Structured & Logical
Follows a problem-solution framework.
Explores multiple perspectives before presenting conclusions.
Concise & Precise
Avoids unnecessary complexity, while maintaining scientific rigor.
Defines technical terms where necessary.
Policy & Impact Focused
Discusses real-world applications of scientific advancements.
May include recommendations for future research or policy changes.
1. Executive Summary (Abstract)
A brief overview summarizing key findings and recommendations.
Written for decision-makers who may not read the full document.
2. Background & Context
Defines the scientific problem or research area.
Summarizes historical perspectives or previous studies.
3. Technical Analysis & Research Findings
Explains scientific concepts, experiments, or case studies.
Uses graphs, models, and statistical analysis to present findings.
4. Applications & Real-World Impact
Discusses how the research applies to industry, healthcare, or public policy.
Highlights potential benefits, limitations, and challenges.
5. Conclusion & Recommendations
Summarizes the key takeaways.
Provides policy recommendations, future research directions, or industry implications.
✔ Be Objective: Avoid opinions—focus on scientific reasoning.
✔ Cite Sources Properly: Use APA, IEEE, or Chicago citation style.
✔ Use Data Effectively: Incorporate graphs, statistics, and models.
✔ Address Limitations: Acknowledge gaps in research or uncertainties.
"The Future of Quantum Computing in Cryptography" – IBM Research
"Fusion Energy: The Next Frontier in Clean Power" – MIT Plasma Science & Fusion Center
"Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery: Transforming Medicine" – Google DeepMind
(Engage Stakeholders & Secure Funding)
A scientific Grant Proposal is a formal request for research funding submitted to a governmental agency, private foundation, or industry sponsor. It outlines a research project’s objectives, significance, methodology, budget, and expected outcomes. Unlike scientific white papers or journal articles, grant proposals are persuasive documents aimed at securing financial support for advancing scientific knowledge and innovation.
Length
Typically 5–25 pages, depending on the funding agency’s requirements.
Includes structured sections such as an abstract, background, research plan, budget, and references.
Often supplemented with appendices (e.g., CVs, letters of collaboration, data management plans).
Style
Concise, clear, and persuasive—while maintaining scientific rigor.
Formal and structured, adhering to funding agency guidelines (e.g., NIH, NSF, DOE, EU Horizon).
Balances technical detail and accessibility—designed for expert reviewers and funding decision-makers.
Sources
A well-crafted scientific grant proposal references a variety of credible sources, including:
Peer-reviewed journal articles (e.g., Science, Nature, PNAS).
Previous grant-funded projects and findings from reputable organizations.
Governmental reports (e.g., NIH, NSF, DOE, WHO).
Industry white papers (e.g., IBM Research, Google AI).
Analogy
To communicate complex research ideas effectively, grant proposals often use analogical reasoning:
Example: Describing CRISPR gene editing as a "molecular scalpel" that precisely removes and replaces DNA segments, akin to editing text in a word processor.
Visuals
Include at least one table, graph, or figure to enhance your proposal. Graphs, charts, and tables to illustrate research timelines, expected results, or budget allocations.
Diagrams explaining experimental setups, scientific models, or technological processes.
Audience
A scientific grant proposal is written for:
Funding agencies (e.g., NIH, NSF, DARPA, European Research Council).
Scientific review panels (e.g., experts in the research field assessing feasibility and impact).
Institutional research offices (e.g., universities and research institutions managing grant compliance).
Evidence-Based
Built on prior empirical research and preliminary data.
Cites prior funding success and related studies to justify feasibility.
Demonstrates innovative potential and contribution to the field.
Structured & Logical
Follows a hypothesis-driven framework (Problem → Approach → Expected Outcomes).
Anticipates reviewer questions and provides comprehensive justifications.
Uses logical flow and sectioned formatting to enhance readability.
Concise & Precise
Avoids unnecessary technical complexity while ensuring scientific rigor.
Clearly defines objectives, methodology, and impact.
Impact Focused
Demonstrates broader implications (e.g., public health, technological advancements, environmental benefits).
Addresses societal, economic, and policy relevance of the research.
1. Executive Summary (Abstract)
A one-page summary of the project’s objectives, significance, methodology, and expected impact.
Written to persuade funding decision-makers who may not read the full proposal.
2. Background & Significance
Defines the scientific problem and why it matters.
Summarizes previous research and unresolved questions.
Justifies the novelty and importance of the proposed study.
3. Research Objectives & Hypothesis
Clearly states the central research question(s).
Formulates hypotheses or specific aims.
Aligns with funding agency priorities and goals.
4. Methodology & Research Plan
Describes the experimental design, techniques, and analytical methods.
Includes expected challenges and contingency plans.
Provides a timeline (Gantt chart) for project completion.
5. Budget & Resource Justification
Detailed breakdown of requested funds (e.g., salaries, equipment, materials, travel).
Justifies why each expense is necessary.
Includes matching funds or institutional support, if applicable.
6. Expected Outcomes & Impact
Describes anticipated research findings and potential real-world applications.
Discusses economic, technological, or policy implications.
Addresses how the research will be disseminated (e.g., publications, conferences, patents).
7. Conclusion & Future Directions
Summarizes key takeaways.
Suggests future research extensions beyond the funded period.
Reinforces the long-term significance of the study.
Grant Proposal Guide - (National Science Foundation)
Secrets to Writing a Winning Grant Proposal - (Nature)
✔ Be Persuasive: Demonstrate why the research is crucial and feasible.
✔ Follow Formatting Guidelines: Each funding agency has strict page limits and section requirements.
✔ Use Clear, Measurable Goals: Avoid vague statements—define specific success metrics.
✔ Acknowledge Limitations: Address potential challenges and how they will be mitigated.
Sample Grant Applications - (National Institutes of Health)
Sample Grant Proposals - (University of Central Florida)
Samples of Award-Winning Grant Proposals - (Grant Station)
(Images that Clarify, Explain, & Persuade)
(Data Visualization for Scientific Insights)
Scientific Charts & Graphs are tools for presenting complex data and scientific concepts in a visual format, enabling efficient communication and understanding. They translate raw data into clear, concise visuals, making information accessible to diverse audiences. These visuals are essential in research, education, public outreach, and policy-making, helping to interpret patterns, relationships, and insights effectively.
Format & Length: Typically single graphs or grouped into multi-panel formats. Designs range from simple line graphs to intricate combinations of visual elements.
Purpose: Descriptive, analytical, or persuasive, tailored to the subject matter and target audience.
Content: Visualize trends, patterns, comparisons, or relationships in scientific data.
Required Elements:
Axes & Labels: Clearly mark variables, units, and scales.
Legends & Keys: Explain colors, symbols, or styles used.
Titles & Captions: Provide context, summarizing the graph's content and purpose.
Data Integrity: Maintain accuracy and avoid misleading visualizations.
Audience: Designed for researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and the general public.
Style: Combines clarity, readability, and design aesthetics for maximum impact.
Informative: Convey key insights through a simplified representation of data.
Data-Centric: Grounded in numerical or statistical information.
Accessible: Use clear labels, simple designs, and non-technical language where possible.
Visually Compelling: Use design elements like color, line thickness, and spacing to emphasize key information.
Scientifically Accurate: Reflect data truthfully without distortion.
Line Graphs: Show trends over time, such as temperature variations across decades.
