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Concession
Concession
Definition: A strategy where a speaker or writer acknowledges a point made by their opponent or an opposing viewpoint. This is often done to demonstrate fairness, credibility, or a willingness to consider multiple perspectives. By conceding certain aspects of the opposition’s argument, the speaker can then strengthen their own position, typically by addressing or refuting the significance of the conceded point.
Example: In an argumentative essay, a writer might concede that their opponent has valid concerns, but then explain why those concerns do not outweigh the advantages of their own argument (refutation). This rhetorical move can make the argument more persuasive because it shows that the writer is thoughtful and balanced.
Concession makes a speaker appear reasonable and balanced
Refutation
Refutation
Definition: The act of disproving or countering an opposing argument. It involves presenting evidence or reasoning that contradicts or undermines the validity of the opposing viewpoint. Refutation is a key part of persuasive discourse, as it allows a speaker or writer to address counterarguments head-on, dismantling their credibility and reinforcing their own position. It demonstrates critical thinking, shows a full engagement with the issue, and solidifies the strength of one's own argument by addressing and weakening opposing points. Refutation typically exhibits the following structure:
State the opposing argument – Acknowledge the argument you're refuting.
Explain why it is incorrect or flawed – Provide evidence, reasoning, or logic that challenges the argument.
Reaffirm your position – Return to and strengthen your original claim or stance.
Example: In an argumentative essay, a writer might concede that their opponent has valid concerns, but then explain why those concerns do not outweigh the advantages of their own argument (refutation).
Refutation counteracts the concession and strengthens the overall argument.
Example of Concession & Refutation
Example of Concession & Refutation
Key: Concession - (bold blue italics) | Refutation - (bold green italics)
"While it is true that traditional school calendars with long summer breaks provide students with a well-needed rest and allow families to spend extended time together, these advantages do not outweigh the benefits of year-round schooling. I fully concede that long summer vacations can offer a chance for students to decompress, engage in travel, and participate in other enriching activities. However, a 2024 Pew Research Center study concludes that prolonged time away from school leads to what is known as the "summer slide," where students lose a significant portion of the knowledge and skills they acquired during the academic year, particularly in subjects like math and reading. By contrast, year-round schooling, with shorter and more frequent breaks, keeps students engaged in their learning and reduces the effects of learning loss. Yes, families may have to adjust their schedules and routines, and there may be concerns about the logistics of arranging vacation time or childcare during these shorter breaks. But many schools that have adopted year-round calendars have successfully worked with communities to provide flexible options for families, and the overall gains in student achievement, especially for at-risk students, are undeniable."
Explanation
First, the speaker concedes that summer vacations have value, especially in terms of rest and family time.
Then, the speaker quickly shifts to refutes the importance of that concession by emphasizing the greater educational benefits of year-round schooling, thereby reinforcing her main point and overall argument.
Concession makes the speaker appear reasonable and balanced
Refutation counteracts the concession and strengthens the overall argument.
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