SejarahMelayu V

(Rmumed froia p. 7 -kb of Jottntal fSo. 13 ot June, 18oi.yi Leaving this prince and his new city for a while, let us return to ilalakkaj wiiere more treachery was being plotted against its great conqueror Ai.nuoi' erq' e. Ilaja IsuTixi Tis, wronged by King MAnnun, had already^ before the arrival of Albcouekque, tried to expel that prince: having made up his mind to obtain possession of the town with the aid of some Javanese and one Pati (') from Japai’a^ he thought it ntnv the right time to renew' the attempt, the more so that ke knew there were but very few Portuguese troops. So liQ sent a letter to the King’s son, who had tied to the island of Bintam, {i.e., Biutang, or more correctly Bentau ) informing him of his intentions, but Ids letter was intercept- ed, and he, a man of eighty years of age, his son Patiaous, and his brother-iu-law, w ho tried to enter the fortress, were arrested and decapitated in public, while their houses and pro- perty w'erc destroyed and laid Ava.-te, and their memory con- signed to oblivion. It was to no purpose that his w'idow oll'crocl to pay one hundred thousand ducats if their lives were sp)ared. Intent then on revenging herself, she promised her daughter in marriage to a Moor called Paticatik (Usokius calls him Pasecatik and IMaffejus, Qi itirius) who had been appointed head of the Moors by Albuquerque, on condition that he should avenge the death of her husband, son and brother-in- law', Paticatik having often previously in vain asked for her hand while Isutixutis was still alive. (^) Pali Lmus " according to Faria v Souza, who afterw'ards became King of Sunda. 120 VALENT\N^S DESCRIVTIOX OF MALACCA. The marriage having been concluded quite secretly, the widow engaged 6,000 troops, and with their aid attempted to carry his plots into execution, but Albuquerque put him to flight on the first engagement, and thus broke up at once all his power and influence. Having established peace here in 1-511, Albuquerque ap- pointed Eodhigo Brit Patalyn first Governor of iMalakka, and Hixachetu Shahbandar and head of the Moors. Saixa- LAiiDiN, the King of Pasi (Pasei), who had once before deserted to Mahmud, mus again restored to favour, but notwithstanding went over a second time to the enemies of Albuqt:erque. Ai.buquerque then left Malakka in charge of Patalyn with a garrison of 300 Portuguese, sent one of his captains with a squadron of ten sail to the Singapore Straits, and returned with four vessels to Mulaur (Malabar?) to keep a tvatchful eve upon the plots of Abadilciiain against Goa. He, however, not only failed to carry out his expedition, but narrowly escaped with his life, his vessel having struck and sunk in a storm off Pasi on the Island of Sumatra. Though this happened at night, he and his crew were saved ; but he lost Makhoda Bf.gua’s bracelet with the precious blood-stanch- ing stone. (i) After suffering many distresses and being almost starved, they arrived safely atCueheen (Cochin on West Coast of India) in February, 1512. Meantime the Portuguese (at Malakka) had been again attacked by Patkatir, but he was so completely defeated by Petrejus Anoka no that he did not venture a further attempt. The PatiOxius i,“) previously mentioned from Jairara, who had eight years heforc promised liis aid to Eaja IsuTiNr:Tis, now at last appeared before Malakka w ith a fleet of 3,000 (®) sail, hav- ing secured at the same time many adherents in the town itself, hut he likewise met with total defeat, and barely succeeded (') ior an account of this wonderful ornament, see pp. 73 and 7-1 Journal, S.B.. K.A.S., Ko. 13 for June. Ib8-1. and note. C) Pati Unus. (■') I'ARiA V Souza says ninety sail, which sounds more probable with 1.200 men ( an average of 133 to each vessel ) and a -mod supply of artilicrj'. ° VALENTYX's DESf'RlPTIOX OF ilALACCA. 121 in escaping himself in a small craft, the only one left of the whole fleet, after losing more than 8,090 men. (^) The loss of the Portuguese on the other hand was not more than 20 men killed though they had many wounded in this severe engage- ment. The Portuguese Governor Patalv.v and his Captain Andkado were much praised by Albvquekque for their gal- lant behaviour. Once again Malakka ran the risk of being reconquered by the Malay kings. TaeHar Madjelis (Tcaxxo Maselis ac- cording to Portuguese historians) a l\foor from Bengal, was the originator of this new plot. Being on good terms with one Peter Persox, a friend of the Governor, he had arranged M'ith bis adherents that he should first kill Persox, and this was to bo the signal for a general raa.ssacre A few days after- wards having been invited to dinner by Pek’sox-, lie tried to execute his plot, but instead of killing Persox, he only wound- ed him ; this of course caused an alarm and frustrated all their plans. (®) (-) Paeia r Souza’s account agrees as to the eomplotencss of Piiti tlniis's defeat, but differs in his account of bis fleet, concern- ing which he remarks : — “Several oHlii.s ship.s were equal in size to “ the largest Portuguese galleons, and the one destined for himself was larger than any ship.s then built by the Europeans.’’ And, again ; — “ After a furious battle of souio endurance. Pints fled, aud *■ was pursued all tlie wav to .lava, wliere lie pro.served bis own vast “ vessel a.s a inoinorial of Ills esca[)c. and of the grandeur of bis •• fleet, and not without reason, as a mereiiant of IMalakka engaged “ to pimdiase it of Percy for lO.Oif;) ducats if taken.” (“) Paria t Souza’s account of this affair is as follows: — “ Iving Maliomet had not yet lost all hope of recovering Malakka. to which lie now drew near: and having in vain attempted to succeed ly force, he had recourse to stratagem. For this piir- “ pose he prevailed on a favourite officer nanici Juax MAVtuig to imiiate tiie conduct of Zoriv.rs at Babylon. Being accord- “ inglv' mutilated. Juax fled with .some companion.s to 31.'i!;ikka. ■■ giving out that he liad escaped from the t_\ raiiiiieal cruelty of '■ his sovereign. Buy de BiiiTO, who then couniiauded in the citadel of IMalakka. crcditeil in's store, and reposci! so much eoii- ■■ fidence in Ids fidelity that he was admitted at ail times into the fortress. At length, having appointed a jiarticular ilay lor the VALENTY:^^^S DESCUIPTION OF MALACCA. TOO 1 (W.V When the King of Djohor found that ali his attempts mis- carried, he deemed it advisable to conclude a permanent peace with the Portuguese (1514)^ vfhich was preserved for some years. The Viceroy Alfoxsos ALuririRK sent his cousin George Albukirk the same year (1514), to Jlalakka to succeed the valiant Rodrigo Pat.ilyn as second Governor of that place (Malakka). iSiiNACiiKTU was dismissed at the same time, and the King of Campar appointed Shalib iiular (') in his place (no one knew the cause of his dismissal ) ; he was so chagrined at this that he committed suicide by Lurning Idmseli on a pile alter deli- vering a soleniu sjieech to the people. Abdalemi, the King of Campar, was soon afterwards attack- ed by the Kii'.g ot Beiitau, hut with t!ie a-si.stance of the Por- tuguese ca^ily heat oii his Ciiemy. But some years later the King of Djuhor in;'u;;cd. the Portuguese, by false iiuputarions, to suspect tlie King (.f Campar his own son-in-law, so that they Iniiied ass;'.s-.ins to kill him ; hut it is also said tiiat ho was publicly executed on a elcirgc e ;i.sleco “ when the rdarin was given, iumuM’o.nelv collected his men. and drove tae traitor and ^n.s coiapaiuons Ipolii t!ie fort at the verv *• moment vvheti a party of ai-.!ud _ Alalay.s caiue up to secoud their efforts, i iie comiJ.anniT oi tnis partv. oaicj-,! .1 va.x CvtiAscva “ on learuiug llic mi.-c.’.rri.igc of .Iuas ilAXti.iz. pretended tl.at be “ came to the ;i. ssi.c, a ucc- ol Bi.ito, and iiy that means was perinit- '• ted to retire." Q) Ihmdara." - Briolaharn.” (“') Tics la tr.e ai --oiinr giv«n hy Fariv y ‘Xorzv. who says that Mauome!). the Kuie. uf J.di,)!-, c.m^ml ii to be noi-cd abro'id tliafc ABnuiLAir. has on u .son-inJ.jw. ),ado„iie to Malacc.i vvitli hi.s know- ledge .and consent f ,r the expia ss p.n-posc of getting an oiiportuidtv of seizing tm- im-t b\ a su.io'.ai ,md unexpected attack, which lalse VALENTYN’s description of MALACCA. 123 George Brit succeeded (1515) George Albuquerque as third Governor of Malakka, just before the arrival of the new Viceroy of India, Lopez Toarez Alvarbnga, successor of Alfonsus Aluukirk. Nothing of importance happened while Brit was Governor. He died here (at Malakka ) in 1517. This death gave rise to sharp disputes between two high Portuguese Uliicials as to the succession, and Ferdinand Petrejus Andrado, who touched at Malakka on his voyage homewards from China, tried in vain to reconcile them. Meantime whilst Xuguez Vasco Pereira was temporarily administering tlie Govern- ment, Alfonsus Lopez Costa had been appointed fourth Gov- ernor of iMalakka by King Emanuel. The King of HJohor, being disinclined to suffer the Portu- guese to remain any longer in such quiet possession of Malakka, waged war against them once more, attacked them suddenly, and had some very sharp engagements with one Alexis de Menezes, {'■) the Portuguese commander, but without obtaining the slightest advautage. When do Menezes had left, the King resumed his attack on the town, besieged the fortress for seventeen days, and made an assault on it, but was repulsed by the Portuguese. After this last defeat he remained quiet for a short time. The new Viceroy, Didacus Lopez Sequeira, appointed one Cop.rea Captain of the Portugue.se Garrison at this place in 1519 to fru'trate the repeated attacks of King Ahmed Sjah, and one Garcia de Sala to be fifth Governor to relieic the invalid Governor Alfonsu.s Lopez Costa. A little before this the King of Hjohor had made another attack upon the town, but being again repulsed with great report obiained credence from the Portuguese Commander and led to AjmcLLAii’s downfall. This, he says, leil to the natives, who much apju'cciatc'ii Aroullah’s administration, leaving 31alacca in stich niunbers th.at it was almost left desolate. (0 According to Pauia y.''OUZ*, this attack was made in the time of Brit (or Biaro). a!id i>E JIeaezes arrived to assume tiie Govern- ment with a reinforcement of 390 men just in time to prevent Malakka falling into the hand.s of the enemy, aud appointed Costa Deputv Governor in jdaee of Brito, who w:i3 dying. 124 VALEXTYX’s DESCRIPTIOX OF MALACCA. loss and disgrace, ( ^ ) he abandoned his plans for a long time. In 1521 Garcia de Sala was succeeded by another Governor. During his governorship George Albukirk and Antonio Brit came this way for the purpose of besieging Birtain, hut it did not come to anything. (^) Garcia de Sala in tiiat year (1521) resigned the governorship to George Albukirk, who was thus the sixth Portuguese Governor. In 1522 the people of Bintam again came forth against Malakka with eighty ves- sels, but George Albukirk having been already informed that the Laksamana of Djohor was coming with a numerous and powerful fleet, despatched a strong Portuguese fleet to meet him, and a fierce fight ensued. Sixty-five Portuguese were killed, and their vessels were compelled to retreat to Malakka : the Laksamana likewise quietly w ithdresv. Meantime several Portuguese, who had landed at Pahang in ignorance that the King there was son-in-law to the King of Djohor were murdered ; many others were compelled by the King of Djohor to embrace the Mahomedan faith, wiiile those who refused to do so were tied to the moutli of a cannon and blown to pieces. About this time also a force from Bintam appeared before the town (Malakka) took Sniox de Breo and thirteen Por- tuguese by surprise, slew them all, and burnt their vessels. Garcias IIexkik who, on his return from the Moluccas, was cruizing off the island of Bintam, was drawn into an ambus- cade by the vessels <4 the Laksamana, lost both his vessels, and was obliged to retreat to !SIalakka after making a gallint defence, in wbieli almo.st all his men were kilied. All these small advantages gained over the Portuguese made the King of Djohor so proud, t!i;it he again entertained the idea of attacking Malakka by sea and land and making a ( 1 ) IliRiA T .Souza says the King of Biutang (Bentan) w'hich is practically the same thing, and that the Porlugucso succee.'ed in taking the iSIalay Port at Moar with ;;0'J cannonr ( =) Parta T Souza descrilvs Bontrm as ‘-having two stron<- “ castles and its rivers sTrda-d to prev-mt tlie a.-cess of shins, so “ that it was couMdered almost iiii pregnable, and lliomdi xVi it- “ queeoue went with Is vessels and UJO men. he was obli..( ,'l to “ retire."’ VALEXTYX^S DESCRIPTIOX OF MALACCA. 1:25 fresh effort to expel the Portuguese. He then collected a force of 20j000 men, 16,000 of which he despatched by land under the command of a renegade Portuguese Captain called Amla A ll. .while the Laksamaua had to take the other 4,000 men to * lockade the Malakka roadstead. Aailaar immediately marched on the town and very soon succeeded in making a trench sixty palisades wide near the village of Quillyn [i.e., Kampong Kling, as it is termed], but he was unable to take advantage of it, for George Alrukirk had it repaired at once. The siege lasted for about a month, after which it was raised and the besiegers beat a retreat, on hearing that relief had been sent from Goa. This happened about 1525. They had hardly left when Maktvn Alfo.n'so i)E Souza arrived with a fleet to the rescue of the town, and he was told that during the siege people had paid fifty ducats for a fowl. The Governor appointed the said de Souza Admiral of the Portuguese fleet in place of his cousin Garcias IIe.vrik, and the very first act of the new Admiral was to blockade the river of Bintam with five vessels and so prevent the entrance or egress of anything. In 1526 Peter Mascarenhas was appointed Governor of Malakka, being the seventh Portuguese Governor. The King of Bjohor soon after again besieged the town, but the brave Mascarexhas would not brook such provocation ; he began to take aggressive action, and declared war against the King of liiiitam, who called his son-in-law of Pahang to his aid, but both the Laksamana of Bintam and the King of Pahang’s Admiral were completely defeated and put to flight, and the Portuguese conquered the whole island {i.e., Bentan).(') The said King of Bintam (a creature of the King of Bjohor, the lawful King having been expelled) died of grief soon after. The other King then re-appeared and submitted to the Portu- guese who restored him to his throne. {'■) Paria t Souza states that Mascarexhas took Bentan with twenty-one ships and four hundred Portuguese soldiers and six hundred Malays under Tuan Mahoaied and one Sinai Eaja, though it was Well forliticd and defended by seven thousand men. 126 VALENTTN^S OESCKIPTION of MALACCA. After the taking of Bintam, the King of Djohor left the Portuguese unmolested for some time. In 1527 Georg Kapraal was appointed eighth Governor of Malakka, and nothing of importance occurred during Ids gov- ernment, the King of Djohor being still at peace with the Portuguese. In 1528 the Viceroy Lopez de Sampajo appointed Peter DE Far ninth Governor of Malakka, and his government was also a peaceful one, the King of Djohor not having yet re- covered the shock his power had received. In 1529 Garcia de Sa arrived at Malakka as the tenth Portuguese Governor. The inhabitants of Atsjien (in Sumatra) gave him much trouble, but we wdll treat the subject later, when we deal with the affairs of that island, mentioning only this that Garcia having discovered that one Sanage was conspiring with the enemy ordered him to be thrown out of the tower of the fortress. I cannot say wLo succeeded Garcia de Sa as Governor of Malakka, but I have heen able to trace the names and dates of the following Governors , viz., STEPiiAN’ts Gama in 1537, Rxjy Paz Pareira iu 1545, Simon Melo in 1547, Pedro de Syla a in 1551, and his brother Don Albaro At.wdo in 1552. I am equally ignorant of the names of the Governors from the last-mentioned date up to 1604, when that brave Portuguese Don Andrea Furtado de Mendoza ( of whom we will speak more at length later ) administered the supreme authority as Governor of this place. "VVe cannot say much about the events of that period, the Portuguese historians having recorded nothing about them. Ahmed Sjah, the exhausted King of Djohor ( i.e., after the failure of bis repeated attacks on the Portuguese ), con- tinued to rule his country till 1540, and was succeeded after g reign of twenty-seven years by Sultan Alawoddin Sjah, ( “ Ala-Eddin Shah,” Malaice “ Ala-ldin ” ) who w'as the fourteenth King of the Malays, the second of Djohor, and the eighth Mahomedan King. VALENTYn’s description of MALACCA. 