Bar Charts: Compare categories, such as annual rainfall in different regions.
Scatter Plots: Highlight relationships or correlations, such as body mass vs. metabolic rate.
Pie Charts: Represent proportions, such as the percentage of renewable energy in a power grid.
Histograms: Display data distributions, such as population age groups.
Heatmaps: Visualize density or intensity, such as regional disease outbreaks.
Combination Graphs: Integrate multiple types (e.g., line + bar) to present layered insights.
"Storytelling with Data: A Data Visualization Guide for Business Professionals" (Cole Nussbaumer Knaflic)
"Data Visualization Best Practices" (BioRender)
"The Visual Display of Quantitative Information" (Edward Tufte)
Blogs & Resources (Tableau)
"What Is Data Visualization? Definition, Examples, & Learning Resources" (Tableau)
"10 examples of interactive map data visualizations" (Tableau)
"Data Visualization Tips and Best Practices" (Tableau)
Tableau Public (gallery) (Tableau)
Research Articles (Nature)
Data Visualization Tools: BioRender, Google Charts, Google Sheets, Julius, Microsoft Excel, GraphPad Prism, Tableau, Hex, Genially, Venngage, Mind the Graph
Advanced Data Visualization: Power BI, Looker Studio (formerly Google Data Studio), D3.js, Chart.js, Plotly, RAWGraphs, Flourish
AI-Powered & No-Code Platforms: ChartBlocks, Infogram, Visme
Colors: Color Brewer, Coolors
(Persuasive Graphics & Compelling Images)
Scientific Illustrations & Diagrams are visual representations created to simplify, communicate, or enhance the understanding of complex scientific concepts, processes, or data for diverse audiences. They combine accurate scientific information with artistic design, providing clarity and accessibility to topics that may otherwise be difficult to grasp through text alone. These visuals are crucial in research, education, science communication, and public outreach.
Illustration: expressive, conceptual; highly detailed or stylized; artistic and decorative; colors, shading, textures; storybook drawings, concept art
Diagram: informative, instructional; simplified for clarity; minimalist, structured; labels, arrows, geometric shapes; flow charts, schematics, maps
Format & Length: Typically vary in size and complexity, ranging from single-page diagrams to elaborate multi-panel illustrations.
Purpose: Explanatory, educational, or persuasive, depending on the intended audience and subject matter.
Content: Convey scientific processes, data, or concepts visually. Simplify complex ideas without losing accuracy.
Required Elements:
Labels and Annotations: Clearly identify components, processes, or relationships.
Visual Hierarchy: Organize information to guide viewers through the content logically.
Accuracy: Maintain scientific precision while adapting complexity to the audience’s level of expertise.
Audience: Tailored for various groups, including researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and the general public.
Style: Strikes a balance between scientific rigor and aesthetic appeal. Designs should be clear, engaging, and accessible.
Educational: Aims to teach or clarify scientific principles.
Data-Driven: Often incorporates data visualizations such as graphs, charts, or infographics.
Accessible Language: Uses minimal or no technical jargon in labeling or annotations.
Visually Engaging: Employs color, typography, and design elements to draw attention and facilitate comprehension.
Scientific Accuracy: Adheres to the highest standards of factual correctness.
Process Illustration: A step-by-step diagram of the carbon cycle, featuring annotated arrows and clear visual distinctions between processes.
Infographic: A concise visualization of global CO₂ emissions with labeled graphs and accompanying statistics.
Anatomical Illustration: A detailed, labeled depiction of the human heart, color-coded to highlight blood flow pathways.
Biological processes (e.g., photosynthesis, cellular respiration)
Medical illustrations (e.g., anatomy, surgical procedures)
Environmental science (e.g., climate change models, ecosystems)
Physics and engineering (e.g., mechanics, energy systems)
Data visualizations (e.g., epidemiological trends, genomic studies)
"Visual Strategies: A Practical Guide to Graphics for Scientists & Engineers" (Felice C. Frankel - PDF Download)
"Effective Data Visualization: The Right Chart for the Right Data" (Stephanie Evergreen)
"Color Map Advice for Scientific Visualization" (Kenneth Moreland)
Scientific Illustrations, Icons and Drawings (Examples)
Intermediate: BioRender, Inkscape, Mind the Graph, Venngage, Canva, Genially, Visme, MotionArray, Vistacreate, Creately, Infogram, Piktochart, Beam, Infogram, Plotvar, Chartgo
Advanced: Paraview, The Visualization Toolkit (VTK), VisIt
(Present Research Findings Visually)
Scientific Posters are a visual communication tool designed to present research findings in a concise, engaging, and informative manner. They serve as a bridge between complex data and an audience, allowing for quick comprehension while inviting deeper discussion. Scientific posters are commonly used at conferences, academic presentations, and research showcases.
Format & Length: Typically large-format (e.g., 36” x 48”), designed for print or digital display. Layouts include sections such as Introduction, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.
Purpose: Summarize research findings, facilitate discussion, and visually engage the audience.
Content: Highlights research objectives, methodology, key results, and conclusions in a structured format.
Audience: Designed for researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and conference attendees interested in a particular scientific field.
Title & Authors: Clearly state the study title and include author affiliations.
Abstract: Briefly summarize the research and its significance.
Introduction: Provide background information and the study’s objectives.
Methods: Describe the approach, materials, and procedures used.
Results: Present data using charts, graphs, or images.
Discussion & Conclusion: Interpret findings, implications, and future directions.
References: Cite key sources.
Acknowledgments: Recognize funding sources or collaborators.
Concise & Informative: Uses bullet points and short paragraphs for readability.
Minimal Text: Avoid unnecessary details to maintain engagement.
Visually Compelling: Incorporates colors, images, charts, and diagrams to enhance understanding.
Structured Layout: Sections are arranged logically for easy navigation.
Visual Hierarchy: Using color, size, and layout to guide attention.
Scientifically Accurate: Data is presented truthfully and transparently.
Data Visualization: Communicating results effectively through graphs and figures.
Audience Adaptation: Tailoring the content to suit specialists or general audiences.
Engaging: Balances text and visuals to capture attention.
Accessible: Uses clear language and avoids excessive jargon.
Data-Driven: Integrates figures and tables to support key findings.
Modular: Allows researchers to discuss sections independently.
Traditional Posters: Static, printed posters displayed at conferences.
Digital Posters: Interactive or multimedia-enhanced posters displayed on screens.
Infographic Posters: Simplified, visually engaging posters designed for broader audiences.
Introduction: Introduction, Condensed Abstract, Background, Hypothesis, Objectives/Purpose
Research: Materials, Methodology, Analysis, Models, Results
Conclusion: Conclusion, Recommendations, Implications, Discussion, Acknowledgments, Contact Information
Size, Orientation, & Layout
48" x 36" poster in landscape orientation
Title section and 2-5 columns of information, divided into sections
Title & Heading Styles
Title: Keep it short, attention-grabbing, and readable from 10 feet (3 m) away.
Title Typeface: Use colored boxes and bold, contrasting typeface of at least 72 points (1 inch/25 mm high).
Headings: At least 36 pt.
All Text: Prefer lowercase letters for readability unless required otherwise.
Text & Layout
Use at least 24 pt for text and at least 36 pt for headings.
Set line spacing between 1.25 and 1.5.
Avoid large blocks of text—use bulleted or numbered lists when possible.
White space is crucial to avoid clutter and improve readability.
