Children
Wagmiller, Robert L. and Robert M. Adelman. 2009. “Childhood and Intergenerational Poverty: The Long-Term Consequences of Growing up Poor.” National Center for Children in Poverty. Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://www.nccp.org/publication/childhood-and-intergenerational-poverty/).
What is Child Inequality?
Child inequality can be defined as social inequalities that a child faces based on their parent's (guardian's) socioeconomic status.[1]
If a child is raised in a lower-income household, they have less of a chance of being successful.[2]
Unequal opportunities in a person's childhood likely translate to unequal opportunities in their adult years.[3]
Child inequality also translates into the education system as well - based on where a child lives, depends on how good the education is in that school.[4]
Smith, Zachary. 2022. “See Child Poverty and Overall Poverty Rates for Every Ohio City - New Census Estimates.” Cleveland: Covering Northeast Ohio. Retrieved December 1, 2022 (https://www.cleveland.com/data/2022/03/see-child-poverty-and-overall-poverty-rates-for-every-ohio-city-new-census-estimates.html).
Dayton Council on Health Equity Advisory Council and Jeffrey A. Cooper. 2016.Dayton, OH: Ohio Commission on Minority Health.
Child Inequality in Dayton, Ohio:
Children are more likely to live in poverty than any other age demographic in Dayton, OH[5]
44% of children live in poverty in Dayton, OH[6]
less than 25% of ages 18-64 live in poverty in Dayton[7]
18% of seniors 65+ live in poverty in Dayton[8]
80% of children under the age of 5 live in poverty[9]
1 in 5 children under the age of 5 live in deep poverty[10]
Poverty leads to worse life outcomes
These problems compound together, resulting in:
food insecurity and lack of nutrition
lack of access to safe and stable housing
lack of access to healthcare
education inequality
Poverty is detrimental to children's overall health and wellbeing,[11] including:
academic achievement
social-emotional functioning
physical and mental health
long-term wellbeing
quality and length of life
economic success
21% of children in Montgomery County, OH are food insecure, compared to the 17% of the population that's food insecure[12]
Sweigart, Josh. 2018. “Disproportionate Discipline Keeping Black Kids out of School More Often in Dayton Schools.” Dayton Daily News. Retrieved December 5, 2022 (https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/disproportional-discipline-keeping-black-kids-out-school-more-often-dayton-schools/LFClkgosFfHcEfV3V49zXI/)
Anon. 2015. “How to Close the Academic Achievement Gap That's Hurting America.” YouTube. Retrieved December 6, 2022 (https://youtu.be/iJtMlS8Gk_I).
Child Education Inequality/Education achievement gap:
26% of black third-grade boys are found by state tests to be reading proficiently at grade level.[13]
In Dayton Public Schools 65% of the student body is black.[14]
The percentage of economically disadvantaged students has increased significantly since 2005-06. However, the percentage of Ohio children living in poverty has not increased.[15]
Achievement Gap is the difference in academic outcomes between historically advantaged and disadvantaged groups
Implicit bias and racism held by teachers, academic institutions, and standardized testing methods continue to drive this disparity.
In 2018, school districts located in neighborhoods with the highest rates of poverty received an average of $1000 or 7% less in funding per student compared to those in the wealthiest zip codes.
In some states the difference in state and local funding was up to 22%
Based on standardized test scores, white students are about 2 years ahead of Black & Hispanic students[16]
In no large school district are Black students on par with or performing moderately as well as white students[17]
Siddens, Stephanie K. and Charlotte McGuire. 2022. “District Overview: Dayton City.” Ohio School Report Cards. Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://reportcard.education.ohio.gov/district/overview/043844).
Siddens, Stephanie K. and Charlotte McGuire. 2022. “District Overview: Oakwood City.” Ohio School Report Cards. Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://reportcard.education.ohio.gov/district/overview/044586).
Oakwood School District Report Card vs.Dayton City School District Report Card
As shown in the data above, Dayton City School District has a drastic difference in the results per performance category compared to Oakwood City School District.[18]
Shown in the map below, you can see that Dayton City School District is a very poor school district with high student poverty compared to Oakwood which has little to no student poverty.[19]
Anon. 2022. “Ohio Education by the Numbers: 2022 Statistics, Charts, Tables & Maps.” Ohio Education by the Numbers : Thomas B. Fordham Institute Advancing Educational Excellence. Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://www.ohiobythenumbers.com/).
[1]-[4] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019. "Children Paying a High Price for Inequality." Retrieved December 5, 2022 (https://www.oecd.org/newsroom/children-paying-a-high-price-for-inequality.htm).
[5]-[8] Frolik, Cornelius. 2022. “Dayton's Poverty Rate is among Worst in U.S.” Dayton Daily News.
Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/daytons-poverty-rate-is-among-worst-in-us/NKWTRCWGVZA35DRJV6GJXRE2BA/).
[9]-[10] Duffee, James. 2019. “Pediatric Care of Children in Poverty.” Dayton Children's Hospital.
Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://www.childrensdayton.org/the-hub/research/pediatric-care-children-poverty).
[11] Frolik, Cornelius. 2022. “Dayton's Poverty Rate is among Worst in U.S.” Dayton Daily News.
Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://www.daytondailynews.com/local/daytons-poverty-rate-is-among-worst-in-us/NKWTRCWGVZA35DRJV6GJXRE2BA/).
[12] McIntosh, Caitlyn. 2022. “Study Shows Children in Miami Valley More Likely to Face Hunger
than Overall Population across America.” The Dayton Foodbank. Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://thefoodbankdayton.org/study-shows-children-in-miami-valley-more-likely-to-face-hunger-than-overall-population-across-america/).
[13]-[15] Sweigart, Josh. 2018. “6 Factors That Contribute to the Black Achievement Gap at Dayton
Schools.” Dayton Daily News. Retrieved December 5, 2022 (https://www.daytondailynews.com/news/factors- that-contribute-the-black-achievement-gap-dayton-schools/7NP6dDKRGtL1ADJsNIDyvN/).
[16]-[17] Han, Laura, Hannah Seabright, and Emily Chen. 2022. “Understanding... Structural Racism in
Public Education” edited by J. Dorsey. Studio ATAO. Retrieved December 6, 2022 (https://www.studioatao.org/public-education?gclid=Cj0KCQiA7bucBhCeARIsAIOwr-9VQ_KucokQsbB0wXFTy7ckhmUsDheiQy2-f_Y5MOZ7sEwYNFUZ3kwaAtBGEALw_wcB).
[18]-[19] Anon. 2022. “Ohio Education by the Numbers: 2022 Statistics, Charts, Tables & Maps.” Ohio
Education by the Numbers : Thomas B. Fordham Institute Advancing Educational Excellence. Retrieved November 29, 2022 (https://www.ohiobythenumbers.com/).