127 It was during the reign of this King (9th October. 1547) (*) that the Achinese laid siege to Malakka, causing damage to the value of more than a million, and only raising the seige on account of famine. We have found nothing recorded of the life of this King and of his successor, beyond the fact that he reigned 19 years, i.e., from lo40 to 1559, and th.at he was succeeded by Sultan Abdul Djalil Sjaii as the fifteenth King of the Malays, the third of Djohor, and the ninth Mahomedaii King. This prince ruled this people 32 jmars, died in 1591, and was micceeded by' Sultan Alawoddin Sjah 111. He, the sixteenth King of the Malay's, the fourth of Djohor, and the tenth Mahomedan King, reigned 19 years. It seems to me that the first Dutcli made their apjicarancc either at this place (Malakka) or at Djohor in the twelfth or thirteenth year of this reign {i.e., in 16'A> or IdO l). It appears also that he (Alawoddin Sjah III) was sty'led A ungdipertuau, that he resided at Batoe Sabar, ( -)six miles higher up the river (i.e., above Johor Lama) and that he had a brother, called Radja Bo.ngsoe, who lived on friendlv terms with the Dutch. ^ ^ Souza makes it in October, 1571, and states that the Aehine.se raised the seige on Tbtstuan Vaz de Veu.v com- pletely defeating a Malay fleet in the Moar river ; it may' be a separate occasion, but it looks like the same, and Souza makes no mention ot the one referred to at the date given in the text, which seems to have been so serious that be would hardly have omitted to notice it. He also mention.s in the time of de Vega an attack on Malacca by a fleet sent by the Queen of Japiira consisting of eighty large galleons and two hundred and twenty smaller vessels, but the besiegers were severely defeated after a seige of three months. ** Mmost immediately followed by an attack by the Achinese, uho, however, abandoned the siege in a panic, thinking there were some special stratagems beiog devised against them , when as a matter of fact, the Portuguese ivere in sore straits, and might easily have been overcome. ) ‘ Sawar ” said to mean a kind of fishing-weir. (See Malay Iroverbs, Ko. 2 of Journ,. S.B.. K.A.S., p. 145.) VALEXTYx’s DESClllPl'lOX Ob' MALACCA. 1-2^ T finJ that oue Roche de Mello was Portugacse Goveraor of ilalakka in 159;'). I think tiiat probably Admiral Jacou IIeemhcesik was tho first of ourpoople who had any trade with the Kinj; of Djohor : he c'lptiired a large Portuguese oarraek ou his return voyage fro n China, touched at Djolior, and left behind there in lOJo 0113 Jacob Bcyzex, who would, he mms sure, be treated as a friend, the King being a mortal foe of the Portuguese, and doing his utmost to harass tliem. When in October, IdOl, tiie vessels Zirn'ez:'r and HoIInuilne Thni/n ( Dutch garden ) under the command of Commodore Jacob Pieterzoox va.x Exkiicyzex ( forming part of the fleet under Wyiuiaxi) vax Warwyck ) arrive 1 at the Singapore Straits, they met with a pralm or c.moc of the I'iiing of lljohor bringing a letter from Jacob Ruyzex, which informed them that during the last mouth two Portuguese men-of-war, four galleys, and twenty smaller craft had arrived at that place, under the commuid of lisxEVAX Teyeiri de Made, a man of great fimo : that these vessels were waiting for some ships, which W''rc expected to arrive there within a couple of mouths from Japan and Maccassar, and which they had to escort safely to llalakka out of danger from the Dutcli vessels. It appeared from a letter of the supercargo Jacob Bcyzkx, dated tlie 7th October, that the Portuguese of IMalakka More besieging Djohor, and the King wrote to our Commodore to beg him most earnestly, that our troops might assist him iu relieving his city from this sieg-e. Bcyzex added, be.sides, that liadja I5oxosoi;,tlte King’s brotiier, intended to come very soon on board tho Commodore’s vc.sscl and to remain there till their joint ert'orts .‘ihould have vanquished the Portuguese ; it, was this very Radja Boxgsoe who was with Admiral IIee.mskerk when he had captured the carrack already mentioned. Our Commodore then gave battle to the Portuguese fleet during the Mhole day and put her to flight right through ours whereupon Radja Boxgsoe and Jacob Buyzex after havin'^ witnessed this nuv.al combat, arrived on board the Commodore's vessel, and Radja Boxgsoe after having thanked him coidiallv for the eminent sere ice he had done tlicm, presented him with a floe kris, afler which he and Bt vzlx left him. VALENTYX’s DESCTiIPTION OF MALACCA. 1:20 The only losses we suffered in that fight, wore five or six men killed, and a few men wounded on both vessels. The King of Djohor, ranch pleased with this victory, and with our assistance, arrived that very night with his fleet of forty prahus and four or five fine galleys near our two vessels, when he was visited by our Commodore in his own galley, to whom that Prince likewise showed his gratitude by presenting him with a splendid kris. A\hen the Commodore made some inquiries about {)epper, the King answered him, that he would be able to forward some to him within a short time, if his riv'cr were kept open and free. Padja PoNosOE, accompanied by many Malay gentlemen, came again on bo ird of the vessel Zin-icziu; on the 10th Octo- ber ; we fouglit the Pcrrtngm s(‘ that day, and put them again ot flight, but the King, tlioiigh he was present with his prahus, left ail the work to be done by us, and only la{)ked on. He then visited tlie Commodore accompanied by bP two brothers ( one of whom was the King of Siak ), and oflered him his thanks : the Coin;uodore then presented him with a Japanese sword with a silver hilt aid sheath, and Radja Bo.xgsoe with a fine musket, whereupon that Prince took leave of him. On the 1st September, IG'J.'l, Andre v FuiiTAno ni-; Mendoza succeeding Feknando Albukirk as Governor of Malakka, as t-’Overnor-General of the Southern Pimvinces of India, and as Commander-in-Chief of the royal fleet, scut in tlic liegiii- iiing of IbOi an Arnhassador to the said King of Djolior to acquaint him with this ciiange, and to aniionnee to him that iic w'.slicd to live in [icace uitli him, thoinvh he had been at war with the former Governor of Malakka. d he King sent the reply, that he t<)o rle^ired to make peace, hut that be wanted to know fir>t the terms ot that peace. Don Andre-v PuRTAno then required that tlie King should part with the Dutch (having dealt already too much witli them), deliver them up to him, and deprive them of their pro- jierty, and he infoiuied him that there should in ver be peace it the King of Djohor would not accept tiic said conditions. Cii the 8tli February the King gave a Hat rcliisal, and briefly said that be would ratlier see his whole ennntry ruined than 130 TALEXTYx’s DESCRIPTION OF MALACCA. betray or deliver up tbe Dutch, who stood under his protec- tion. The 3rd May, 1601, Admiral Warwyck having returned to the Djohor river, the King presented him with two and a half bharas of pepper, whilst he presented the King with a quan- tity of powder and some balls. He sailed again on the 20t- of the same month. In February 1605, Furtado re.solved to besiege Batoe Sabar, but when he heard that our Admiral Wyiikand van Warwyck was in its very neighbourhood, he gave up his plan. On tbe llth of the same month, our Admiral was informed, that in the meantime the Portuguese fleet had been reinforced considerably, numbering now 7 meu-of-war, 30 bantings, .20 galleys, and 10 Javanese sampans, and further that Andrei Furtado had threatened the King with an early visit, and if he acain failed to conquer Batoe Babar he would willingly pay the King tribute. In the meantime some vesseds of our fleet, under the com- mand of Admiral 0. Skbastiaanse, had captured off Patani a fine and richly laden Portuguese carrack, called S(. -inthon;/, and the WiHHingen (joining the said AclmiraPs squadron otf Patani in Feliruary that year) had aho c iptured on the llth January, 1605, off Pedra Blanca another carrack coming from Oocliiii-Ghiiia aa l consigned to Don Andrea Fuiitado. We found in the fiist carrack the following goods, viz : — 2,0:i<) piculs of nhite powder-sugar and some baskets of sugar-eauily ; 1,500 piculs of Tiutenaga or Spelter (nine) ; 223 fardels of Chinese camphor ; yo fardels .Igelwood ; (') l’^ leaden bo.xes of musk-balls : 1 1 boxes of vermilion ; 2.2 boxes of Chinese fans : 209 fiirdcls of raw silk, and 75 farvlels bad yellow silk ; 6,0Oi') pieces of variegated porcelain ; 10 ea'ks of coarse and lino puretdaiu ; (') Kavu gnliaru.” TALENTYN^S DESCRIPTION OF MAT.ACCA. 131 some gilt couches and knick-knacks, one lot radix China, (‘) one lot benzoin, 150 baskets ivith prepared silk, velvet, damask, tafi'eta and fine silk, besides some boxes with gold-wire. In the second carrack we found 1741- piculs of Agelwood ; 33| piculs of Benzoin ; (^) 2 small casks with Chinese camphor, and some com- mon sarongs. The If issingeu had captured another small Portuguese ship oft Solor, laden witli ninety-two bliuias Sandal-wood and 2-1 pikulsof tortoise-shell. The Wh>ttii(je}L sailed on the loth September with the cap- tured carrack St. Anthony from Pataui to JJjohor to try and get a cargo at that place. Wybkaxd van Warwi ck followed on the 2. th October, and dropped anchor on the 12th Kovem- ber in the month of the Djohor river near the said carrack at about 1^ miles from the WiKsinyen. The vessels Amftterdam s.'ai. Dordrecht were under his command. Admiral Corn elis Sek-vstiaanse^s squadron was also lying in the roads here. The King called in the aid of both these Admirals, which Sebastiaanse pledged himself to give, wdiilst van Warwyck begged to excuse him for this time. ^ Ihe letters, addressed by II. H. Prince Maurice to the King, were then presented to him, which he received with much respect. Admiral Corni;lis Sebastuanse presented him at the time with two brass guns, and van Warviwtk gave him four small barrels of gunpowder, -10 sliot-eartridges for tiie said cannon, 12 Jajianese swords, lEour Portuguese muskets with shoulder-belts, some pieces of prepared silk and a shot- proof armour. Ihe two Admirals presented the King at his request with two small wide-mouthed guns cannon-royal, and some shot- seng,” or '‘Jinsani,” a.s it is also called, supposed to very invigorating. It is stated that it is only tlaind near tbe moun- tains, a man shoots an arrow, and if it falls where the “jin seng ” is to ho found, a llanic appears, wliicli guides him to the spot. (^) “IveuK-nyan,” burnt by Malays and aborigines in most of their charms and spell.s. 132 VALEXTYN S DESCEIPTIOX OF MALACC A. cartriflg:es for llic same, from tlie vessel Dordrecht and with an iron pederero ( small field piece ) and ten small barrels of gunpowder and some shot-eartridges from one of Warwyck’s vessels, in order that he should be better able to repel tiie assaults of the Portuguese. Admiral vAx Waravyck left Djohor on the 10th December with bis vessel the Wissingen, after having strongly recom- mended the King to take good care of his people, Avho were left behind with a valuable cargo, and the Admiral Sebastia- ANSE soon followed him with his vessel the Ar,iKtrrdani and the carrack St. Anthong. At the beginning of January, IGOo, our Admiral Coenelis Matelief de Joxge having met with .Admiral Sfeyev van uEii IIacjen off the island of Jlauritius, and having heard from him in what state ilalakka was, set sail with his fleet to that town, but Don Andrea Furtado liad fortified it considerably during the Inst three years, and besieged Djohor with an army of 8,000 men. The said Admiral sailed for Malakka on the 27th January and dropped anchor on the 30th April at half a mile distance from the town. (') He at once matineJ all his boats and slo >ps and ordered them to set fire to four ships, just agr)u.il oppjsi.:e the tswu. These were ships of 2 » ), 1').), and 8) lasts exeli. Though the garrison fired five shots, they all missel the boats. The same night iMaTELiEF informed the King of his arrival. The diy before, our sloops having captured three prahus of the King of Quedah, baded witii saroogs, the Admiral sent them back to that King ami assur'd liiui, that he wishol to live in peace avith him. The Admiral then assemble 1 a (buncil of war, and tlio Council of all the shipmasters a:id merohauts, and they resolved to approach as near Alalakka as five fathoms of water (') would bring them, and to bombard the town from the fleet. The vessels neared the coast with ne.ap tide to a deoth of 31 fathoms of crater, (') but even at tbal distance their small can- nons-royal wer- <.f no use; though a few balls (lid hit some of the houses, they could not reach the fortress. (') There is something wroiig c.lsKit 1 he (]ist.ui<-csli^isels could anchor. Our Admiral having been informed in the meantime tliat it was almost impossible to make a descent mi the south sisle of the town, intended to land on its north .side, hence lie garri- soned the said islet M'ith some 30 men. We then opened our fire from tlij battery of the .21 poun- ders in the afternoon of the 2n(l iJIay, and soon silenced the two batteries on the south side of the town. Now and then the artillery of the town fired at our vessels, but without any effect ; they diil not fire at the battery how- ever. But when MAiELiiir saw that all this firing to and fro was of no use, he deliberated with his Captains, whetcr it would he better to leave the town alone and go first to meet and give battle to the Portuguese fleet, or whether it would be more advisable to take the town first : after a mature deliberation he resolved to ask the opinion of the King of Djohor, chiefly because he wanted to make sure if the latter would help him and what his assistance would consist of. They did not expect much from the aid of the King of Djohor, but they forw.irdcd a message to him, and it was decided that they should wait for his answer, before acting in any way ; the wore that there iras nothing knoivn about the arrh'al of the Portuguese fleet. ( ’ jl'iiiau Ja«:i, lying opposite bt. Paul'.s Hill. 134 VALEXTYN's description of MALACCA. Meauwhile the Portuguese had burnt down the southern suburb. Matelief ordered ten men of the crew of each vessel ti Ptflnii Scipta, (*)a pretty bigisland about two miles from Malakka^ to make ten gabions for each vessel, to be used when they should attack the town. Matelief was informed on the 4th May, that our fire had wounded some of the inhabitants of the town, and that the Portuguese fleet with the Viceroy and Archbishop on board was soon expected from Goa, first to come to the rescue of Malakka, and then to reconquer the Jloluccas and to fight the King of Djohor ; that the place had but very little victuals, but that there were many guns with a large supply of ammunition, that there were more than 3,000 slaves and Malays within the town, but not more than 80 Europeans. On the 5th of May, two prahus of the King of Djohor, with the Sjahbandar of Singapura, Sri Raja Negara, (■^) reached our fleet; they came to see if there were Dutch vessels in this neighbourhood, and they assured our Admiral, that it was cer- tain that the King would come this way as soon as he knew of the Admiral’s presence, so they would go back that very night. On the 13th, the Admiral received a letter from the King of Djohor informing him that he should join him within four days, and that he should bring as many troops as ho could assemble. After the receipt on the 14th of a letter of the same tenor, there appeared on the 17th some vessels with three hundred men under the command of the King’s brother Eadja Sabrang, he ( the King ) being absent. The then reigning King of Djohor, called Jaugdipertoehan, was the eldest of three brothers. He was a lazy and indolent prince, sleeping almost the whole day, getting drunk, and amusing himself with his women, whilst he left the business (0 Probably Palau Upeh (which is somewhere about 2| miles from the town, but then, as may be seen by the rocks on its shore side, extending further towards the town), as they were going to attack on the North side. (0 Royal drum ; or possibly connected with iSaiisk ; ua^oru or na^ari, country. VALEXTYN^S DESCRIPTION OF MALACCA. 