Use an aesthetically pleasing color palate
Enhancing Engagement
Highlight key points so passersby can quickly determine interest.
Offer handouts or QR codes for more details.
Use of Illustrations
Posters allow for a variety of images—photos, graphs, maps, cartoons, etc.
Make images large, high-resolution, clear, and simple to ensure quick comprehension.
Make The Best Scientific Poster - PosterNerd
"The Structure of a Scientific Poster" - (Designing Science Presentations) – Matt Carter
"Scientific Poster Slides" (Presentation) - (University of Waterloo)
"ePoster Presenter Resource Center" – The American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB)
"Best examples of scientific posters" & "Colour Scheme"- Animate Your Science
"Award Winning Posters" - Climate Change and Global Health Research Group
"Impactful Scientific Poster" - University of Wisconsin
"Poster Presentation Examples" - University of Maryland
Poster Design Tutorials - BioRender
Scientific Poster Tutorials - PosterNerd
Poster Templates: "Poster Resources" (Dartmouth), PowerPoint, Purrington,
Desktop Software: PowerPoint, Adobe Illustrator, LaTeX, PosterGenius
Online Tools: BioRender - (BioRender Poster Builder), Canva
Colors: Color Brewer, Coolors
Examples: ** See more scientific poster examples here. **
(Visual Representation of Scientific Data)
Scientific Infographics are a visual communication tool designed to present complex scientific information in a clear, engaging, and easily digestible format. They transform data into visually compelling narratives that enhance comprehension and retention. Scientific infographics are used in academic, educational, and public outreach contexts. Scientific infographics serve as powerful visual tools for science communication, enhancing the clarity and significance of complex or abstract information.
Length: One page or a single graphic image.
Format: Digital or print-based, flexible dimensions optimized for social media, websites, posters, and reports.
Purpose: To convert data into easily understandable and concrete messages, improving accessibility.
Content: Focuses on key scientific concepts, data visualizations, and summaries of research or findings.
Symbolic Representation: Use symbols to facilitate intuitive understanding across diverse cultures.
Audience: Designed for researchers, students, educators, policymakers, and the general public interested in science.
A structured approach that integrates data analysis, creative thinking, and graphic design.
Information Analysis
Assess available information.
Synthesize data from multiple sources into a cohesive narrative.
Identify key messages, recognize conceptual overlaps, and establish connections between seemingly unrelated elements.
Creative Thinking
Develop a visual concept that aligns with the information and highlights established relationships.
Graphic Design
Utilize both graphic and textual elements to transform the concept into an engaging visual representation.
Concise & Informative: Uses minimal text, clear labels, and structured design.
Visually Compelling: Incorporates color, contrast, symbols, icons, images, and hierarchy to enhance readability.
Scientifically Accurate: Ensures data integrity and credibility.
Engaging & Accessible: Uses layman-friendly language for broader audiences.
Simplified Representation: Complex data is distilled into visual summaries.
Data-Driven: Integrates graphs, timelines, maps, and other visual aids.
Modular: Allows viewers to engage with sections independently.
Mobile-Friendly: Designed for accessibility across various digital platforms.
Diagrams, Descriptions, Illustrations, Series, Processes, Systems
Static Infographics: Fixed images optimized for print and digital viewing.
Interactive Infographics: Digital infographics with clickable elements, animations, or embedded data. (Example)
Infographic Posters: Large-format, visually rich presentations of scientific topics.
List: Supports a claim step-by-step, moving top-down, left-right, or across the canvas.
Comparison: Highlights similarities and differences to show superiority or inferiority.
Flowchart: Provides answers based on choices, showing multiple paths to a conclusion.
Visual Article: Enhances text visually, making content more engaging and shareable.
Map: Displays data trends by location, comparing places, cultures, and demographics.
Timeline: Shows chronological events, making complex stories easier to follow.
"Designing and Creating Science" (Clips)
"10 tips for creating an effective scientific infographic" by Dr. Miguel Balbin
Cool Infographics (Gallery Infographics)
Compound Interest (Gallery of Scientific Infographics)
** See "Infographic Examples" below.
(Visual Summary of a Scientific Paper's Findings)
A Graphical Abstract (also known as a visual abstract) is a concise visual summary that represents the key findings, concepts, or conclusions of one scientific research paper.
Length: Typically a single image, designed to fit within a standard research article layout.
Format: Static (JPEG, PNG, SVG, PDF) or animated (GIF, MP4) for digital use.
Purpose: Summarize the key findings for quick understanding.
Location: Beginning of a scientific paper (like a text-based abstract) + promotional online
Complexity: Simple, focused, and uncluttered, using minimal text
Self-Sufficiency: Single, standalone image that summarizes the paper without reading the text.
Content: Combination of diagrams, illustrations, and minimal text
Color & Contrast: colors that enhance clarity and emphasize key areas.
Icons & Symbols: scientific symbols & icons (vector images preferred)
Audience: Researchers, journal readers, educators, students, and general
Requirement: Sometimes required by journals (100+ journals require visual abstracts).
Style & Content: Align with publisher's guidelines.
Visual Composition & Layout
Hierarchy of Information: Arrange elements logically to guide the reader through the abstract.
Readability & Clarity: Use short phrases & keywords and ensure text size is legible.
Composition Guidelines
Objective: Clearly articulate the study's research question or objective.
Design: Outline the research design (e.g., randomized trial, retrospective review, survey).
Outcome: Present the study's main outcome to reduce reporting bias.
Probability Value: Provide P-values or other significance measures (when applicable).
Citation: Cite the research article directly in the image and include a link to the full publication.
Language: Use terminology that aligns with the definitions and language in the study.
Images: Prefer SVG images. Ensure you may legally reproduce and publish all images used.
Peer Review: Ask a colleague to review your finished visual abstract for errors and bias.
Components
Components of an Effective Visual Abstract #3 (BioRender)
Conceptual Overviews: Presents an overview of scientific theories or mechanisms.
Experimental Summaries: Highlights research methods and key results.
Comparative Visuals: Contrasts multiple datasets or hypotheses side by side.
Process Flowcharts: Depicts step-by-step scientific methodologies.
Mechanistic Illustrations: Explains biological, chemical, or physical processes visually.
"Use of a Visual Abstract To Disseminate Scientific Research" (Andrew M. Ibrahim)
"How To Make A Visual Abstract" (Andrew M. Ibrahim)
"How To Create A Visual Abstract (5th) - PDF" (Andrew M. Ibrahim)
"How to Create a Scientific Graphical Abstract" (Elsevier)
"Top 4 tips for designing a graphical abstract" (BioRender)
"How To Create An Effective Graphical Abstract" (Mind the Graph)
"Navigating the Journals that Require Graphical Abstracts" (Mind the Graph)
"How to Design an Effective Graphical Abstract in PowerPoint" (Scientific Writing with Karen L. McKee)
"5 Tips for Creating a Graphical Abstract" (SpringerNature)
"Promoting your research using infographics and visual abstracts" (Elsevier)
"A Guide to Visual Abstracts" (PLOS)
"Visual Abstracts: Redesigning the Landscape of Research Dissemination" (ScienceDirect)
"Resources for Visual Abstracts" (Nielsen Norman Group)
Graphical Abstract Creation: Google Slides, BioRender, Mind the Graph, Canva, Adobe Illustrator, Affinity Designer
Scientific Diagramming: ChemDraw, SmartDraw, Lucidchart, BioVinci
Infographic & Data Visualization: Venngage, Infogram, Piktochart, Tableau
Animation Tools: Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Animaker, Powtoons, Animate, Blender, Storyboarder
Icons: (Science) Fontawesome, Nounproject, SVGrepo, IconScout (Biology & Medicine) Phylopic, EBI, Reactome, Smart, Bioicons, Health Icons
Colors: Color Brewer, Coolers
Graphical Abstract Example Images (Google Drive)
"Incidence of ESKD in US Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders" (AJKD)
"Graphical Abstracts - Examples" (Oxford Academic)
"Esophageal Hypervigilance and Symptom-Specific Anxiety in Patients with Eosinophilic Esophagitis" (AGA)
"Graphical Abstract Examples" (Sage Research Methods)
**See graphical abstract examples below.
(Text, Visuals, Audio, Video, Hyperlinks & Interactive Media)
(Educational Talks on Scientific Topics for the Public)
A scientific documentary video is a long-form multimedia production that explores scientific topics in depth, aiming to inform, educate, and engage audiences. Unlike a scientific op-ed video, which presents a strong argument, a scientific documentary provides a comprehensive, evidence-based exploration of a topic, often incorporating expert interviews, real-world examples, and immersive storytelling. Scientific documentaries can shape public perception, influence policy, and inspire future generations of scientists.
Format: 15–120 minutes with high-quality visuals, interviews, narration, and graphics
Purpose: To inform, educate, and engage viewers by exploring scientific topics in depth, often highlighting real-world impacts and personal stories
Content: A well-structured narrative incorporating scientific evidence, clear messaging, and engaging visuals.
Informative & Exploratory: Presents a neutral or investigative perspective rather than arguing a specific point.
Multimodal: Uses a combination of spoken narration, interviews, animations, archival footage, and graphics to explain concepts clearly.
High Production Quality: Ensures credibility through professional editing, clear audio, and visually engaging content.
Publicly Accessible: Designed for wide audiences and optimized for streaming platforms like Netflix, YouTube, or PBS.
Visual & Narrative Engagement: Uses cinematic storytelling techniques, compelling visuals, and human-centered narratives to maintain viewer interest.
Expert & Data-Driven: Incorporates scientific experts, researchers, and firsthand data to ensure accuracy and depth.
Primary Audience:
General science enthusiasts and lifelong learners interested in scientific discoveries and technological advancements.
Sub-Audiences:
Policymakers & Decision-Makers – Government officials and leaders seeking scientific insights for policy formation.
STEM Professionals & Industry Leaders – Experts and professionals working in scientific, medical, or technological fields.
Academic Institutions & Researchers – Universities, students, and educators using documentaries as educational resources.
Environmental & Science Advocacy Groups – Nonprofits and organizations promoting science-based initiatives.
Introduction: Establishes the documentary’s theme and central question, setting the tone for exploration.
Background & Context: Provides an overview of the scientific issue, presenting its history, significance, and key discoveries.
Main Narrative: Uses research findings, case studies, expert opinions, and real-world applications to explain and explore the topic.
Interviews & Expert Insights: Features scientists, researchers, historians, and industry professionals to provide credibility and expertise.
Cinematography & Visual Storytelling: Incorporates stunning visuals, scientific animations, and archival footage to enhance viewer understanding.
Real-World Impact & Case Studies: Showcases how scientific discoveries affect society, the environment, or technology.
Conclusion & Takeaways: Summarizes key points and leaves the audience with thought-provoking insights.
"How to Make a Science Documentary" – National Geographic Storytelling Guide
The Art of Science Filmmaking – BBC Earth Documentary Filmmaking Handbook
"How to Make a Documentary: Step-by-step Guide" - Documentary Film Academy (DFA)
"Five Documentary Films That Make Science Shine" – The Open Notebook
The Power of Science Documentaries – TEDx Talk by David Attenborough
Full-Length Feature Films
Picture a Scientist (Alexander Street) *Sign in with UTeID.
Human Nature: We can edit the human genome with CRISPR. But should we? (Alexander Street) *Sign in with UTeID.
Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey (National Geographic)
Chasing Coral (Netflix)
The Social Dilemma (Netflix)
Our Planet (Netflix)
Short Documentaries
Corals: On the Brink (Science Communication Lab)
Coming Home: The Journey of a Puerto Rican Scientist - (Science Communication Lab)
A Mother's Brain - (BBC Reel)
Saving The American Chestnut - (Science Communication Lab)
Storyboard Builders: Storyboard That, Boords, Canva, FrameForge, StudioBinder
Video Editing: DaVinci Resolve, iMovie, Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, Camtasia
Animation & Visuals: Blender, Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Powtoon
Audio Editing: Audacity, Adobe Audition, GarageBand
Stock Media & Graphics: Unsplash, Pexels, Pixabay, Storyblocks, National Geographic Archive
Science Advocacy Platforms: The Conversation, AAAS SciLine, NASA Science Live
Educational & Academic Distribution: Science Communication Lab, YouTube, Coursera, ResearchGate
Science News Publications: Science News, Nature, Live Science, Science News Explores, American Scientist
Media Outlets: BBC Science & Nature, The New York Times (Science Section & Video Series), The Guardian (Science & Environment Video Stories), Wired (Science), Vox (Explainer Series)
Streaming & Video Hosting: Netflix, PBS, National Geographic, BBC Earth, Discovery Channel
(Narrate Scientific Discoveries or Research)
A Science Story is a narrative-driven approach to science communication that employs storytelling techniques to convey scientific concepts, discoveries, or phenomena. Unlike traditional scientific reports that focus solely on data and findings, Science Stories integrate characters, plot, and emotional elements to make the content more relatable and engaging for a broad audience. This format aims to foster a deeper connection between the audience and the scientific subject matter, enhancing comprehension and retention.
Format: Flexible length, typically ranging from 500 to 2,000 words for written stories, or 5 to 15 minutes for multimedia presentations.
Purpose: To inform and educate by weaving scientific facts into compelling narratives that resonate on a personal level.
Content: A cohesive storyline that incorporates scientific evidence, clear explanations, and human-interest elements to illustrate the impact or significance of the science being discussed.
Narrative Structure: Utilizes a clear beginning, middle, and end, often following a classic story arc with exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
Human Element: Features relatable characters, such as scientists, affected individuals, or even the audience themselves, to personalize the scientific content.
Emotional Engagement: Incorporates emotional hooks to connect with the audience, making the science more memorable and impactful.
Accessibility: Avoids jargon and explains necessary technical terms, ensuring the story is understandable to non-experts.
Contextualization: Places scientific information within real-world contexts, demonstrating its relevance and application to everyday life.
Primary Audience: General public with an interest in science, including students, educators, and lifelong learners.
Secondary Audiences:
Policy Makers: Individuals involved in decision-making who require a clear understanding of scientific issues.
Industry Professionals: Professionals seeking to stay informed about scientific advancements relevant to their fields.
Media Personnel: Journalists and content creators looking for accurate and engaging science narratives.
Introduction: Sets the scene and introduces the main theme or question, capturing the audience's attention.
Background: Provides context and necessary information about the scientific topic, outlining existing knowledge and its significance.
Narrative Development: Presents the unfolding story, integrating scientific data with narrative elements such as character development and plot progression.