135 of governmeut to his brother, Radja Sarraxo, or Radja Bonosoe, aud to the high court dignitaries. His other brother, the Kiug of Siak, who had married a daughter of the King, or a sister of the Queen of Patani, was also a bad sovereigu ; he came very seldom to Djohor, but remained at Siak, Avhich was a fief of Djohor. The third brother, who, like the King of Siak, was also of another mother, was called Radja Larr ; but the said three princes were not to bo relied upon, owing to their fondness for drinking. Radja Sabraxg was the only exceutiou. He then came to welcome the Admiral, and presented him a golden kris inlaid Avith some common diamonds. They had a long talk together, and ilarELiEF told him that it Avas his intention to take Malakka and to keep it for him, but Radja Boxgsoe did not like that, and asked him, Avhy lie should assist him to besiege tive toAvn, if after all tlie Dutch Avould keep the place, for in that case it Avas only a change of neighbours, and that >re did not assist /tin/, but that //<• then assisted im. Mateuf.f then asked him, Avhat AA'ouhl be his reward if he took the town, Avhereupon Radja Sabrang promised him to give him a suitable place for building store-houses to put their goods and provisions in, Avhich they were alloAved to import duty free. But Mateijef answered that his offer amounted to nothing, that many iiatiA’e princes had made him the same oiler, though he had never rendered them any services ; he also pointed out that the present tuwn of Halnkka did not belong ti> the King of Djolior, Imt that it Avas a tOAvn built by the Portuguese, and that only the surrounding country had at one time been the property of tiie King. I'inally. he gave in about the tOAAii and agreed to leaAw Malakka in our possession, if Matei.ief Avould promise .to make war upon Atsjien, Avhich IMatelie? hoAvever refused to do, being at peace Avith tliat State ; Imt he promised that, either he would assist the King of Djohoi* if Atsjien declared Avar against Inni, or he AAoiild do his best to appease the King of Atsjien. Finall y, the follo’.ving agreement was euteicd into on the 1/th May, l(i()C, aud signed by the different parties - 136 VALEXTYN’s DESCEIPTIOX of MALACCA. 1. Admiral Matelief promises to take Malakka from the Portuguese with the aid and assistance of Djohor, after which the town will remain in the power of the States-Geiieral ( Holland ), but the surrounding country will be under the King of Hjohor, provided w'e shall be allowed to take of it as much as we may require to fortify the town ; 2. The States-General are allowed to cut timber in the territory of the King, to build ships, aud to provide for all the other necessities of the town ; 3. All the vassals of the States-General are allowed to discharge their ships and to laud their goods in the- town without prying any duty j 4. No other Dutch or European mcrchauts may trade in the countries of the King, without first having obtained leave from our Governor at Malakka to do so, and they will be con- sidered enemies if they trade without the said permission ; 5. His Majesty can re-people and govern the burnt down suburb, known under the name of Cumpo Clin, (') without any interference of the States-General. llis Majesty shall if possible take up his residence at that place and fortify it, whilst the States-General shall assist him to do so : G. All the guns aud cannon which arc found in the town after its conquest shall belong to the King, one part of which he is allowed to remove at once, whilst he must leave the other part for the defence of the town, until the State.s-General shall have provided it with other artillery ; 7. All the merchandize, money and any other goods that shall be found in the town are to bo divided in two portions, one to go to the States-General, the other to the King ; 8. Any goods not belonging to vassals of the States- General must be landed in the said suburb [Campo Clin]; but the subjects of the States-General are allowed to purchase them there freely and to carry them from there to the town : 9. Both parties promise to assist each other faithfully against the Portuguese and Spaniards, but not in the case of a war with another nationality, unless it be to stand upon the defensive only ; (‘) I.C.. Kampong Kliug. VALEXTYN’s DESCKIPTIOX OF MALACCA. i;57 10. Neither of the two parties shall make peace with the King of Spain, without the con.scnt of the other; 11. If any subject of either party gives oifcucc in matters of religion, the offender shall be brought up and punished by his own authorities ; 12. If any subject of one of the two parties has a claim in Ihe way of debt upon a subjccc of tlic other partj', the defend- ant shall be called before his own authorities ; Id. Both parties oind themselves to surrender doscrltcs or runaway criminals. 'flic said treaty was sworn to and sigueil by both parties, by each of tlicm according to the customs of his country. The Admiral then delivered to Ihulja Samramj a letter addressed to the King and coming from His Highness Prince Maukice, which letter was accompanied by the presents also .sent to tlio King bv the said Prince, which presents consisted i-f a long fusil, a double-barrelled pistol inhnd wito mothor-of-pcail, two other pistols, a swoi’d of honour, and a lialberd, besides those sent by the Directors of the East India Corajtauy, consisting of one line harness, two halberds and six cuirasses. Mr IHATLLiEt' thereupon lamh'd on the ]8lh May, with *1)0 men, and falling iti with a troop of I'.if) Portuguese aiul black soldiers armed with muskets and pikes, he immtxliately attack- ed them, and drove them back to the subuib. Einding a strong thick tvall llierc (') theyat once threw upaii entrcncliincnt, from behind which they oi>cncd such a hot fire upon the enemy, tliat he had to abandon his position, which was set fire to by its own inhabitants. .ilftcr having made a rapid personal examination of the town, IMr. ;Mati:lief found near it a pretty large river, (-) which to cross would be rather a hard task, seeing as lie did so many strong turrets and such solid heavy walls round the town that it would have been very easy for the I’ortugucse to prevent him from taking the town: besides that he had not forces (') Pintu Tranquerah ? (-) The Blalacca river, separaiini; the ll'rtr^^'^ and main town from the suburbs. 138 VALENTYN’s DESCRIPTION' OF MALACCA. enough for the purpose, many of his soldiers being laid np already with sickness, and as tor the assistance of trie Malays, he did not feel inclined to rely too much upon it. In the meantime he ordered his troops with the assistance of the Malays to construct a battery in the said suburb, and armed it with two 17 pounders, with which he intended to silence the fire of the enemy on that side of the town. By this time Mr. Matelief had noticed, that whenever he had asked Radja Sabrang for the help of Ids men he indeed promised to send him people, but they never appeared ; and concluding that there was somet'iing amiss between tiie King of Djohor and his brother, he became aware, that he was knocking at a deaf man's dt>or, tiie more s > tiiat they hail conceived a sentiment of jeahjusy .-igainst eac’u otlier. I'inally, becoming convinced tiiat be could n -ver take tlic town with the small number of tro ^p.s under his command, he thought it advisable to raise the siege and re- embark his 'croofis, especially when the IhuidaliHra bad told Idm plainly that the -Malays intended to leave tlic whole Imsiness to ns, under pretence that Ternate and Ambon had also been taken by ns without the assistance of the natives. I wi.-^li to take this o|)portunily of correcting an erroneous statement I made in fiot-.notc (u) p. .o') i.f No. Id of this Journal for June, Issi. Tiic arms on the old gateway there mcutioiie.l are m-t PortugucHo, though T was so in- formed by a Porli’giic-o Consid, hut Dalch alter all, the Batavian lion is clear. D. F. A, H.

(Resumed from p. 138 of Journal No. 15 of June, 1885.^ Upon hearing this, Mr. Mate lief, growled not a little at the Bandahara, and threatened to mention it to the King, who, he was sure, would order more troops at once. The King hav- ing promised him some 1,203 men, Mateltef once more land- ed with 300 men of his own troops and 800 Malays, fortified a brick house, built a bridge over the river, and took the con- vent ; but a short time afterwards requiring some more Ma- lay troops, and the King having sent him only 200 men, he could not do anything else but try and starve out the town ; he" landed some more guns to enable his troops, covered by some rough wooden intrench ments, to approach the town gra- dually, though they were still very much exposed to the fire of the Portuguese Forts St. Domingo, Madre de Deos, St. Jago, and to that of the convent of St. Paulo. In the meantime, the Governor, Andrea Furtado, had been fortunate enough to introduce secretly into the place some people from the neighbourhood, whilst, a short time be- fore our troops had landed, two galleys coming from Pahang, had smuggled into the place a small detachment of 60 Euro- pean soldiers. On the other hand, many of our troops got sick, partly from overwork and partly from excess in drinking arrack and eating fruit; finally two vessels called the United Countries and the Erasmus coming from the Maas and arriving off Malacca on the 14th July, brought relief to our troops. He now had eleven vessels with him, viz., the Grange, the Middel- burg, the Mauritius, the Black Lion, the White Lion, the Great Sun, the Nassau, the Amsterdam, the Small Sun, and the two vess< Is mentioned as coming from the Maas, and besides these he had seven small vessels. Now and then were sorties made, some from the town, but without any result, neither did our troops make much progress, and there were daily many sick people among them. This lasted till the month of August, 290 valentines account of Malacca. when Mr. Matelief got the news that a strong Portuguese fleet was approaching. Iso sooner had Matelief received that intelligence than he gave orders to move the artillery back again from Campo Klin and to re-embark all the baggage. Five or six days before, having made a general inspection of his troops, he found they still numbered 1.200 men, among whom were some 32 wounded and 162 sick. Yet, he sailed with these troops on the 17th August, and about noon fell in with the Portuguese fleet, which he fired upon until nightfall. He found that the fleet consisted of 16 heavy galleons, 4 galleys, 1 caravel, and 14 other craft, manned by 3,754 Europeans and about twice as many natives, with which it was intended to conquer Atjeh, Malakka, Djohor, Pahang, Patani, Bantam and Amboina. On the 18th the Nassau, before she could weigh anchor, was boarded by one of the enemy's vessels, whereupon the ships Orange and Middelburg hastened to relieve her ; but in their hurry these two very awkwardly contrived to get entangled with each other. Alvaro Carvalho, the Portuguese Vice- Admiral, perceiving this, at once boarded the Middelburg, at the same time Don Enrique de Norixha's galleon boarded the Orange on one side whilst Don Duarte de Guerra's gal- leon attacked it right forward on the bows. The Mauritius, seeing this, went immediately for Don Duarte, whereupon a fierce battle ensued, in which the Portuguese, as well as our men, fought valiantly. At last the JIauritius, set fire to Don Duarte's galleon and thus freed itself, but the Middelburg remaining entangled with Alvaro Carvalho's and Don Duarte's galleons, all these three vessels were destroyed by fire, though most of the crew of the Middelburg were rescued. Alvaro Carvalho and 40 or 50 of his crew, who tried to save themselves in one of the boats of the Middelburg, were all killed by the crew of the Orange; even Carvalho was not spared, though Matelief did his utmost to rescue him. Matelief, who with his vessel the Orange had boarded Don Exrique de Norixha's galleon and had possessed himself of her two flags, summoned him to haul down and to surrender. Norixha, lowering his last flag, conveved the impression that he was about to surrender, and 291 by dint of this stratagem, escaped out of the hands of his ene- mies. However, his galleon had been riddled by cannon-balls and he had lost the greater part of his crew. The Nassau was set on fire by her two Portuguese assailants, but her whole crew were rescued, save six men who had been killed in the action. We lost in this engagement off Cabo Rachado, 2 vessels, 24 men killed, and a great many wounded. The Portuguese too lost 2 vessels, but they had about five or six hundred men killed, amongst whom were the following nobles, heads and captains of the navy, viz. : — Vice- Admiral Alvaro Carvalho and Fernando da Silva, his relation; Duarte de Guerra, captain of a galleon; Diego Ortez da Favorra, Don Manuel Mascareniias, Manuel d'Albukerke, Sebas- TIAAN DI MlRANDI, ANTONIO DI SlLVEIRA, Don ENRIQUE DE Castro, Manuel de Mello and also two Spanish Dons car board of the Viceroy's vessel. But for the rowing galleys, their loss would have been heavier still, for, assisted by those vessels, they were able to move about even in a dead calm. Matelief resolved on the 19th to attack the fleet again; weighed anchor on the 20th and got engaged on the 22nd with almost all his vessels, viz., the Orange, Mauritius, WiUe Leeuw (White Lion), Zwarte Leeuw (Black Lion), Erasmus and the Groote Son (Great Sun). But as the enemy continually retreated, our vessels were un- able to do them much damage. During the night of the 24th the Portuguese fleet chang- ing its tactics, made for ours very suddenly. This produced a panic amongst our people at first, themoreso as it was night more or less and thus our vessels got very much separated from each other. Soon after, however, they joined company again, and all running before the wind, the enemy had to give up the pursuit, and returned to Malacca. With regard to the Portuguese commanders and captains of the navy and the size of their vessels, I have found a record of the following, viz. : — Don Paulo de Portugal's ship of 1000 tons. [raPs vessel.) Don Martin d'AIphonso „ 1100 „ (The Tice-Admi- Don Pedro Marenam ,. 800 ,, , , 700 ,, >> 700 >y J) 700 >> >) 500 )) 292 VALENTYN J S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. Sebastiaan Soarez Don Francisco de Norinha Don Francisco de Sotomajor Antonio de Souza Falcon Besides 3 galleys and 1.2 barges. The names and tonnage of those of our vessels which were still left are the following, viz. : — The Oraiuje of 700 tons (the Admiral's vessel.) „ GrooteSon (Great Sun) -of 500 tons. „ Erasmus }} 6 JO „ „ Vereenigde Landen (United Countries.),, 500 „ „ Mauritius }) 700 „ „ Amsterdam }) 800 „ „ Swarte Leeuw (Black Lion) „ 600 „ „ Witte Leemv ( White Lion) „ 600 „ „ Kleine Son (Small Sun) „ 200 „ With these vessels, Mr. Matelief sailed to Djohor on the 24th of August, and the next day he lost sight of the Por- tuguese fleet, which returned to Malacca. On the 13th of September, he entered the river of Djohor where the King came to meet him and welcomed him. Mr. Matelief mailed on the 18th ditto to Batu Sawar to settle several urgent matters, among which the chief was to hurry on the King to fortify his town (which- could easily be clone, if the Malays would but work) ; scondly to supply Lis fleet with provisions : in the third place to bind the King to send some prahus to Atsjien and Mnlakka, to inquire whether Dutch vessels had arrived there, and finally to try whether gunpowder could be got somewhere. But the Ma- lays wanted us to fortify their town, and gunpowder (even of the w r orst quality) was not to be had for love or money. So Mr. Matelief discovered, that it was simply a waste of time to have any more dealings with this King and the Malays. Batu Sawar is a town situated 5 or 6 miles up the river of Djohor, which is at that place very beautiful, broad and ileev. and has therefore a supply of fresh water. The greater valextyn's ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, 293 part of the country is low, and the houses are built on piles along the river. There are two fortresses — one called Batu S.iwa '. one Kota cli Sabrang. Batu Sawar is about 1,303 paces io cireumferense, almost square, and is fortified with palissadcs 40 feec high, standing close together ; it is further provided with s .-one inferior out- works. It is built on level ground, close to the river. a quarter of an hour's walk from the nearest hills, and the river could easily be conducted to the plane. Inside, it is thickly inhabited and filled with attap houses; but those of the King and some of the courtiers are built of wood. Kota Sabrang is about four or live hundred paces in circum- ference and aiso is almost square. There are about three or four thousand men able to bear arms within Batu Sawar and Kota Sabrang. though most of the people live outside the fortress. The whole of the laud belongs to the King but that does not matter much, for if people apply for it, they can get as much as they like; it looks very fertile and abounding in trees. Ad- miral Matelief gave the King several plans and good sug- gestions for the fortification of the place, but the Malays were too indolent to work. Hence, perceiving that it was beyond iiis means to conquer Malacca just then, and that thereby the first clause of the recently concluded treaty became void, Matelief begged the King to grant the Dutch a place for their residence. The King gave him permission to choose any place in the country that he hked 3 provided, however, that he should be bound to fulfil the other articles of the treaty. The King on the other hand solicited of Matelief a piece 01 land in Malacca when it should have been taken, which was granted to him on proper terms. This however looked vein much like selling the skin of the bear, before it had been caught The prince furthermore asked for the loan of some hundreds of rix dollars, nay even one thousand, which sum he would r: in such goods as we might wish, promising at the same time that he would not ask for any more money, until the first 1 was repaid. Secondly he demanded that the Ministers of States should assist him against all his enemies, either on the offensive or the defensiv « request; 294 valentyn's account of Malacca. they should assist him also with ships, troops, guns, etc., and that Matelief should remain there with his fleet until the arrival from Holland of the other vessels. Mr. Matelief re- plied to the King that a thousand rix dollars did not matter much to the Dutch, and that, as he (Mr. Matelief) did not care to have that amount mentioned in a treaty which he had to conclude for the AjLiu^ters of the States he would give it to him from his own private funds provided that the prince would al- low him and his countrymen to trade in the country. So the prince withdrew this first clause. As for the second clause, Matelief said that, the Ministers of the States not being in the habit of declaring war unrighteously, they could only pro- mise to defend him against his enemies, but, as for acting on the offensive, they would never join him against any other power than the Portuguese. And with regard to the third clause, he said that our vessels, etc., should always be at his service. The King then pointed out to our people a piece of land 30 fathoms square. Mr. Matelief was very much asto- nished at this, and told him, that though it would do for the present, we should by and by require a much larger place for our trade in his country. When the King requested him to remain there until the ar- rival of other vessels, Matelief convinced him that it was not in his power, as two vessels had to go to Holland in December, but that he would certainly remain there till December, so as to protect him as long as possible. Thereupon this second and subsequent treaty was signed in Batu Sawar on the 23rd of September. It seems that about this time Don Andrea Furtado de Mendoza was succeeded as Governor of Malakka by one Don Antonio de Menesez, a son of Don Duarte de M enesez, late Viceroy of India, but he did not feel inclined to accept the Governorship unless the Viceroy first made peace with the king of Djohor. Our Admiral having received the news that several store- ships, sailing under convoy of some Portuguese men-of-war, were on their way to Malakka, left Djohor on 17th October with the intention of attacking this convoy. Arriving near Malakka he counted 7 vessels, viz., the Vice- valentyn's ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 295 roy's vessel, called La Conception, the best armed of all the vessels and commanded by Captain Don Manuel de Masca- renhas; the galleon St. Nicolas, with 19 brass and 5 iron guns, nnder the command of Don Fernando di Mascarenhas, who had his brother Don Pedro with him ; the St. Simoan, Captain Andree Pesoa; the Todos os Santos, Captain Don Francisco de Norinha ; the Santa Cruz, under the command of Vice- Admiral Sebastian Soarez j then another one, the lar- gest of all the vessels, with Don Paulo de Portugal as Cap- tain and one more, much smaller, the St. Antonio, Captain Antonio de Souza Falcaon. By order of our Admiral, the vessels Orange, Groote Son and Vereenigde Land en were to attack jointly one of the Portuguese vessels; whilst our other vessels had to prevent the enemy from coming near. They thereupon resolved to attack in the night of the 21st the Portuguese Vice-Admiral's vessel, but a calm compelled them to postpone it till the next day. On the morning of the 22nd he attacked the enemy in the roads, and captured the St. Nicolas, which could not be pre- vented by the Viceroy ; but by the carelessness of our people this ship got free again, though Mr. Matelief had already given orders to set fire to her. In the meantime, the Groote Son, Swarte Leeuw and Mauritius had boarded the St. Simoan and after having captured her they burnt her with her whole crew. The Erasmus attacked the Santa Cruz, but was at first beaten back ; the Mauritius then coming to her assistance, they jointly cap- tured the said vessel, a fine galleon of 11 brass and 4 iron guns. Among the many Portuguese nobles who fell in this battle, were Don Fernando de Mascarenhas, Captain of the St. Nicolas, and his brother Don Pedro; Don Francisco de Norinha, Captain of the Todos os Santos ; Bartholome de Fonseca, Jorge Galvan and Don Pedro de Mascarenhas son of Don Geronimo de Mascarenhas. Altogether they lost 521 Europeans, and on the 23rd our people captured another galleon, the St. Simoan, in which they seized 14 brass and 2 iron guns, 3,000 ft>s of gunpowder, and a great quantity of wine and provisions. 296 valentyn's account of Malacca. We took in this battle 4 galleons, almost without a loss worth mentioning; the only deplorable casualty* that happened being, that 7b men of our people (among whom were Klaas Janssoon Melknap, skipper of the Witte Leeuw, the super- cargo Jaques de Colena\r, and the subfactor Hans van Hagen) who went on board the Santa Cruz with the intention of plundering, were blown up in her and perished miserably. Three more ships of the enemy which ran aground were destroyed by fire. The whole fleet of this Viceroy Don Martin Alfonso de Castro (youngest son of Don Antonio de Cascais) which had arrived <>nly the year before, consisted of 18 galleons, 4 galleys, 1 caravel and 23 barges, manned by 3,700 Europeans, of whom 2,954 were soldiers and 780 sailors, besides the black crews who numbered many more ; and it was with this fleet and these troops that he intended to conquer the whole of Southern India and to punish all the refractory princes and States. The following are the names and particulars of the vessels of the said fleet : — 1st — The Nossa Senhora de Conception of 1,000 tons, Captain Manuel de Mascarenhas, with 24 guns and 180 European soldiers, besides a number of European and black sailors. On the 29th of October this galleon was destroyed by fire off Malakka, either by Matelief or by the Viceroy himself for fear that we should do it. 2nd — The San Salvador of 900 tons, Captain Alvaro de < 'arvalho, with 18 guns and 180 European soldiers, besides the European and black sailors. Mr. Mate- liif burnt this galleon on the 18th of August off Cabo Kachado. 3rd — The San Nicolas of 800 tons, Captain Don Fer- nando de M ascarenhas, with 19 brass and 3 iron guns and 180 soldiers; Mr. Matelief defeated this galleon off Malakka on 22nd October, in which engagement all YALENTYN's ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 297 the crew excepting 8 men were killed. The Viceroy himself ordered her to be destroyed by fire on 29th Oc- tober. 4th — The galleon of Don Enrique de Norinha, of 900 tons, 14 brass guns and 160 soldiers, captured by Mate- lief off Cabo Rachado on the 18th of August. 5th — The Santa Cruz of GOO tons, Captain Sebastian Soarez, with 10 brass guns and 80 European soldiers, it was plundered and burnt by Matelief off Malakka on 22nd October. 6th — The San Simoan of 900 tons, Captain Don Fran- cisco de Sotomajor, with 16 brass and 2 iron guns and 160 European soldiers. This was taken, plundered and destroyed by fire off Malakka on 23rd of October. 7th — The Todos os Santos of 800 tons, Captain Don Francisco de Norinha with 130 soldiers, this vessel was sunk with her whole crew. 8th — Don Duarte de Guerra's galleon, of 1,000 tons, with 15 brass guns and 108 European soldiers, destroyed by fire off Cabo Rachado on the 16th of August. 9th — The Nossa Senhora de Soccoro of 800 tons, Captain Gutierre de Monroy, with 15 brass guns and 140 European soldiers. 10th — The Don Antonio of 240 tons, Captain Antonio de Souza Falcaon, with 10 brass guns and 47 Euro- pean soldiers ; she caught fire oft' Malakka on 29th Octo- ber. 11th — The Nossa Senhora das Merces of 800 tons, Cap- tain Don Alvaro de Menesez, with 14 guns and 120 European soldiers. 12th — The galleon of Jacomo de Marais Sarmento of 800 tons, 14 brass guns and 80 European soldiers. 13th — Jan Pinto de Morais' galleon of 800 tons, with 15 brass pieces and 140 European soldiers. 14th — Jeronimo Botelho's galleon of 300 tons, with 12 brass guns and 100 European soldiers. 298 valentyn's account of Malacca. 15th — Manuel Baretto's galleon of 500 tons, with 12 brass guns and 100 European soldiers. 16th — The San Martinho of 800 tons, Captain Don Luis Lobo, with 22 brass guns and 150 European Soldiers. This was lost off Manaar in Ceylon. 17 th — Captain Don Paulo de Portugal's galleon , of 1,200 tons with 1,200 guns. This had no soldiers but many merchants and passengers bound for China. The Viceroy destroyed this vessel off Malakka on 29th October. IStk — The galleon of Captain Don Antonio de Menesez (now Governor of Malakka). This vessel too had no soldiers hut many merchants and passengers also bound for China but was lost off Cape Comorin. One of the four great royal galleys was very badly damaged off Cabo Rachado ; 85-1 European soldiers, besides a great num- ber of sailors and rowers were on board of the said four galleys and twenty-three barges. In short nine out of these eighteen galleons were lost, a very heavy loss indeed for the Portuguese, who had had the presumption to think of subduing the whole of India, with that fleet, whereas this siege of Malakka by Matelief cost them about 6,000 men. Matelief sent word to the Viceroy offering to set at liberty all Portuguese prisoners in exchange for all Dutch prisoners. He merely requested a ransom for the Portuguese of noble extraction, to which the Viceroy made objections ; upon which Mr. Matelief sent him Word, that, if the Hollanders (num- bering but four or five) were not set at liberty that very night, he, would early next morning, issue an order to throw overboard about two hundred Portuguese prisoners, adding at the same time, that probably Don Andrea Furtado had given him (the Viceroy) such unreasonable advice, so as to make him despised by the whole world. It was decided by our people that a ransom of 6,000 ducats should be paid for the following prisoners, viz. : — Andrea Pes- ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 299 soa and Sebastiaan Soarez (both captains of galleons) , then two cousins of Soarez,, then Joan Bravo who commanded the galleon of' Don Antonio de Menesez, the Governor of Malak- ka, then one Don Fernando del Mercado, a merchant and finally a priest. Admiral Matelief was not pleased with this decision, for he did not like to introduce the practice of ransoming men into India, but it was carried by a majority of votes, under pretext, that this ransom, when distributed among the sailors, would make them in the future more willing to fight. When up to the 28th of October not one Hollander had yet come back, Mataliee convoked an extraordinary meeting of the Council to reconsider the question of throwing the Portu- guese overboard ; but whilst they were still deliberating, two prahus approached our vessels containing three Dutchmen, who declared that there were really no more Hollanders here in Malakka, but that there were still four or five more in the fleet off the iNicobar islands. Whereupon the Portuguese were liberated and landed on the 1st of November. One Don B,odrigo d'Acosta having agreed to take a letter to the s Viceroy of In- dia in which he was requested to set at liberty and to send to Djohor all the Hollanders who were still prisoners in India, our Admiral gave him a passport for a whole year. About this time (the 12th November) Mr. Matelief order- ed the ship Kleine Son to take back the ambassador whom the Prince of Keidah had sent to him to invoke his as- sistance against the Portuguese, whilst he (the Prince) should attack them by land. Though Matelief knew that this same Prince had welcomed the Portuguese when they passed his coun- try and that he only came because he (Matelief) had beaten the Portuguese, still he promised him his assistance. He first despatched thither the Amsterdam with the super- cargo Jasper Jansoon, arriving himself on the 19th before Keidah. The King having warned him on the 24th that there were two boats in the river filled with Portuguese and black soldiers, Matelief despatched thither one galley and one barge under the orders of Pieter van der Dussen who soon returned with only five Portuguese, who had left Malacca thirteen days 800 yalentyn's account of Malacca. before and had been chased by Malay pirates. Matelief finding that this little King was deadly afraid of the Portuguese and that his help would not be of any value, left the place again on the 27th. Super-cargo Cornelis Francx, who was factor at Djohor in 1607, behaved so ill in September of that year, that Fiscaal Apins was at a loss what to do. When Matelief, on his arrival off the river of Pahang on 11th November, 1607, heard from the King that both the Vice- roy of India and the Governor of Malakka had died, he de- cided not to stop long and sailed from there on 16th. Fiscaal Martinus Apins left Djohor that year aud in- formed Matelief that if no vessels came for the relief of Djo- hor, the King would certainly makepeace with the Portuguese. In December, he had also heard at Bantam that the Portu- guese had destroyed Djohor by fire and that Pajah Sabrang, who lived at Lingga, was strengthening himself at that place. Abraham van dkn Broek was super-cargo of our Company at Djohor in December, 1608; a month previously our people had captured, off Malakka, a Portuguese carrack. When in Janu- ary, 1609, Admiral Pieter Wjllemssoon Verhoeven was at Djohor, he thought proper to give Van den Broek the command of the vessel De Roode Leeuic and to put in his place super-cargo Jacques Obelaar, together with the secunde or sub-factor Abraham Wjllemssoon de Ryk, the connoisseur in diamonds Hector Roos, with three assistants and some other people ; at the same time he ordered the Roode Leeuic and the yacht Griffioen to anchor at the mouth of the river until the 1st of July, in order to protect the King against the Portuguese. Such was the course of things here in the reign of king Alawaddin III, who died in 1610. He was succeeded in the same year by Sulthan Abdullah Sjah, who was the 17th Malay king, the 5th of Djohor, and the 11th Mohamedan king. This king reigned eleven years over this people, from 1610 to 1621, and but very few events of imtporance happened during his Government. In 1616 he was reputed for being attached to us more than any other Indian Prince, for which reason he and his country had to suffer very much from our mutual enemy. He was succeeded in 1621 by Sulthan Mahmood Sjah, the VALBNTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 301 18th Malay king, 6th of Johor and 12th Mohameclan king. He reigned but three years, and was then succeeded in 1624 by Sul- than Abduljalil Sjah II, who sent the princes Rajah Indra Lellah and Magat Manchtjr as ambassadors to Holland. He was the 19th Malay king, the 7th of Djohor and the 13th Mohameclan king, and reigned 47 years, viz., from 1624 to 1671. It appears that during his reign the Empire of. Maningcabo was subject to his authority. Our Company tried over and over again to build a fortress there (Admiral Yerhoeven being the first one who did so), but they never would allow it. Though our first attempt to conquer Malakka (made under Admiral Matelief in 1606) had proved unsuccesful, our Company, still hoping to be some day the rulers at that place, constantly gave their thoughts to it. The seventeen Directors* had previously given orders in 1623, to besiege Malakka again, but nothing could then be done. *The fcoaid -~f acnnrieratior. of lie Dutch E I. Corrpany corsisteci of 17 deputies, three of vihich Mere deputed Ly Ameteidam.— ILe Translator.

VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. [Continued from p. joi of No. 16 of the Society's Journal.) CONTRIBUTED BY The Hon'ble D. F. A. HERVEY. [ I attach a continuation of former translations, which will complete this account. I have to acknowledge valuable help given by Mr. J. R. INNES in revising this translation. This paper is accompanied by a copy of VALENTYN'S map of Malacca. D. F. A. H.] T was in 1627 that the board of administration at Batavia intended to make the next attempt, of which expedition one Karel LlEVENSSOON was to be the Commander, but for some reason or other this plan had likewise to be given up. So it hap- pened that it was not until 1640, in the reign of the said Prince Abduljalil Sjah II, and whilst the Hon'ble ANTONI VAN Diemen held the Governor-Generalship of India, that this matter was taken up in good earnest, detailed account of which we will give in the following chapter : — Exact Account of the Siege and Conquest of the strong and famous Town of Malacca under the Adminis- tration of the Horfble A ntoni van Diemen, Governor-General of India. For several years Malacca and the trade of the Portuguese with that place and in the southern part of India had been much hindered and troubled by the navigation of our war-vessels. We 226 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. shall see later that in 1640 and 1641, a squadron under the com- mand of Jacob Koper, together with some vessels of the Johor Malays, blockaded the place so as to prevent it from being properly supplied with the most urgently needed provi- sions. That same year then, the Hon'ble ANTONI VAN DlEMEN, jointly with the Hon'ble Council of India, resolved to attack by main force, and, if possible, to take that strong and famous town, which, next to Goa, was the most important town of Por- tuguese India. Their Honours intrusted the execution of this important business to Sergeant-Major Adriaan ANTONISSOON, an old, experienced and bold soldier. He left Batavia for Malacca in May, 1640, with three well-manned vessels, with orders to take over the command of the fleet from the Commander KOPER, to blockade the town on the seaside as closely as possible, and on the arrival of more troops from Batavia and of the auxiliary troops from the Kings of Acheen and Johor, to land with all his forces, and, according to circumstances, to try and take the town either by arranging terms, by siege, or by storming it, as he thought best. In accordance with this plan, in the beginning of June, twelve ships and six boats so rigorously blockaded the town on the seaside, that its supply of victuals was almost entirely cut off, and hardly any one could succeed in leaving or entering the place ; hence several vessels with provisions and one barge with fresh supplies from Goa were also taken by our people. Meanwhile the King of Acheen refused us his assistance ; but our fleet was constantly relieved by ships and troops ( sailors and soldiers). In short, when at the end of July, the King of Johor's fleet of some 40 sail with a force of 1,400 or 1,500 men had joined our troops, which were partly Dutch, partly German, and of about the same strength, our Commander, on the 2nd of August issued the order that the combined forces should land at about one-third of a mile on the north side of the suburb of Malacca^ 1 ) No sooner were the troops landed than they ex- pelled the enemy, several hundred strong, from the first bastion and were so close at their heels, that they entered (1) i.e., Tranquerah. VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 22 7 the suburb soon after them and drove them back within the fortress. Our troops then encamped in the conquered suburb, and after having built two batteries there within a pistolshot of the ramparts of the fortress, they battered them so fiercely with sixteen 24-pounders, that finally, notwithstanding the brave resistance of the enemy, several large breaches were made. These breaches exposed the enemy to a great danger, but they were able to meet it for a while by their extraordi- nary courage. The siege of the river preventing us from storming the town as yet, we could do nothing but blockade the town (within gunshot) from the seaside as closely as pos- sible with our ships drawn up in half-moon form and harass the enemy by an uninterrupted cannonade and a constant throwing of bomb-shells, to which they did not fail to reply bravely and patiently from their heavy guns. This cannonade not only killed many people and wasted much powder and lead, but proved plainly that this siege would last a very long time, unless their Honours resolved to send a larger fleet than they had yet done to besiege the town. Though great scarcity of provisions prevailed in the town, and the Johorians assisted us in many ways, as, for instance, in supplying us with all sorts of materials, in building some of our batteries and other works, in preventing the enemy's small crafts from entering or leaving the town, and in hinder- ing them in a hundred other ways, still it would have been impossible for us to take the town, if no other expedients had been adopted. The pride of the Governor of Malacca, MANUEL DE SOUZA CoUTINHO, and the stubbornness of the besieged Portuguese contributed not a little to the long duration of this siege, for several offers of a reasonable capitulation were rejected with contempt. Add to this the self-willed conduct of our Com- mander ADRIAAN ANTONISSOON and the fickleness of his successor JACOB KOPER, and it is no wonder that five months passed without the smallest improvement and with great expenditure and loss on both sides. Many remarkable en- counters by sea and land occurred during this space of time, 22 8 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. in which our people generally carried the day ; the enemy, exasperated from want of provisions, used his utmost efforts to bring them by water into the town, which our people tried to prevent, and which caused bloody battles ; also similar attempts by land were made at the same time in a deter- mined manner, but were everywhere repelled by our men with the utmost courage. The natural strength of the place itself, which w T as greatly increased artificially, conduced to enable it to withstand so many thousands of cannon-balls fired at it from our Artillery, especially from the sixteen 24-pounders. Yet, by this in- cessant battering not only were large breaches made in the strong bastions " Curassa" and "St. Domingo,'^ 1 )' but even the dome of the " Hospital des Pauvres" was levelled to the ground, and the tower of the old fortress, the church, and several large buildings were so badly damaged, that they were hardly recognizable. The hard-pressed Portuguese on the other hand did not fail to do us damage from their battery of extraordinary heavy pieces on St. Paul's Hill, so much so that not one house in our quarters in the suburb remained intact. The protracted siege and the great want w T hich followed, not only in the distressed town, but also in our army, caused a bad plague, -with great mortality among the troops of both parties ; more of the troops were destroyed by this disease than by the hand of the enemy. Hence, notwithstanding the many fresh supplies forw T arded from Batavia with the neces- sary provisions, our troops were quite unable to invest the town on all sides in such a manner as to cut off all supplies of victuals to the enemy. Some deserters also gave us a great deal of trouble, as they informed the enemy of the bad condi- tion of our army and so encouraged him not to yield for some time longer, till, perchance, relief might come from Goa, or we might at last raise the siege, to which suggestions they gave so much credit, that they resolved to persevere to the (l) This was at the N. W. corner of the fort facing what is now the New Market. (See "Plan of Portguese Fortress in Malacca," in vol. Ill of the Commentaries of Albuquerque translated by Mr. de Gray Birch for the Hakluyt Society.) VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 22 9 last, notwithstanding the wretched state in which they were. This stubborn, nay savage resolution of the enemy, caused the destruction in the month of December, 1640, and January, 1641, of a great number of people; besides which, many of the besieged, emaciated with hunger and unable any longer to resist, fled to our army. They informed us that there were in the town not more than 200 Europeans and only 400 or 500 Eurasians, and that victuals were so scarce that a gan- tang{ x ) of rice was sold for 10 rix dollars, and a pound of dried cow's or buffalo's hide for 5 or 6 crusados,( 2 ) and that it was very hard to get them even at that price. This want compel- led the enemy to expel most unmercifully from the place many women and children and all useless mouths ; famine was so prevalent that a mother actually exhumed the body of her own child and after having kept it for two days was driven by the pangs of hunger to eat it, to the consternation of all who heard of it. Notwithstanding the wretched state of things in our camp, our people, greatly encouraged by the consistent reports of the extreme distress of the town, kept up their courage pretty well, though we had not only lost a large number of common soldiers, but also several brave men and chief officers of the army. Among these last ones were the Commissioner (Komis- sariss) JOHAN DE MEERE (who died on the 8th October), the Commander Adriaan ANTONISSOON (in November), and his successor JACOB KOPER (in the beginning of January, 1641), and Captain PlETER VAN DEN Broek (the same who, as Direct- or of Suratte and as the founder of the trade with Persia and the Red Sea, had retired to his native country with the rank of Chief Admiral, but, not having come very well out of these affairs, was sent here by his friend General VAN DlEMEN). Most of these men died from lingering diseases, and from the great hardships they had suffered here. By this successive decease of our Commanders we soon felt the want of proper men for Commanders of our troops, and in the absence of more distinguished officers (the whole of the Secret Council having died and a new one having been (1) A gallon. (2) Marked with a cross on one face. 2 3° VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. appointed from among the officers of the army and the fleet) Captain MlME WlLLEMSSOON KAARTEKOE was approved as the Hon'ble Company's Commander of the land and naval forces before Malacca (though I cannot understand why others more suitable than Heer KAARTEKOE, as, for instance, Heer LAMOTIUS and Captain FORCENBURG were over- looked). KAARTEKOE then, in conformity with the advice of the Council (which, at that time, was composed of experienced and valiant Captains and seamen) to prevent our army further dwindling away from the ever-increasing pestilence, resolved to storm the moribund town of Malacca (which now scarcely offered any resistance) and to compel its inhabitants in this manner to surrender. After having held a day of public prayers, preparations were made for the storming of the town on the morning of the 14th of January, and, by the grace of God, that rich and important town was taken in the following manner : — At daybreak of the 14th January, Sergeant-Major JOANES LAMOTIUS formed three columns of all our healthy troops (both soldiers and sailors), numbering about 650 men altoge- ther, of which Captain LAURENS FORCENBURG commanded the first column, Captain HURDT the second, and Captain Nicolaas JANSSOON Houtkooper the third. These troops, partly armed with muskets (the sailors carrying ladders), marched towards the Bastion "St. Domingo" and shouting the war cry " Help us God" they stormed that part of the town with irresistible courage. For a time the enemy offered a brave and unexpected resistance, but after a fierce hand to hand fight we became masters of this point, drove the flying enemy from there along the skirts of the town to the point " Madre de Dios," took that also after a weak resistance, and so successively the points " Our Mille Virgines," " St. Jago,'^ 1 ) " Curassa " and the " Hospital Bulwark." Butatthe " Forti- lessa Velha" our men met with such a brave resistance, that they had to retreat with a loss of twenty men to the said Hos- pital, where they were beyond the range of the enemy's guns of heavy calibre and from where we could sweep them with our (1) This, from the plan, must have been near where the old gateway is, VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 231 Artillery. At that moment Commander KAARTEKOE having risen from his sick-bed and making his appearance on the town ram- parts, most inopportunely prevented, by his want of judg- ment, the successful completion of the attack which our troops had now entirely in their hands, for (most unwarrantably and contrary to the custom of war) he entered into an agreement with the Portuguese Governor and (at his request) some priests, promising them and all the inhabitants of the town (with the exception of the King's soldiers) a free and safe retreat. The enemy then having abandoned that strong bulwark " Curassa " and the old fortress, our troops marched into those places and occupied them and all the other points. The soldiers of the enemy were then immediately lodged in our camp, and ours in the town, whilst the respectable Portuguese inhabitants and their families were left peaceably in their houses, but ordered to carry all the gold, silver, jewels and money which they possessed to the Church of St. Paul^ 1 ) Such good order was maintained that nothing was heard of murder, brutality or ravishing, though some of our soldiers (after having endured so much want and misery) in their first transport plundered some churches and brothels. The Johor Malays, who had been ordered at daybreak to raise a false alarm near the bulwark "St. Jago/' did not show themselves till after sunrise, when most of the bulwarks had already been taken by our soldiers; they then meant to get into the town by the conquered breach, but Heer LAMOTIUS wisely stopped them to prevent the further shedding of Christian blood, especially by the Moors, who intended to plunder and to destroy the whole town. Thus, not without great loss of men and money to the Hon'ble Company, we at last conquered that famous, strong and powerful mercantile place of the Portuguese, the matchless Malacca, which they had possessed 120 years. This being a strongly fortified and large place, superior to any other place in the East (save Goa), for its importance and many other advantages for which reason it was of old selected as the seat of the Malay (1) On the top of the hill. VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. Kings, posterity may safely look upon this conquest as a proof of the valour of the Batavians. The ramparts and bastions were armed with 64 brass and 4 iron guns, 43 brass swivel guns and 31 iron ones, and the place was well pro- vided with the best war materials. The great number of inhabitants, the long duration of the siege and other unexpected misfortunes compelled the gal- lant Portuguese (for nobody will say that they did not behave gallantly during the whole siege), finally, when in want of every- thing and when no rescue appeared, to surrender the town. It had at that time several pretty broad and properly laid out streets, a small hill in the middle with the Church of St. Paul at its top and the beautiful Convent of the Order of Jesuits on its slope, besides many other churches and convents and very fine lofty buildings and houses ; and, having been built in an exceedingly fertile tract of land, it was situated as advan- tageously as possible for the trade in the southern part of India. But w r e must say that, if the Portuguese during this siege suffered such great calamities, they deserved it as a righteous punishment of God ; for having led here for so many years such an incredibly godless life, they really could not be astonished at the terrible destruction of this town by war, famine and pestilence (the three scourges of which God so often makes use to punish similar places). It is supposed that during the siege more than 7,000 per- sons died in the town, but that, in order to escape famine and pestilence, a much greater number fled from the town and were scattered all over the neighbouring country^ 1 ) for of its population of more than 20,000 souls before the siege, no more than 3,000 inhabitants were left. We lost before that place more than 1,500 Hollanders, mostly, however, of contagious diseases. The Portuguese Governor died of disease two days after the surrender of the town, and was buried in the Church of (1) This will probably account for signs of Portuguese type to be noticed occasionally both amongst Malays and aborigines, and apparently Christian legends found amongst the latter by Pere Borie and referred to by him in a paper in the Journal of the Anthropological Institute. VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. St. Domingo( l ) with much pomp and a guard of honour from our troops after the manner of his country. The Ovidor-General {i.e., their Fiscal of India), the Jesuits, the other priests and the principal citizens with their wives and children, left Malacca a few days afterwards in a vessel (which we lent them) for Negapatam ; and since we did not visit and search this ship most probably he (the Ovidor-Gene- ral) carried away a treasure of money of at least several hun- dred thousands of rix dollars, besides what the others took with them. Louis Mathias de Sousa Chysorro, the Commander of the troops, and the other officers and soldiers of the King of Spain were sent to Batavia, together with some priests and citizens. A few married Portuguese and the Eurasians with their families were left, so that the town might not be depopu- lated after its surrender, and so that we might be in a position to open it up again in time, as we afterwards did. On the ist of February, 1641 (i.e., 17 days after the con- quest of the town), Heer JOHAN VAN TWIST, Extraordinary Member of the Council of India, and the Commissioner Heer JUSTUS SCHOUTEN, arrived in the ruined town. The former (first Dutch Governor of Malacca), after having inspected the whole town and its surrounding territory, made the necessary arrangements for the right administration of this conquered country, altering many things that had been badly and rashly managed through the ignorance of Command- er KAARTEKOE, who, soon afterwards, returned to Batavia together with the superfluous officers and troops to bring to their Honours in person the news of the conquest of this town. This account of the siege and conquest of Malacca in all its details may merit so much more credit, from the fact that it is taken from a report dated 26th October, 1641, drawn up in Malacca by the Commissioner SCHOUTEN in person, and forwarded to their Honours at Batavia, though I doubt very much if that report can be found among the official records, either at Batavia or at Malacca, since many old papers (espe- cially at Batavia) have been lost by the length of time and (1) Behind the bastion of that name. 234 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. through accidents, and that at present but very few records, reaching beyond 1650, are still to be found. One of the first matters taken in hand by Heer VAN TwiST was the constitution of a Board of Town Magistrates. The Factor and Fiscal, GERARD Herberts, arrived here with his family per the storeship Gragt on the 15th of May. According to letters from their Honours at Batavi^ there arrived at that place from Malacca on nth December, 1640, the ship Rynsburg ; on 1 6th January, 1641, the ship Langerak ; on 24th January, the Kleine Zon with the news of the conquest of Malacca; on 10th February, the ships Goes and the Taljoot de Jager and the Quelpart and the Brak ; on 13th February, the Egmond ; on 18th February, the ship Klein Zutphen ; and on 3rd April the Wassenaar with the late Commander MlME WlLLEMSSOON KAARTEKOE. Their Honours received with these ships all the papers treating at large the matters of Malacca. Several necessaries, to the amount of 3,801 rix dollars, had been forwarded per the said storeship Gragt and per some other ships, whilst different sorts of calicos to an amount of rupees 31,341 had been sent with the Factors Jan DlRKS- SOON Puyt and JORIS Vermeeren for the tin trade at Perak, Kedah, Ujong Salang( 1 ) and Bangeri, besides 1,000 rix dollars in specie. 