Climax: Highlights the pivotal moment or discovery, emphasizing its importance and impact.
Conclusion: Offers resolution, summarizing key points and reflecting on the broader implications of the scientific content.
"Science Story Impact" (Science Communication Lab)
"Storytelling in Science Writing" (Writing in the Sciences)
"Building a Scientific Narrative" (The Scientist)
"Science Storytelling" (Anna Clemens)
"Using Narratives and Storytelling to Communicate Science with Nonexpert Audiences" (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences)
"Potentials and Limitations of Educational Videos on YouTube for Science Communication" (Frontiers in Communication)
"Making Science Meaningful for Broad Audiences through Stories" (Integrative and Comparative Biology)
"Uniting Science and Stories: Perspectives on the Value of Storytelling for Communicating Science" (FACETS)
"Good Chemistry" (Science Communication Lab)
"Decoding Ancestral Knowledge" (Science Communication Lab)
Multimedia Creation: Adobe Creative Suite (Photoshop, Illustrator, Premiere Pro), Canva
Storyboards: Storyboard That, Boords, Canva, FrameForge, StudioBinder
Video Production: DaVinci Resolve, iMovie, Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, Camtasia
Animation & Visuals: Blender, Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Powtoon
Audio Production: Audacity, Adobe Audition, GarageBand
Stock Media & Graphics: Unsplash, Pexels, Pixabay, Storyblocks, National Geographic Archive
Science Advocacy Platforms: The Conversation, AAAS SciLine, NASA Science Live
Educational & Academic Distribution: Science Communication Lab, YouTube, Coursera, ResearchGate
Science News Publications: Science News, Nature, Live Science, Science News Explores, American Scientist
Media Outlets: BBC Science & Nature, The New York Times (Science Section & Video Series), The Guardian (Science & Environment Video Stories), Wired (Science), Vox (Explainer Series)
Streaming & Video Hosting: Netflix, PBS, National Geographic, BBC Earth, Discovery Channel
(Educational Talks on Scientific Topics for the Public)
A scientific op-ed video is a short, persuasive multimedia piece that presents a strong argument on a scientific issue, tailored for a general or professional audience. This format enables scientists to leverage the full range of multimodal persuasive techniques to engage with the public, policymakers, and industry leaders, advocating for evidence-based perspectives.
Scientific op-ed videos take a clear stance on a scientific controversy, often debunking false claims, disinformation, hasty generalizations, and flawed science. While grounded in empirical evidence and scientific observation, these videos remain opinion-driven, offering a distinct viewpoint rather than neutral reporting. Creators of scientific op-ed videos frequently include a call to action, urging audiences to take concrete steps to support or advance the issue.
Format: Typically 2–5 minute video content, optimized for digital sharing.
Purpose: To persuasively present a scientific argument, raise awareness, or advocate for action on a pressing issue.
Content: A well-structured narrative incorporating scientific evidence, clear messaging, and engaging visuals.
Argumentative/Persuasive: Presents a well-supported scientific argument in a concise manner to persuade a public target audience.
Multimodal: Combines spoken narration, slides, visuals, graphics, and animations for clarity.
Digitally Accessible: Optimized for streaming on multiple platforms (e.g., YouTube, LinkedIn, Vimeo).
Professional & Polished: Ensures credibility with high production quality.
Visually Engaging: Thoughtful use of images, charts, and animations to enhance understanding.
Public Audience: Written and delivered with maximum public audience engagement and understanding in mind.
Accessible: Uses captions, simple explanations, and non-technical language where appropriate.
Primary Audience:
The general public interested in science topics.
Sub-Audiences:
Policymakers and decision-makers in scientific and environmental fields.
Industry professionals and corporate leaders in STEM fields.
Academic institutions and funding organizations.
Scientific advocacy groups and nonprofit organizations.
Introduction: Clearly states the issue and the stance taken.
Background & Context: Provides a concise summary of the scientific foundation behind the argument.
Visual & Audio Elements: Incorporates images, graphs, background music, and voice-over narration.
Main Argument: Uses data, research findings, and expert opinions to support the case.
Call to Action: Encourages the audience to engage, support, or take specific steps related to the issue. (Optional if Argumentative)
Challenge and engage viewers who do not necessarily agree with the writer’s point of view. They give insight into complicated problems or anticipate big ideas.
There is a reason they are videos and not text.
Good videos usually allow the audience to experience the story or convey an emotional or visual transformation of the story.
They start conversations, influence policymakers and have an impact far beyond the pages of Times Opinion.
They aspire to delight the reader with visuals, emotion, great writing, and originality and to open a window into a world we might not otherwise see. Video guest essays typically run three to seven minutes.
** From New York Times
Criteria for a successfully persuasive scientific op-ed video:
Clear & Strong Argument – Present a well-defined stance on a scientific issue, supported by logical reasoning and credible evidence.
Compelling Narrative Structure – A strong introduction, background context, argument development, and (optional) call to action ensure clarity and engagement.
Scientific Credibility & Accuracy – All claims should be backed by empirical research, expert opinions, and evidence
Engaging Visuals & Graphics – Images, charts, and animations enhance understanding and maintain audience interest.
Concise & Focused Messaging – Argue within 2–5 minutes, avoiding unnecessary complexity.
Emotional & Logical Appeals – A mix of emotional storytelling and logical reasoning creates a stronger persuasive impact.
Professional Production Quality – Video and audio quality contribute to the credibility and effectiveness of the message.
Accessibility & Clarity – The language should be clear and non-technical, with captions & simple explanations for accessibility.
Multimodal Presentation – A combination of narration, on-screen text, music, and visuals reinforces the message
Effective Call to Action (Optional) – If applicable, the video should encourage viewers to take meaningful action, such as supporting a cause, changing behaviors, or advocating for policy change.
"New York Times Opinion Video Guest Essays" – (New York Times Op-Ed Video Guide)
"Video Op-Eds" - (Boston University - Rhetoric Department)
"Science Communication: Op-Ed Writing & Videos" – (AAAS Guide to Writing and Producing Op-Eds)
"The Art of Science Communication" – (American Geophysical Union Science Communication Toolkit)
"Persuasive Science Storytelling" – (Alan Alda Center for Communicating Science)
"The Rhythms of Rage: from Solitude to Solidarity" by Barbara Zecchi
"The Future Is Going To Be Weird AF (The Ultimate AI CoreCore Experience)" by Silvia Dal Dosso
"The Cost of Losing Species" - (National Geographic)
"Sticky" by Maria Hofmann
"How Science Can Defeat Witchcraft Fears in Papua New Guinea" - (Scientific American)
"Space Manufacturing is Not Science Fiction" by Jason Drakeford, et al. - (Scientific American)
"The overpopulation myth, debunked by a data scientist" by Hannah Ritchie - (Big Think)
"The #1 cause of burnout is not what you think" by Liz Wiseman - (Big Think)
"The missing law of nature, and how we found it" by Robert Hazen - (Big Think)
"The illusion of self and the illusion of free will, explained" by Annaka Harris - (Big Think)
"We’re lonelier than ever — and there’s one big reason" by Arthur Brooks - (Big Think)
"Why haven’t we found aliens? " by Brian Cox - (Big Think)
"Harvard negotiator explains how to argue" by Dan Shapiro - (Big Think)
"'What's My Life Worth? The Big Business of Denying Medical Care'" by Alexander Stockton - (NYT Opinion Videos)
Storyboard Builders: Storyboard That, Boords, Canva, FrameForge, StudioBinder
Video Editing: DaVinci Resolve, iMovie, Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, Camtasia
Animation & Visuals: Blender, Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Powtoon
Audio Editing: Audacity, Adobe Audition, GarageBand
Stock Media & Graphics: Unsplash, Pexels, Pixabay, Storyblocks, National Geographic Archive
YouTube Channels: Veritasium, SciShow, PBS Space Time, Kurzgesagt – In a Nutshell, PBS Eons
News & Media Websites: Vox, The New York Times, Opinion Videos (NYT), The Guardian, BBC Ideas,
Science-Specific Platforms: Scientific American, National Geographic, PBS NOVA, Big Think
Academic & Institutional Websites: AAAS Video Library, NASA TV, NASA YouTube Channel, Harvard YouTube Channel, MIT YouTube Channel
Science Advocacy Platforms: The Conversation, AAAS SciLine, NASA Science Live
(Impactful Presentations of Scientific Ideas)
A TED Talk is a short, powerful presentation focused on sharing "ideas worth spreading." Delivered at TED conferences or independent TEDx events, these talks typically last 18 minutes or less and cover a wide range of topics, including science, technology, education, business, and personal development.