31,341 guilders were also sent for the use of the above-named places, with orders that as much tin as could be got was to be sent to Batavia for the trade with Suratte and Persia. Their Honours sanctioned all that had been done by the Governor and the Council and ordered them to continue to govern in the same way and to levy no other taxes, duties or money than those that existed under the Portuguese rule, so as to prevent further trouble, but, at the same time, to take full revenue which the King of Spain had enjoyed and not to surrender anything that they were properly entitled to. On the 22nd May Heer GERARD HERBERTS, the new Fiscal (Attorney-General), examined and sentenced for the first time several criminal prisoners, whilst the first repairs of the (1) Now known as ' Junk Ceylon.' VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 235 Bastion ''"Victoria" or u St. Domingo" were started on 23rd May, 1641. On 13th August, the Sjahbander JAN JANSZ MENIE returned from Maccam Thoheet with letters from the Orang Caia Laksamana to the Governor, containing the news that the Achinese accepted peace and promised to stop all enmity and robbery. From the letter of the Laksamana to the Gov- ernor it appears that Acheen was ruled at that time by a Qneen.( 1 ) The Governor of Malacca then requested the said Laksamana to send him ten boat-loads of timber for the repairs of the bridge of Malacca, some 200 Malay carpenters and oars and paddles. In a letter to their Honours at Batavia forwarded per the Amboina the Laksamana of Johor complained very much of the want of fulfilment of the promises made to him and to his King by former Commanders before the conquest of Malacca, and according to an agreement, made before the siege of Malacca, he requested the Company to return to the King of Johor all the big and small guns, which the Portuguese had taken from him. On the 14th of August the Neptiinns arrived from Coro= mandel with a cargo of purchased goods, amounting to rupees 265,975. viz. :— 250 bales of different calicos from Palliacatte at ... ... ... Rs.86,028 482 bales of calicos, sugar, indigo, salpetre, thread, &c, from Mazidipatam, at . . . 179,947 732 bales of different goods, at ... Rs. 265, 975 The storeship the Duyf with 28 hands, despatched from Acheen by the Commissioner Justus Schouten, arrived at Palliacatte in a very damaged condition, with broken main and fore-mast and lost mizen-mast, for which reason, Heer ARENT Gardenys, Governor of Palliacatte, ordered it to Bengal to (1) Sekander Muda, the King in whose time Achin attained its greatest prosperity, and who began to reign in 1606, had just died. He was to have aided the Dutch in their siege of Malacca, but declined, owing to their alliance with his enemy — Johor. Achin was ruled for the next sixty years by Queens. 2 3 6 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. have it repaired there. There being a great demand for cloves at Mazulipatam, the Factor, Arnold Henssen, and BARTHOLOMUS DE Gruiter were convinced that, if their Honours liked to sell them at 4 or 5 Pagods [ A Pagod is an Indian golden coin of $2.20. — Translator.] a basket of 24 lbs, they could easily sell 100,000 lbs. in a short time. All the other goods and produce of the Company were also pretty well sold during the past year, notwithstanding the uninterrupted wars. The enemy who had been lying several days with his army before Galle, having decamped on the 23rd May, 1641, march- ed to Billegam, Mature and Gindere( 1 ) laying hand upon every- thing that he could catch and laying waste the whole country about Galle in order to intercept the provisions to our people. At that time Raja SlNGAH forwarded from Ceylon to Coromandel five wretched elephants which were not worth sending. Among the home freights were 422,304 lbs. of indigo. The vessel Danish President Barent Passaart took some tobacco to Bengal. Heer JOHAN VAN TWIST, Governor of Malacca, wrote on 8th September, 1641, via Palembangto Jambiand sent this letter per the English ship Anne to have it forwarded to the Captain Henrik VAN GENT. The said English ship Anne arrived at Malacca on the 8th of August, together with the Franiker bringing the Commissioner JUSTUS SCHOUTEN. Twenty persons died of a contagious disease on board the Franiker on its voyage to Malacca. The old King of Atsjien, hearing of the resistance made by Malacca, was very irresolute and much inclined to make peace with the Portuguese; but he fortunately died in 1641 and was peaceably succeeded by his spouse as Queen, which was for the advantage of the Company. Peace was made with Djohor on reasonable conditions, and the Portuguese Am- bassador, FRANCISCO DE Zouza, who had been detained in prison for a very long time, was released and forwarded as a present to the said Commissioner SCHOUTEN. And everything would have turned out to the best of the Company's wishes but for one thing, viz., that the Company suffered a heavy loss through the sale of the deceased King of Atsjien jewel- (1) Weligama, Matara and Gintota. VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 2 37 lery, since but 5,025 tahils of the said jewellery were taken over by the Queen, and this amounted only to guilders 60,300, since Her Majesty said, first that it was not right to transfer to the living the debts of the dead and besides that the said jewels could not be worn with a Queen's dress and that the King had squandered much money and drained his country to purchase them, with a hundred other excuses too many to recount. From which it may be seen how dangerous it is to trust to fickle Indian princes in such matters, the more so as there was here nowhere else to send the goods to and they must either be sent back to the Netherlands with great loss or else sold at a loss. The Queen reigned very peacefully, but she did nothing without the knowledge of her four chief Counsellors, who made a secret alliance, never to be ruled by a foreign King, and in order to realise that purpose, and to prevent a marriage of the Queen with a foreign Prince, they had inserted in the said treaty of peace, concluded with the King of Djohor, the express condition, that they should never send Ambassadors to each other, but that each of them should remain within the boundaries of his or her territory and refrain from all hosti- lities. This peace, therefore, was not at all disadvantageous for Djohor, its jurisdiction being properly and legally settled, whilst the averting of Ambassadors became a tacit excuse for being exempted from paying homage to the Atsjien crown generally, the first and chief cause of war between the said two Kings. But fearing that Djohor might get annoyed by the Queen's letter to us, in which the proud Achinese nature made it appear as if we had asked pardon for the crime committed by Djohor, we refuted this misrepresentation immediately in the presence of the Achinese and Djohor Ambassadors, and we sent, moreover, the Shabandar Jan Jans- ZOON Menie with a letter to the Laksamana of Djohor, in which we made a clear report of the matter and of the arrogance of the Achinese to which we added, that it ever had been and would be our principal aim to maintain peace between these two Princes. (Time, however, will show if Djohor will keep peace.) 238 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. The day after the arrival of Commissioner SCHOUTEN, the vessel D s Eendracht arrived at this place from Coromandel, with a freight of calicos worth guilders 165,000, and on the 10th ditto, the (sloop) Amboina quite unexpectedly entered the river here. Having left at 6 degrees Northern latitude the vessels under the command of DOM1NICUS BOUWENS (sail- ing from Ceylon to Java) she had touched Acheen and brought first the news of the demise at that place of the Underfactor, Henrik VAN Rendorp, Assistant to the Factor, JAN COMPOSTEL, and further that on account of the close occupation till the 2nd May, but one Portuguese vessel had arrived at Goa, which brought the new 7 s that the two caracks, with the new Viceroy, JOAN DE Sylva, on board, which left Lisboa in September last, were still lying under the protec- tion of the Fortress Aguada, and that it was most likely quite impossible to return this year to Europe. Leaving Goa, the said Commander BOUWENS sailed to Ceylon with the vessels Amboina, Arnemuyden and Valkenburg; on his arrival there he heard that Punto Galle was besieged by the Portuguese, about 700 or 800 strong, under the Command of Don Phi- lippo DE MASCARENHAS, but that the place was not in dis- tress, since the President, Jan Thyssen, held the fortress with a garrison of 500 men w r ell provided with all sorts of necessities. As Mr. SCHOUTEN had to remain here still a little longer, he thought it better to despatch D } Eendracht first, so, after having shipped on board the Coromandel freight, worth guilders 165,000, the unsold jewels, cash rix dollars 1,009, f° ur undamaged brass guns from the ramparts of Malacca and a big bell for the church of Batavia, of a total value of guilders 139,431-17-8, it sailed from here on 14th Sep- tember last. On 24th September the Franiker, with Commissioner Shou- TEN on board, left this place with a freight of Achinese pepper, some rice, 27^ bhara of Andragiri pepper ( purchased of the British Anne at rix dollars 25 a bhara), besides 7 damaged guns and other rubbish, altogether worth guilders 2,273.14. He hoped to arrive soon at Batavia, so as to be able to give their Honours a thorough report on the condition of this place VELENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 239 and to forward there the things that most needed, viz., a sufficient number of soldiers to reinforce the garrison, some workmen to repair the fortifications and breaches and, what was most important, some Chinese to cultivate the fields and gardens. He expressed his hope to be back here in September of next year and then to complete the arrangement of matters in the stronghold. On the 15th of October Commander PiETER Baak arrived at Malacca with the vessels Welsing and the Franiker and Bergen op de Zoom with 100 soldiers and a freight of guil- ders 44,144, and, according to letters from their Honours, the following ships had arrived there (Batavia) from this place (Malacca) viz. : — On 25th July, 1641, the vessel Kleen Zutphen ; on 17th August the Breedam and the d" Eendracht with the garrisons of Mazulipatam and Palliacate ; on 7th September the Frani- ker with the Commissioner Heer SCHOUTEN and the Achi- nese Ambassadors ; and on the 9th September the yacht Lim- men with a full freight of rice. On the arrival of the said Commissioner, their Honours received an exact report of the whole condition of Malacca, and granted their approbation to all that had been done; they sent first the said two vessels, which 8 or 10 days after- wards were to be followed by the Arneinuyden, Bredam and the yacht de Sterre, first to assist in the action against Cey- lon, and then to reinforce the fleet under the command of MATHYS Quast, which had sailed to Goa on 18th July last. The vessel Akkersloot was to follow next with a cargo of different cloths, nutmegs, cloves and mace for Persia, and to take thither also the tin bought at Peirah, Keidah, Salang and Bangeri and brought to Malacca per Gragt. We received from Gamron 700 bales of silk, and expected daily some 200 bales more per Sandvoort and de Paum which both had left that place on 2nd June : we will mention after- wards the reason why Factor Adriaan van Ostende had been induced to purchase that silk. The Company's factory at that place being burdened with a sum of guilders 300,000, their Honours gave orders to take the said tin to Persia and to 240 VALEYTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. sell it there. After an administration of one year and ten months Heer VAN TwiST was succeeded in 1642 by Heer Jeremias VAN Vliet as 2nd Governor of Malacca, who arrived there from Palembang and Jambi on 7th November per de Luypaard ; his installation as such took place on 15th December by the Commissioner PiETER BOREEL, whereupon Heer VAN TwiST left this place with the vessel on 21st December. On 27th April, 1645, a letter from their Honours arrived here in which they offered Mr. VAN Vliet 200 guilders a month, and the honorary title of Extraordinary Counsel of India, if he would sign a new agreement for 3 years ( to count from 1 8th August, 1644), but mentioning at the same time, that, if he did not wish to make a new agreement, he had to transfer the administration to Heer ARNOLD DE VLAMING VAN OUDTSHOORN, who was on his way as Commissioner to Atsjien. The said Heer DE VLAMING arrived here with that letter on 15th May, left as Commissioner for Atsjien via Peirah on 22nd ditto, and returned here from there on 15th October. Heer VAN VLIET accepted the new agreement, but their Honours granted him, by a letter dated 2nd September, a leave to Batavia, as he had to see their Honours on different matters of importance and to give account of his first administration. The Commissioner Heer Arnold DE Vlaming VAN Oudt- SHOORN was then appointed acting 3rd Governor of Malacca on 6th November, 1645, with the charge to remain here until later orders of their Honours, whilst Heer VAN Vliet left for Batavia on 1 ith ditto, after an administration of about 3 years. Whereas the said Heer DE VLAMING had assumed in the meantime the title of Governor, their Honours not only ex- pressed their dissatisfaction in a letter of 6th December, but told him that Heer VAN Vliet still being Governor, he ( DE VLAMING ) should assume the title henceforward of President only. He was succeeded in 1646 by Heer JOHAN THYSSOON PAIJART- ( who arrived here on 22nd November) as the 4th Governor of Malacca and who was introduced as such on 24th ditto by the Commissioner Heer JOHAN VAN TEYLINGEN, who 241 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. arrived here on 21st November, whilst Heer DE VLAMING left for Batavia via Andragiri on 15th December next per the de Ryp. It was during the administration of the said Heer PAIJART in 1 65 1 that the Malays of Kedah and Perak murder- ed nine Netherlanders. The said gentleman held the ad- ministration of this place for 16 years (something very rare) and was succeeded on 1st November, 1662, by Heer JOHAN VAN RlEBEEK (who arrived here on 18th October per the Slot Honingen as 5th Governor), but with the titles of Commander and President only, whilst Heer PAIJART, after having intro- duced the said gentleman as such, sailed for Batavia on 8th ditto per the same vessel. On 22nd September, 1665, arrived here Heer BALTHASAR BORT per the Meliskerke. Having been here before for several years in the service of the Company, he was introduced on 16th October by Heer VAN RiEBECK as the 6th Commander and President, whereupon VAN RiEBECK sailed for Batavia on that very night after an administration of about 3 years. On the 6th August, 1668, their Honours wrote to Heer BORT, that the " seventeen gentlemen "( x ) had appointed him to be a Governor and granted him this new title. In 1669 the expenditure of this Government amounted to rix dollars 201,443 w ^^ a clear profit of rix dollars 56,926. On 4th February, 1670, their Honours wrote again that the " seventeen gentlemen " had made his Honour a member of the Extraordinary Council of India with a new agreement of 5 years. ABDULDJALIL SjAH II, King of Johor, died in 1671 and was succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim Sjah, as the 20th Malay and the 14th Muhammadan King and the 8th King of Johor. He reigned 11 years, viz., from 1671 to 1682. On 14th May, 1678, Heer BORT received a letter, mentioning him that the "seventeen gentlemen" had made him Ordinary Counsel of India. On 30th April, 1679, arrived here Heer JACOB JORISSOON Pits, Extraordinary Counsel of India, who was introduced by Heer BORT on 10th October as the 7th Governor of this place, (1) The Directors of the Company. 