A Mini-TED Talk follows the same format but typically lasts 5 minutes or less. Mini-TED Talks distill complex subjects into engaging narratives, making them accessible and memorable for diverse audiences. A Mini-TED Talk can effectively communicate powerful ideas in a brief format, making it an excellent science communication format for clarity, brevity, and impactful storytelling.
TEDx: A program that brings the spirit of TED to local communities through TEDx events, including live speakers and recorded TED Talks. TEDx events abide by the format and spirit of TED Talks but are not controlled or organized by TED.
Format: A concise public lecture focusing on a single compelling idea or story.
TED Talk: under 18 minutes.
Mini-TED Talk: under 5 minutes
Publication: Recorded and widely disseminated on platforms like TED.com and YouTube often reaching millions of viewers worldwide.
Rhetorical Purpose: To foster learning, inspiration, and wonder, and to provoke conversations that matter. (Informative, Argumentive, or Persuasive)
Speaker Expertise: Speakers share insights from their direct experiences, enhancing their credibility and earning the trust of the audience.
Content Focus: Covers three broad subject areas, Technology, Entertainment, and Design. (TED - Technology, Entertainment, Design)
Style & Delivery: Presents a single compelling idea; focuses on clarity, storytelling, & audience engagement; and features narratives, anecdotes, innovative ideas, & groundbreaking research.
Content: Fresh, new ideas that challenge existing paradigms. Familiar ideas presented in novel or persuasive ways. Meaningful conclusions formed from evidence and careful observation.
Focused & Engaging: Centers on one main idea to ensure clarity and impact.
Authentic Storytelling: Utilizes personal experiences or unique perspectives to connect with the audience.
Visual Aids: Visuals such as slides, charts, graphs, illustrations, diagrams, and photos are used sparingly.
Memorable Takeaway: Leaves the audience with a thought-provoking insight or call to action.
Target Audience:
Open-minded individuals interested in learning and engaging in meaningful conversations.
Sub-Audiences:
Students & Educators: For classroom inspiration or discussion starters.
Professionals: Looking for brief yet impactful ideas applicable to their fields.
General Public: Anyone interested in expanding their knowledge in a short time.
Introduction: Starts with a hook, intriguing premise, or relatable example, that makes your audience care.
Core Message: Presents the main idea clearly, compellingly, and with conviction.
Supporting Points: Offers evidence, examples, analogies, or anecdotes to reinforce the message. Explains how and why the idea could be implemented.
Conclusion: Summarizes the talk and leaves a lasting impression or call to action. Expresses how the central idea could affect the audience.
Compelling Idea – A TED Talk must revolve around a single, clear, and powerful idea that is novel, thought-provoking, or challenges conventional wisdom.
Strong Narrative Structure – A well-organized talk follows a logical flow: introduction (hook), body (main arguments with evidence), and conclusion (memorable takeaway).
Authenticity & Passion – The speaker must genuinely believe in their message and convey enthusiasm, making the audience feel emotionally invested.
Emotional Connection – Stories, personal anecdotes, and relatable examples engage the audience’s emotions, making the message more memorable and impactful.
Clarity & Simplicity – Complex ideas should be explained in an accessible way, avoiding jargon, lengthy explanations, or unnecessary details.
Persuasive Evidence & Credibility – A persuasive TED Talk backs up claims with solid data, expert opinions, real-world examples, and logical reasoning.
Engaging Delivery – Confident body language, eye contact, vocal variation, and well-paced speech enhance audience engagement.
Audience-Centered Approach – The talk should be designed with the audience in mind, addressing their concerns, interests, and potential objections.
Memorable Takeaway – A TED Talk should leave the audience with a clear, thought-provoking message, inspiring them to think or act differently.
Powerful Visuals & Minimal Slides – When used, visuals should enhance understanding rather than distract—simple, striking images or data visuals work best.
TED: Ideas Change Everything (TED Talks)
TEDx Program (TEDx Program)
TEDxUTAustin (TEDx @ UT Austin)
TEDEd (TED Talks - Education)
TED Science (TED Talks - Science)
TED (YouTube Channel)
Ted-Ed Student Talks (YouTube Channel)
TEDx UT Austin (YouTube Channel @ UT Austin)
Short Talks to Watch During Your Coffee Break (Mini-TED Talks)
"TEDx Speaker Guide" (TEDx)
"How to Write a TED Talk in 7 Easy Steps" (Speakerflow)
"What Makes a Great TED Talk?" (TedXMileHigh)
"How to Create and Deliver a Good Research Talk" (Science Communication Lab)
"What Makes an Idea Worth Spreading? Language Markers of Popularity in TED Talks" (JASIST)
"A Multimodal Analysis of Engagement Strategies in TED Talk Videos" – (Ibérica)
"10 things you didn't know about orgasm" by Mary Roach
"How to spot a liar" by Pamela Meyer
"Questioning the Universe" by Stephen Hawking
"The future we're building -- and boring" by Elon Musk
"Underwater astonishments" by David Gallo (5:08)
"Why we love, why we cheat" by Helen Fisher
"How To Use a Paper Towel" by Joe Smith
"Try Something New for 30 Days" by Matt Cutts
“Do Schools Kill Creativity?” by Sir Ken Robinson
"A One Minute TEDx Talk for the Digital Age" by Woody Roseland
Storyboard Builders: Storyboard That, Boords, Canva, FrameForge, StudioBinder
Video Editing: DaVinci Resolve, iMovie, Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro,
Video Recording (Webcam): Quicktime, Camtasia, Loom, Panopto, Microsoft Stream
Animation & Visuals: Blender, Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Powtoon
Audio Editing: Audacity, Adobe Audition, GarageBand
Stock Media & Graphics: Unsplash, Pexels, Pixabay, Storyblocks, National Geographic Archive
(Short Video about Scientific Research)
A Science Sketch is a concise, engaging video format designed to communicate scientific concepts, research findings, or experiments to a public audience using makers and simple language. These two-minute videos combine clear narration with simple illustrations, making complex scientific ideas accessible and interesting to both scientific and general audiences. Science Sketch videos quickly explain deep scientific concepts using simple phrasing to bridge the gap between general vocabulary and the language of science. Science Sketches' Mission: Empowering scientists to communicate with the world using big markers and small words.
Format: Approximately 2-minute videos featuring hand-drawn illustrations synchronized with narration.
Purpose: To distill complex scientific topics into easily understandable content, fostering public engagement and education.
Content: A focused narrative that presents a single scientific concept, research project, or experiment, supported by visual aids and straightforward explanations.
Conciseness: Delivers the core message within a brief timeframe, ensuring clarity and retention.
Visual Appeal: Utilizes hand-drawn sketches and minimal text to illustrate key points, enhancing comprehension.
Simplicity: Avoids technical jargon, opting for plain language to reach a wider audience.
Engagement: Encourages curiosity and interest through storytelling and relatable examples.
Accessibility: Requires minimal equipment to create, making it feasible for individuals and educational institutions to produce.
Primary Audience: The general public, including students, educators, and science enthusiasts seeking to understand scientific topics without specialized knowledge.
Sub-Audiences:
Educators: Teachers and professors looking for effective teaching aids.
Students: Learners at various levels seeking supplementary educational resources.
Researchers: Scientists aiming to communicate their findings to a non-specialist audience.
Policy Makers: Individuals interested in understanding scientific issues that inform policy decisions.
Write Script: A well-crafted narrative that conveys the main idea succinctly, typically around 300 words for a two-minute video.
Create Illustrations: Simple, hand-drawn images that complement the narration. Every sentence and unique idea must have an accompanying illustration.
Storyboard Images & Words: Create a “storyboard” of images and words on A4 (or 8 ½ x 11”) paper to figure out how many sheets you will need and the best layout for each one.
Record Audio: Clear and articulate narration recorded in a quiet environment to ensure high audio quality. Consider using a standalone audio recorder and a quality microphone.
Record Video: In a well-lit room, mount a video camera or smartphone on a tripod and point the camera straight down at a sheet of paper. Immobilize the paper with tape.
Edit Video & Audio: Synchronize video with mastered audio. Clip and adjust video speed to match narration. Add desired text, music, & effects. (iMovie or Windows Movie Maker)
How to Make a Science Sketch Video - (Science Sketches)
"Step-by-Step Guide" - PDF (Making a Science Sketch Video)
"Science Sketches Workshop" - (Facebook)
"How to edit your Science Sketch with iMovie" - (Science Sketches)
Science Sketches - (Website)
"How microtentacles help tumor cells metastasize"- (Science Sketches)
"Gyrification: how the brain folds"- (Science Sketches)
"Modeling embryogenesis"- (Science Sketches)
"The Central Dogma of Biology" - (Science Sketches)
Video Editing: DaVinci Resolve, iMovie, Adobe Premiere Pro, Final Cut Pro, Camtasia
Animation & Visuals: Blender, Adobe After Effects, Vyond, Powtoon, BioRender
Audio Editing: Audacity, Adobe Audition, GarageBand
Stock Media & Graphics: Unsplash, Pexels, Pixabay, Storyblocks, National Geographic Archive
Storyboards: Storyboard That, Boords, Canva, FrameForge, StudioBinder
(Online Professional Documents)
An online Professional Portfolio for a recent graduate in the natural sciences serves as a digital showcase of academic, research, and professional accomplishments. It provides a structured, visually appealing way to present skills, experience, and aspirations in a compelling format.
Professional Portfolio (Optional Project)
Format: Online documents for easy viewing, sharing, & downloads
Purpose: To present academic qualifications, research work, and professional readiness for employment, graduate school, or funding opportunities.
Content: A collection of essential career documents, research samples, and recommendations.
Informative: Provides a detailed yet digestible view of qualifications.
Multimodal: Combines text, visuals, and data representations.
Digitally accessible: Optimized for online viewing and sharing.
Professional & Polished: Ensuring clarity and credibility.
Visually Engaging: Thoughtful use of colors, fonts, and layout.
Easy to Navigate: Organized sections for quick reference.
Accessible: Use clear labels, simple designs, and non-technical language where possible.
Visually Compelling: Use design elements like color, line thickness, and spacing to emphasize key information.
Employers in scientific industries.
Academic institutions and graduate programs.
Research funding organizations.
Scientific networking and professional communities.
Résumé: A concise, visually engaging document highlighting key qualifications.
Curriculum Vitae (CV): A comprehensive record of academic and professional history. (Optional)
Cover Letter: A tailored introduction expressing intent and suitability for a role.
Statement of Purpose: A reflection of career goals and research interests.
Work Samples: Examples of research, reports, and presentations. *Documents created in RHE 309S.
Reference List: A list of at least four (4) individuals who will vouch for your character, abilities, skills, and potential.
Recommendation Letters: At least two (2) letters from professors, mentors, or supervisors that affirm your skills and potential
Résumé: "Changing the Way People Create Resumes," "Science Resume Template," "Science Resume"
"Science Portfolios" – NSTA
"Sample Portfolios" – FSU Career Center
"A Guide to the Development of Professional Portfolios" – University of Lethbridge
"Creating a Professional Portfolio" – North Carolina State University Libraries
Résumé: Enhancv, Novoresume, Venngage, Kickresume, Canva, Behance
Website Builders: Google Sites, WordPress, Adobe Portfolio, Wix, Weebly, Squarespace
Portfolio Platforms: Google Drive, Adobe Portfolio, Behance
Networking: ResearchGate, Linkedin, Academia.edu
(Engaging Audiences Through Dynamic and Immersive Media)
(Persuasive Visual Presentation for Scientific Proposals)
A pitch deck is a brief, visual presentation used to provide an overview of a business, product, or idea to potential investors, clients, or stakeholders. It is designed to persuade the audience to support or invest in the concept being presented.
Concise and Visual: Focuses on clear, engaging visuals rather than text-heavy slides.
Persuasive: Aims to generate interest and encourage follow-up conversations or investment.
Tailored: Adapted to the specific audience (investors, partners, customers).
Introduction – Brief overview of the company or idea.
Problem Statement – Defines the problem or market gap.
Solution – Explains how the product/service solves the problem.
Market Opportunity – Describes the target market size and growth potential.
Business Model – Outlines how the company makes money.
Product or Service – Demonstrates the product with visuals or prototypes.
Go-to-Market Strategy – Explains how the product will reach customers.
Competition – Identifies competitors and differentiators.
Financials – Provides revenue projections, funding needs, and growth plans.
Team – Highlights key team members and their expertise.
Call to Action – Specifies the desired next steps (e.g., investment request).
Startup fundraising (venture capital, angel investors)
Business partnerships
Product launches
Grant applications
Pitch decks are usually delivered via presentation software (e.g., PowerPoint, Google Slides) and are designed to engage the audience quickly, often in 10–20 slides.
(Real-Time Interactive Visualizations for Stakeholders)
A scientific Data Dashboard is an interactive tool designed to visualize and communicate complex scientific data in a structured and accessible format. It integrates multiple data sources into a single interface, allowing users to explore, analyze, and interpret scientific findings dynamically. Scientific dashboards are widely used in research, healthcare, environmental monitoring, and public policy to enhance data-driven decision-making.
Length: Multi-page or single-screen interactive visualization.
Format: Digital, web-based, or software-integrated; optimized for desktop and mobile access.
Purpose: Converts raw scientific data into interactive, meaningful insights that improve accessibility and usability.
Content: Displays key metrics, trends, and real-time or historical data through visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps.
Symbolic Representation: Uses icons, color coding, and interactive elements for intuitive interpretation.
Audience: Designed for researchers, policymakers, analysts, educators, and the general public.
Creating a scientific data dashboard requires a blend of data analysis, interactive design, and user experience considerations.
1. Information Analysis
Identify key datasets relevant to the scientific study.
Ensure data accuracy, consistency, and credibility.
Define the main research questions or insights the dashboard should present.
Choose appropriate data visualization methods (e.g., time series, geospatial maps, bar charts).
2. Dashboard Structure & Design
User-Centered Layout: Organize elements for logical flow and readability.
Hierarchy of Information: Prioritize key data points and insights.
Interactivity: Enable filtering, zooming, and real-time updates where applicable.
Accessibility: Optimize for screen readers, mobile usability, and non-expert audiences.
3. Data Visualization & Graphic Elements
Select charts, heatmaps, or geospatial tools that best represent the data.
Use contrasting colors, tooltips, and annotations for clarity.
Balance text and visuals to minimize cognitive overload.
Ensure scientific accuracy by citing data sources and methodologies.
Concise & Informative: Uses clear, minimal text and direct labeling.
Visually Compelling: Incorporates color contrast, icons, and a logical flow to guide interpretation.
Scientifically Accurate: Data integrity and transparent methodologies are emphasized.
Engaging & Interactive: Users can explore different perspectives through filters and toggles.
Dynamic Representation: Displays real-time or periodically updated scientific data.
Data-Driven: Integrates structured datasets, including large-scale research findings.
Modular & Scalable: Sections can be expanded, collapsed, or customized per user needs.
Mobile-Friendly: Adapted for web applications and touchscreen navigation.
Static Dashboards: Pre-designed layouts with fixed charts and tables.
Interactive Dashboards: Users can interact with data, apply filters, and explore variables.
Geospatial Dashboards: Incorporate maps and geographic data for regional insights.
Comparative Dashboards: Display multiple datasets side by side for pattern recognition.
Performance Dashboards: Track scientific metrics and trends over time.
Exploratory Dashboards: Allow users to analyze data through filters and parameters.
Real-Time Monitoring Dashboards: Provide live data updates in research and field applications.
Predictive Analytics Dashboards: Utilize machine learning to forecast trends.
"Data Visualization Best Practices" - (BioRender)
"How to create compelling scientific data visualizations" (Patterns - ScienceDirect)
"Principles of Effective Data Visualization" (Nature)
"Designing Effective Data Visualizations" (Johns Hopkins)
"The Data Visualisation Catalogue" (Severino Ribecca)
"Ten Simple Rules for Better Figures" (PLOS)
Interactive Data Dashboards for Research (Tableau)
10 Principles of Dashboard Design (MIT Technology Review)
Dashboard Creation: Tableau, GeckoBoard, Klipfolio, Power BI, Google Data Studio (now Looker Studio), Looker, D3.js, Plotly
Infographic & Visualization: Biorender, Canva, Venngage, Infogram, Mind the Graph
Geospatial Mapping: ArcGIS, QGIS, Google Maps API
Statistical & Scientific Computing: R Project, Python (Matplotlib, Seaborn, Dash)
Solar Dynamics Observatory Dashboard - (NASA)
COVID-19 Dashboard, Delivery Dashboard, The Triple Billion, Violence Against Women - (World Health Organization)
Texas Temperature Trends Dashboard, Water Reservoir Dashboard - (NOAA)
City Climate Vulnerability - (Tableau)
Tableau Dashboard Showcase - (Tableau)
(Interactive Graphics in a Scrolling Format)
Scrollytelling (scroll + storytelling) is when elements on a webpage appear, move, disappear, or otherwise change as the user scrolls the page. Scrollytelling is used to make web content more interactive and immersive by enhancing written text with multimedia like audio, video, and animation. It is a digital storytelling technique that combines scrolling interactions with visual and textual elements to guide audiences through a narrative. It is widely used in scientific communication, journalism, and educational content to present complex information in an engaging and interactive format. Scrollytelling is a powerful method for presenting scientific information in a compelling and interactive format, making complex concepts more engaging and accessible to a wide audience.
Length: Can vary from a single-page immersive story to a multi-sectioned interactive experience.
Format: Web-based and designed for digital consumption on desktops and mobile devices.
Purpose: Enhances storytelling by integrating scrolling interactions with dynamic visuals, animations, and data visualizations.
Content: Combines text, images, videos, and interactive graphics to present scientific narratives.
Symbolic Representation: Uses progressive disclosure, animations, and interactive elements to reinforce understanding.
Audience: Designed for researchers, educators, students, policymakers, and the general public.
Creating a Scrollytelling experience requires a combination of narrative structuring, multimedia design, and web development.
1. Story & Content Structuring
Define the core message and research findings to be conveyed.
Develop a logical sequence for presenting information, ensuring smooth transitions.
Identify key data points, visuals, and animations that support the narrative.
Keep text concise, guiding the audience through the interactive experience.
2. Interactive Design & Development
User Experience (UX): Ensure intuitive scrolling behaviors that enhance comprehension.
Visual Flow: Use animations, transitions, and dynamic elements to maintain engagement.
Color & Contrast: Design for accessibility, ensuring readability and clarity.
Responsive Layout: Optimize for different screen sizes and device interactions.
3. Multimedia Integration & Optimization
Use high-quality graphics, videos, and animations to illustrate scientific concepts.
Implement interactive data visualizations to allow deeper exploration of findings.
Optimize content for fast loading times and smooth scrolling experiences.
Ensure scientific accuracy by citing data sources and providing contextual explanations.
Narrative-Driven: Engages audiences with a clear, structured storyline.
Visually Dynamic: Uses animations, transitions, and multimedia elements.
Scientifically Accurate: Maintains the integrity of data and research findings.
Accessible & Engaging: Designed for a broad audience with varying levels of expertise.
Scroll-Activated Interactions: Triggers animations, text reveals, and data changes.
Multimedia Integration: Incorporates videos, charts, and images seamlessly.
Responsive & Adaptive: Designed for desktop and mobile experiences.
Data-Driven Elements: Allows exploration of scientific data through interactive components.
Exploratory Narratives: Guides users through research findings with interactive elements.
Data-Driven Stories: Presents scientific insights with integrated visualizations.
Process Explanations: Demonstrates scientific methods and workflows interactively.
Comparative Analyses: Highlights differences in datasets through progressive scrolling effects.
"A Beginner’s Guide to Scrollytelling" (Jeff Cardello)
"How to Build a Scrollytelling Website in Vev" (Vev - Lessons)
Scrollytelling Development: Vev Platform, Scrollama, Shorthand, Adobe XD, Webflow, WordPress (with Scrollytelling Plugins)
Data Visualization & Infographics: D3.js, Flourish, Tableau, Infogram
Animation & Interaction Design: Adobe After Effects, LottieFiles, GSAP, Rive, Powtoons, Vyond, Animaker, Animate, Blender
"How Scrolling Can Be an Experience" (The Pudding)
"Snow Fall: The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek" (The New York Times)
"The Evolution of Trust" (Nicky Case - Interactive Digital Game)
"Cocainenomics" (The Wall Street Journal)
Space-Based Solar Power (U.S. Department of Energy)
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