24 2 VALEOTYN's ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. whereas Heer BORT sailed from here with the Nieuwe Noordwyk on 16th ditto, after an administration of 4 years. On 22nd November, 1680, arrived here from Batavia per Den Briel Heer Comelis VAN Quaalberg, who succeeded Heer Pits as the 8th Governor of this place on 23rd December, whilst the said Mr. Pits left here on 14th January, 1681, with the vessels de Veluwe and Kroonenburg as Commission- er for the Coast of Coromandel and Bengal to succeed Heer WlLLEM Karel Hartsing as Governor of those places. By a letter from the " seventeen gentlemen, " dated 30th Nov- ember, 1681, the said Heer Van Quaalberg was appointed Extraordinary Counsel of India on 2nd November, 1682. In the same year Ibrahim SjAH, King of Johor, died and was succeeded by Sultan Mohammed Sjah II, who was the 21st Malay and the 15th Muhammadan King, and the 9th King of Johor, and who reigned there till 1699, i.e., 17 years. On 20th September, 1684, arrived here per the Silversteyn Heer NicOLAAS Schaghen, Extraordinary Counsel of India, who was introduced on 1st December by Heer Van QUAALBERG as 9th Governor, whilst the latter one sailed from here per the Japan to Batavia on 6th ditto. Their Honours wrote on 30th October, 1685, to Heer SCHAGHEN, that they had appointed him by decree of 23rd ditto Director of Bengal, and that they had elected as his substitute Heer FRANCOIS Tak, then Ambassa- dor and Commissioner to the Emperor of Java ; but as the said gentleman would not arrive here before April next, he (SCHAGHEN) had to transmit the administration to the Secunde, Heer Dirk KOMANS, who was then introduced by Heer SCHAGHEN on 5th January, 1686, as Commander of this place, whilst Heer SCHAGHEN left for Bengal on 12th ditto per de S try en. On 19th November arrived here from Batavia per the Hoogergeest Heer Thomas Slicher, Extraordinary Coun- sel of India, who was introduced by Heer KOMANS on 26th ditto as the 10th Governor of Malacca. That worthy gentle- man, who held the Governorship of this place to the general satisfaction from 1686 to 1 691, suffered badly from a sad disease, which made him commit suicide on 18th October by jumping VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA, 243 out of a window. After his death Heer Komans again acted till he was relieved by Heer Gelmer Vosburg, who was in- troduced by Heer Komans on 1st October, 1692, as the nth Governor of Malacca. Their Honours wrote on 15th April, 1696, that, by their de- cree of 10th ditto, Heer VOSBURG had been elected Commis- sioner for Coromandel and that Governor GOVERT VAN HOORN had been chosen to relieve him here. He arrived at this place on 2nd November per the Spierdyk and was introduced on 1st January, 1697, by the Secunde, Heer ABRA- HAM DOUGLAS ( Mr. VOSBURG being ill ), as the 12th Govern- or of Malacca. In the meantime their Honours had written already on 19th October of the year before to HeerVoSBURG, that on account of ill-health he was discharged from his commission to Coromandel. He died here the 10th January, 1697, after an administration of 4 years and 3 months and was buried in the St. Paul's Church. Mohammed Sjah II, King of Johor, died in 1699, and was succeeded by Sultan Abduldjalil Sjah III as the 22nd Malay and the 16th Muhammadan King and the 10th King of Johor. I have not been able to trace how long this Prince has reigned, and who succeeded him, but after a reign of 9 years he was still alive in 1708, so, if we begin to count the Rule of the Malay Kings from 1160, the reign of these 22 Kings had lasted in the said year 547 years and 11 months. On nth November, 1700, Heer Bernhard Phoonsen arrived here per the Ellemeet from Batavia, who was intro- duced on 24th ditto by Heer Van HOORN as the 13th Gov- ernor of Malacca, whilst on the same day the late Governor went on board of the Carthago and left for Batavia after an administration of about 4 years. On 1 7th June, 1 703, Heer PHOONSEN received the news that, according to a letter dated 18th September, 1702, their Hon- ours the " seventeen gentlemen," had appointed him Extra- ordinary Counsel of India and a Commissioner for the Coast of Coromandel. But unfortunately, both he and his splendid vessel de Vogel Phenix were taken by the French in 1705, „;/ VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 244 on his way thither, for which fact he was prosecuted after his release, but, though with much trouble, finally acquitted. On 18th December, 1703, the Japanmen arrived here under Heer JOHAN Grootenbuys' colours escorted by a squadron of men-of-war. On 1 8th January, 1704, the said Heer GROOTENBUYS was appointed by Heer PHOONSEN to be provisionally Commander of this place, whereupon he ( Heer PHOONSEN ) embarked that very evening on board of de Ellemeet and left this place with the whole fleet on the following day. On 10th May Heer Karel Bolner arrived here per de Schoondyk from Punto Galle, who was introduced on 22nd ditto by the said Heer GROOTENBUYS as the 14th Governor of Malacca. The 10th January, 1707, Heer PlETER ROOSELAAR, arrived here per the Serjantslandj who was introduced on 7th March by Heer BOLNER as the 15th Governor of Malacca, whilst the said late Governor left this place in the afternoon of that day. On 6th September of the sameyear the said HeerRooSELAAR received the news that, according to a letter dated 30th Octo- ber, 1706, their Honours the " seventeen gentlemen" had ap- pointed him Extraordinary Counsel of India. Shortly afterwards (1708) the solicitor and advocate, Mr. ABRAHAM VAN Kervel, arrived here, who after having had a dispute with the said Governor and ( if I am not mistaken ) having been put in jail by him, w 7 rote to Batavia and brought about that their Honours sent to this place in 1709 Heer WlLLEM Six to succeed Heer ROOSELAAR, who w T as sent up to Batavia together with the whole board of administration with the exception of Captain PALM. Heer Six arrived here on 7th November, and was introduced on 16th December as the 16th Governor of Malacca by Heer ROOSELAAR who left this place for Batavia a few days afterwards per the Nichtevegt. Hoping that he had been cured Heer Six released the said Heer Van Kervel, but he became so troublesome that he was obliged to send him up to Batavia in 17 10. By order of their Honours he ( Heer Van Kervel ) returned to this place in 171 1, but I have heard that the board of ad- VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. 245 ministration did not allow him to come on shore, but sent him back again to Batavia, at which their Honours were so greatly offended, that they summoned the Governor, Heer VAN Suchtelen ( the Secunde ), Captain Trekmeyer and Ryklof Justus COSTERUS ; when sued at law by Heer Van Kervel in 1 7 12 both Heer Six and Heer VAN SUCHTELEN were not only dismissed from their office, but Heer Six was fined in rix- dollars 400 and Heer VAN SUCHTELEN in rix dollars 300 where- as the two others were acquitted. On 21st May, 171 1, per the Venhuizen, Heer WlLLEM MOERMAN, arrivedhere, who, in compliance with their Honours' special order, was introduced by Heer Six as the 17th Gov- ernor of this place on the day of his arrival, whilst Heer Six sailed from here to Batavia per the same vessel on 16th July next. It is a strange fact, that the said Heer Six and Van SUCHTELEN, although fined and ordered to pay all costs, short- ly after having received the above-mentioned punishment, were completely rehabilitated by their Honours and admitted not only anew in the service of the Company, but declared also re-eligible for their former offices, a fact susceptible of several interpretations when it is remembered how long these men had openly made light of their Honours' authority. Heer MOERMAN, too, who arrived here with several other members of the board of administration, could not agree with Heer Van Kervel, who arrived in the same vessel with him ; he ( Van Kervel ) remained here till the end of 1 7 1 1, returned then to Batavia and was by order of the " seventeen gentle- men "sent up to Patria in 1712. Heer Moerman had the administration of this Government till 1 ith May, 1 7 1 7, almost 6 years, at which date he died here. That year he was succeeded by Heer Herman van Sug- TELEN as the 1 8th Governor of Malacca, who is there still at present, viz., 1725. The above then is an account of the most principal worldly matters of Malacca ; before passing to the ecclesiastical matters we will attach first a list of the Malay Kings and those of Johor. But first I must add to this a few words, viz., that the reader 246 VALENTYN'S ACCOUNT OF MALACCA. will never find in any work, written about Malacca or about those Kings, anything resembling our account, or any account worth mentioning, and this for the simple reason, that we have had the opportunity of drawing everything from the personal writings and historical notices made by the Kings of Malacca itself, which have never been seen by any previous authors or which could not be read or understood by them, and we hope that we have written something which will meet with the at- tention of observing and learned men, since we have had a great deal of trouble in digging up this from the dust of an- tiquity with much scrutiny and caution ; but at the same time it has never tired us, as we were convinced, that this account would be agreeable to posterity and would acquaint it with many things of which it had never heard nor read of. To com- plete my account I have attached the list of the Kings of Malacca.

Text

[ The following paper is reprinted from a volume of the Malacca Observer, a newspaper published in Malacca in 182 i. It appears to have been borrowed in the main from the u Asia Portugueza" of Manuel de Faria y Souza, a translation of ■which is to be found in Vol. YI of Kerr's Yoyages. The notes have been supplied principally by Mr. D. F. A. He rye y. E. Koek. ]

MALACCA was built by the C elates, ( x ) a people who chiefly subsisted by fishing, and who united themselves with the Malays, who inhabited the mountains. Their first Chief was Paramisora. ( 2 ) who had been a person of high rank in the island of Java, whence he was expelled by another Chief who usurped his lordship, on which occasion Paramisora fled to Cincapura ( Singapura ) ( 3 ) where he was well received by the lord of that place and raised to high employment. But having rebelled against his benefactor. ( l ) he was driven from thence by the King of Siam. and forced to wander about Malacca, as ( x ) i.e.orang laid — no doubt from "Selat/' the common designa- tion of Singapore now-a-days by Malacca people. ( 2 ) Javanese, Trama-sura, or Prdmeya-sura\ Sanscrit, Ayramasya- silra. incomparable hero (?). ( 3 ) Sanscrit, Sinlta. lion, pura, city (ef. Indra-piVra, on west coast of Sumatra). (*) De Barros says he murdered him, and ruled Singapore 5 years, before he was expelled by the Siamese under the Raja of Patani. who was brother of the murdered king. 118 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. a just punishment for his ingratitude.^) Having drawn to- gether a number of the before-mentioned natives, with whom he established a new colony, he gave the name of Malacca to the rising city, signifying in the language of the country a banished man, (-) as a memorial of his own fortune. The first king of Malacca was Xactue Darxa or Sheikh Darshah, ( 3 ) called by some authors Raal Saib, who was the son of Para- misora, and was subject to the King of Siam; but from whom his successors revolted. ( 4 ) In the Chinese Records, Aungot's Collection, quoted by Colonel Yule in his Marco Polo, vol. ii. ( x ) The account given in Leyden's translation of the Sejarah Malayu differs entirely from this, making Malacca to be founded by Raja Iskaistder Shah, the ruler of Singapore (in proper succes- sion), on his expulsion from that city by the Javanese despatched by the Betara of Majapahit. De Barros' account is the mo>t trustworthy. The Chronicler in the Sejarah possibly preferred ad- mitting defeat by Javanese, probably the original founders of Singa- pore, in place o£the Siamese, long a national enemy, and of a diffe- rent creed. According to Leyden's translation of the Sejarah Malayu, Raja Iskaxder Shah, after settling on the Muar for a time, gave it up and removed to Sangang (Sungei ?) Ujoug, where he left a ' ; mantri" (minister), and proceeded to Bertain ( a place 8 or 9 miles up the Malacca River, but called, in the Sejarah, a river), where he had a " pelandok" hunt, and a white ''pelandok " was so plucky as to resist one of the clogs and drive it into the water ; the Eaja was much pleased at this incident, and finding the tree under which he was waiting was the " malaka''' tree, decided to found a city there and call it after the tree. Mr. "W. E. Maxwell has pointed out that this tradition closely resembles a Guzrati one, and is probably borrowed from it. See Journal, Royal Asiatic Society, January, 1881. ( 2 ) Said to mean so in Javanese, but it is no doubt taken from the tree of that name, JEmblica officinalis, which grows in the country. ( 3 ) The Commentaries of Albuquerque state that he visited China, and became the Emperor's vassal, and got leave to coin money, which he did on his return, of pewter called " cash." ( 4 ) The Commentaries of Albuquerque state that Malacca be- came independent of Siam about DO years before Albuquerque attacked it. PORTUGUESE HTSTORY OF MALACCA. 119 p. 263, it is stated that the King of Malacca went to China to pay homage in person in the year 1411 ; but he is called Peilimisula, i.e., Paramisura. Before the discovery of the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope, the spices and other productions of India were brought to Europe with vast trouble and expense, so that they were necessarily sold at very high prices. The cloves of the Moluccas, the nutmegs and mace of Banda, the sandal-wood of Timor, the camphor of Borneo, the gold and silver of Luco- nia, (*) with all the other and various rich commodities, spices, gums, perfumes, and curiosities of China, Japan, Siam, and other kingdoms of the continent and islands of India, were carried to the great mart of Malacca, a city in the peninsula of that name, which is supposed to have been the A urea Cher- sonesus of the ancients. From that place, the inhabitants of the more western countries, between Malacca and the Red Sea, procured all these commodities, dealing by way of barter, no money being used in this trade, as silver and gold were in much less request in these eastern parts of India than foreign commodities. By this trade, Calicut, Cambaya, Ormuz, Aden, and other cities were much enriched. The merchants of these cities, besides what they procured at Malacca as before-men- tioned, brought rubies from Pegu, rich stuffs from Bengal, pearls from Calicare, diamonds from Narsinga, cinnamon and rich rubies from Ceylon, pepper, ginger, and other spices from the coast of Malabar and other places where these are pro- duced. From Ormuz these commodities were conveyed up the Persian Gulf to Bassorah, at the mouth of the Euphrates, and were thence distributed by caravans through Armenia, Trebizond, Tartary, Aleppo, and Damascus; and from these lntter cities, by means of the port of Beyrut in Syria, the Venetians, Genoese and Catalonians carried them to their respective countries, and to other parts of Europe. Such of these commodities as went by the Red Sea were landed at Tor or Suez, at the bottom of that gulf, whence they were con- veyed overland to Cairo in Egypt, and thence down the Nile to Alexandria, where they were shipped for Europe. ( l ) i.e. Luzon. 120 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. We find,, according to this historian, ( 1 ) that it was in July, ( 2 ) 1427, when Vasco ( 3 ) de Gtama started to discover the passage round the Cape. The voyage had been projected eighty-five years before, in 1412, by Prince Henry of Portu- gal. ... The first visit paid to Malacca by the then enterprising Por- tuguese appears to have been in 1508, ( 4 ) when Diego Lopez Sequeira, ( 5 ) who had sailed from Lisbon with Lemos, was entrusted with the discovery of Madagascar and Ma- lacca. Arriving at the port of St. Sebastian in the island of Madagascar, he ran along the coast, using a Portuguese as his interpreter, who had been left there and had acquired the language. In the course of this part of his voyage he had some intercourse with a king or prince of the natives named Diaman, by whom he was civilly treated ; but being unable to procure intelligence of any spices or silver, the great object of his voyage, and finding much trouble and no profit, he pro- ceeded to India in the prosecution of the further orders he had received from the king. He was well received by Almeyda, (°) the viceroy, who gave him an additional ship, commanded by Garcia de Souza, to assist in the discovery of Malacca. In the prosecution of his voyage he was well treated by the kings of Pedir and Pacam, ( ? ) who sent him presents, and at both places he erected crosses indicating discovery and possession. He at length cast anchor in the port of Malacca, where he terrified the people by the thunder of his cannon, so ( x ) Manuel de Faria y .Souza. ( 2 ) According to Castanheda, on the 8th July ; according to Ant. G-alvano, the 20th June. ( 3 ) Also Vasques. (*) In 1509 Sequeira reached Malacca; the expedition sent by King Emanuel set out in 1508. ( 5 De Sequeyra. There are still representatives of this name in the Straits. ( 6 ) Albuquerque's predecessor. ( 7 ) Pasei, not far from the ancient city of Samaclra, between T' Perlak (Diamond Point) and Tclok Samawei ; usually written " Pacem" by the Portuguese. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 121 that every one hastened on board their ships to endeavour to defend themselves from this new and unwelcome guest. A boat came off with a message from the town, to inquire who they were and what they wanted, to which Lopez sent back for answer that he brought an ambassador from the King of Portugal, to propose entering into a treaty of peace and commerce advantageous for the king and city of Ma- lacca. The king sent back a message in dubious language, such as is usual among the Orientals when they mean to act treacherously, as some of the Moorish merchants, from enmi- ty to the Portuguese, had prevailed upon him and his favourite Bandara, ( 1 ) by means of rich presents, to destroy Lopez and the Portuguese. On the third day, Lopez sent Hierom Teixeyra ( 2 ) in the character of ambassador, attended by a splendid retinue, who was well received on shore, and con- ducted on an elephant to the king, from whom he returned well pleased. All this was only a bait to entrap the Portu- guese to their destruction, and, in addition, the king sent an invitation to Lopez to dine with him in public. Lopez accept- ed this invitation, but was informed by a friend of Jao ( 3 ) UtimCti Rajah, that the king intended to murder him, on which he sent an excuse on pretence of indisposition. Credit was now given to an advice sent by a Persian woman to Duarte Fernandez, after she had been prevented by Sequeira from coming on board in the night. Another contrivance was put in practice to destroy Lopez and his ships, by offering a lading of spice, and pretending that it was requisite to send for it to three several places. This succeeded in part, as, while thirty men were sent on shore according to agreement, a fleet of small vessels was secretly prepared under cover of a point of land, ready to assault the ships, while the thirty men were to be murdered in (*) Bandahara. (' 2 ) This name is also still represented. ( 3 ) This is probably for " Jawa," UtimIjTi Raja being Chief of the Javanese, who were said to nnniber 5,000 to 6,000 in Malacca at that time. 122 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. the town. At this time likewise a son of Utimuti Rajah came on board under pretence of a visit to Lopez, and finding him engaged at draughts, requested him to continue his game, that he might have the better opportunity of assassinating him unobserved ; and in fact he frequently put his hand to his dagger for the purpose, but waited till the other branches of the intended treachery should begin. At this time, a seaman on one of the tops, who was on the look-out, seeing a throng in the town and hearing a considerable noise, called out c Treachery ! treachery ! they kill our men ! ' Lopez instantly threw away the draught-board, calling out ' Arms,' and the son of Utimuti, perceiving the treacherous designs discov- ered, leapt into his boat with his attendants in great conster- nation. The fleet of boats now came round the point and attacked the Portuguese, who exerted themselves as well as possible in their defence, considering the suddenness of the attack ; and sinking many of the enemy's boats, forced the rest to retire. Not having a sufficient force to take vengeance for this treachery, Lopez was under the necessity of quitting Malacca, where he left sixty of his men in slavery, who were made pri- soners on shore, and having eight slain. On his way back he took two Moorish ships bound for Malacca; and having arrived at Cape Comorin, he sent on Teixeyra and Souza with their ships to Cochin, resolving, though ill-provided, to return alone to Portugal, being afraid of Albuquerque, as he had sided with Almeyda in the late disputes respecting the Government of India. He reached the island of Tercerawith much difficulty, and from thence proceeded to Lisbon. We now come to Albuquerque, who had sailed from Por- tugal under Almeyda. But having been very successful in all the sieges and battles he had undertaken, and being of a bold and enterprising spirit, he assumed the Government of India in opposition (^to Almeyda. Having been informed of the fate of Sequeira's expedition, he resolved to go and O As he had proper credentials from the king, the expression is odd. Almeyda certainly opposed him. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 123 attack Malacca in person. On the 2nd of May, 1511, Albu- querque sailed from Cochin on his expedition against Malacca, with 19 ships ( x ) and 1,400 soldiers, 800 of whom were Portuguese and 600 Malabars. While off the island of Ceylon, he fell in with and captured five vessels belonging to the Moors, which were bound for Malacca. On arriving at the island of Sumatra, the kings of Pedir and Pisang ( 2 ) sent friendly messages to Albuquerque, on which occasion Juan de Viegas, one of the men left behind by Sequeira, was re- stored to freedom, he and others having made their escape from Malacca. ( 3 ) On the 1st of July 1511, the Portuguese fleet cast anchor in the roads of Malacca, infusing terror and dismay among multitudes that covered the whole shore, by the clangour of their warlike instruments, and the noise of repeated discharges of cannon, being sensible of their guilty conduct to Sequeira, and conscious that the present armament was designed for their condign punishment. Next day a Moor came off in great state with a message from the king, and was received with much courtesy and ceremonious pomp by Albuquerque, to whom he said that if he came for trade, the king was ready to supply whatever merchandise he wanted. Albuquerque made answer that the merchandise he sought for was the resti- tution of the Portuguese who had been left there by Sequeira, and when they were restored, he should then say what further demands he had to make from the king. On his return to the city, the Moor spread universal consternation by this answer, and it was agreed to endeavour to avert the threatened danger, by restoring the Portuguese, and by paying a large sum of money. But Prince Ala'Eddin, the son of the king of Pahang, opposed this, and made ready for defence. Upon this Albu- ( x ) The Commentaries of Albuquerque state 18 vessels, 3 of which were galley which were galleys. ( 2 ) Probably " Pasei," being intended for " Pacem." ( ;i ) He and eight others were found at Pidir by Albuque his way to Malacca. erque on 124 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. querque began some military operations, ( x ) and the king re- stored the captives. After this some further negociations en- sued, as the king was desirous of peace, which Albuquerque offered to agree to, on condition of having permission to build a fortress at Malacca, and that the king should repay the entire charge incurred by Sequeira and the present armament, all the damage having been occasioned by his own treachery and falsehood ; but he demanded to have an immediate answer, whether the king chose peace or war. The king was willing to have submitted to the terms demanded by the Portuguese viceroy, but his son and the king of Pahang opposed him, and it was at length determined to stand on their defence. On the 24th of July, being the eve of St. James the Apos- tle, everything being disposed in order for attack, the signal was given for landing by the discharge of artillery, and im- mediately the Portuguese leapt on shore and charged the ene- my with loud shouts. The hottest of the battle was about gaining and defending the bridge, which enterprise Albuquer- que undertook in person, and where the enemy, after a vigo- rous defence, in which great numbers of them were slain, were forced to leap into the river, where many of them were drown- ed. The prince and the king of Pahang bravely opposed another party of the Portuguese who endeavoured to force their way to the bridge to join the viceroy, and at the same time king Mahmud came out on a large elephant, attended by two others having castles on their backs, whence numbers of darts were launched against the Portuguese. But the ele- phants, being soon severely wounded, turned and fled through among their own men, trampling many of them to death, and making way for the Portuguese to join those who had possession of the bridge. At this place Albuquerque forti- fied himself, and as considerable harm was done to his men by poisoned arrows discharged from the tops of the adjoining houses, he caused them to be set on fire. After bestowing great praises on his captains for their courageous behaviour, ( x ) i.e. He burnt some houses on the shore, and ships belon to the Guzaratis and other traders. Portuguese history of Malacca. 125 and perceiving that his people began to grow faint by long exertions, excessive heat, and want of food, he withdrew to the ships towards night. Ten of the Portuguese died in con- sequence of their wounds from the poisone 1 arrows. The loss of the enemy was not known. The king of Pahaug withdrew to his own country, under pretence oh" bringing a reinforce- ment, but never returned. While Albuquerque rested and refreshed his men onboard, M ah mud was busily employed in making every possible pre- paration for defending the city. For this purpose he under- mined the streets in several places, in hopes to blow up the assailants, strewed poisoned thorns ( 1 ) in the way, covering them over to prevent their being observed. Pie likewise for- tified the bridge, and planted cannon in many places. As a prelude to the second assault, Albuquerque sent Antonio de Abreu, in a vessel well manned, to gain possession of the bridge. On his way thither he had to pass through showers of bullets from both sides of the river and from the battlements of the bridge, and though desperately wounded, (-) refused to be brought off, when Diniz Fernandez Melo, who came up to his rescue, proposed sending him to the ships to have his wounds dressed, saying that, " though he neither had strength to fight nor voice to command," he would not quit his post w T hile life remained. Floats of fire were sent down the river to burn the vessel, ( 3 ) but at length Albuquerque in per- son gained possession of the bridge, and the vessel, being freed from the fire-rafts, had liberty to act against the enemy. Having rested his men a short time on the bridge, Albuquer- que penetrated the city, through •showers of bullets, darts, (*) No doubt ranjau, caltrops made of bamboo. ( a ) In the jaw. ( 3 ) A big junk brought down to overtop the bridge : but she had to wait nine days until the tide was high enough to carry her over the sandy spit outside the river mouth, and while she was in this position the fire-boats were despatched against her night after night with the ebb-tide, but Albuquerque was on the watch and kept them off. 126 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. and arrows ; and having been apprised of the mines in the principal street, he took another way and gained the mosque. At night, after a prodigious slaughter of the enemy, he gained entire possession of the city, having only with him in this action 800 Portuguese and 200 Malabar s. At the end of nine days, every one of the Moors who inhabited this great city were either slain or driven out, and it was repeopled with strangers and some Malays ( x ) who were permitted to take possession of the vacant houses. Among those left was Uti- muti Rajah, whose son had formerly endeavoured to assassi- nate Sequeiiia. Utimuti was a rich and powerful native of Java, of whom more hereafter will be said. The soldiers were allowed to plunder the city during three days. There were found 3,000 pieces of great cannon, out of 8,000 which king Mahmuu had relied upon for the defence of his city, the rest having been carried off to Bintang, ( 2 ) where the king and Prince Ala'Eddin had fortifies] themselves. As it might have been of dangerous consequence to permit these princes to establish themselves so near the city of Malacca, Albuquer- que sent a force to dislodge them, consisting of 400 Portu- guese, 400 Malays belonging to Utimuti, and 300 men belonging to the merchants of Pegu who resided in Malacca. On the approach of these troops, the King and Prince took flight, leaving seven elephants with ail their costly trappings, and the Portuguese returned to Malacca. Now reduced to wander in the woods and mountains of the interior, Mahmud so severely reflected upon the obstinacy of his son and the king of Pahang, that be and his son quarrelled and separated, each shifting for himself. To secure this important conquest, Albuquerque built a fort or citadel at Malacca, which from its beauty was called (M According to the Commentaries, the Peguans were the first to come in to Albuquerque, and ask for peace and leave to trade. ( 2 1 This must probably be meant for Bertam, about Smiles up the river, where the Commentaries say the King's son put up a stockade, which was demolished by a boat expedition sent up bv Albuquerque. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OP MALACCA. 127 Hermosa. ( T ) He likewise built a church, which was dedicated to the Visitation of Our Lady : ( 2 ) and coined money of diffe- rent values and denominations, which was ordered to pass current by proclamation, and some of which he caused to be scattered among the populace. By these and other prudent measures he gained the hearts of the people, attracted strang- ers to settle in Malacca, and secured this important emporium of trade. Although Albuquerque was perfectly conscious of the deceitful character of Utimuti Rajah, yet, considering it to be sometimes prudent to trust an enemy under proper pre- cautions, he gave him authority over all the Moors that remained at Malacca. It was soon discovered, however, that Utimuti carried on a private correspondence with prince Ala'- Eddin, under pretence of restoring him to the sovereignty of Malacca, but in reality for the purpose of using his remaining influence among the people to set himself up. On receiving authentic information of these underhand practices, Albu- querque caused Utimuti with his son and son-in-law to be apprehended, and on conviction of their treason, he ordered them to be publicly executed on the same scaffold which they had formerly destined for Sequeira. This was the first pub- lic exercise of sovereign justice which was attempted by the Portuguese in India, but was soon followed by others. Pate Quitir, ( 3 ) another native of Java, whom Albuquerque ap- pointed to succeed Utimuti in the government of the Moors in Malacca, was gained by the widow of Utimuti, by promise of her daughter in marriage with a portion of 100,000 ducats, to revenge the death of her husband on the Portuguese, and assassiuate Albuquerque. Quitir accepted her offer, mean- ing to seize the city for himself. About the same time, also, the King of Campar ( 4 ) formed a similar design, for the attain- (*) The Commentaries say "A Famosa," the famous. ( a ) " Nossa Seuhora da Annunciada". — Commentaries, Albu- querque. ( 3 ) PatiKuatir. ( 4 ) In Sumatra, between Siak and Indragiri. The Commentaries say he came to the Muar river, whence he sent an embassy with 128 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OP MALACCA. merit of which purpose he sent a congratulatory embassy to Albuquerque, from whom he demanded the office which had been conferred on Quitir. These plots, having no conse- quences at this time, shall be further explained in the sequel. During his residence at Malacca, Albuquerque received embassies from several princes, particularly from the King of Shim ; and he sent likewise embassies in return to the Kings of Siam ( x ) and Pegu. He sent also two ships to discover the Molucca islands and Banda, and gave orders to let it be known in all quarters that Malacca was now under the dominion of Portugal, and that merchants from every part of India would be received there on more favourable terms than formerly. Having now established everything in Malacca to his mind, Albuquerque determined upon returning to Cochin, leaving Euy de Brito Batalim (-) to command the fort, with a garri- son of 300 men. He left at the same time Ferdinando Perez de Adurada, ( 8 ) with 10 ships and 300 soldiers, to protect the trade, and carried four ships with himself on his return to Cochin. Pate Quitir, the native of Java, who had been preferred by Albuquerque to the command of the native inhabitants of Malacca, continued to carry on measures for expelling the Portuguese, and having strengthened himself secretly, at last broke out into rebellion. Having slain a Portuguese captain and several men, and taken some pieces of cannon, he suddenly fortified the quarter of the city in which he resided, and stood on his defence with 6,000 men and two elephants. Ferdtnan- do PEKEzand Alonso Pessoa went against him with 320 men, partly by land and partly by water, and, after a long contest, presents to Aleuqueeque, offering himself as a vassal to the king of Portugal, which was accepted, but nothing is said about this demand for office. ( 1 ) He sent one to the King of Siam. directly after he took Ma- lacca, under Duaete Fernandez, with two Chinese merchant Captains on their way back to China. ( 2 ) Catalih. — Commentaries, Albuquerque. ( 3 ) Dakdeada. — Commentaries, Albuquerque. Probably correctly De Andeade. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 129 forced him to flee for refuge in the woods, after many of his men were slain. A considerable quantity of artillery and am- munition was found in that part of the ground, after being plundered of much riches. Having received succour from Java, and from Mahmud, the expelled king of Malacca, ( i ) Quitir erected another fort in a convenient place at some distance from the city, where he became powerful by sea and land, being in hopes of usurping the sovereignty of Malacca. Perez went out against him, but, though he fought as valiantly as before, he was forced to retreat after losing three captains and four soldiers. ( 2 ) At this time Lacsamaxa, an officer be- longing to Mahmud, entered the river of Malacca with a great number of men and many cannon on board several vessels. Perez attacked him with three ships, and a furious battle took place, which lasted for three hours, with much advantage on the side of the Portuguese ; but night obliged the combatants to desist, and Perez took a position to prevent, as he thought, the Malayans from escaping out of the river during the dark- ness. But Lacsamaxa threw up an intrenchment of such respectable appearance during the night, that it was thought too dangerous to attempt an attack, and Perez retired to the fort. At this time three ships entered the port from India, bringing a supply of ammunition and a reinforcement of 150 soldiers ; but Lacsamana had established himself so advantage- ously that he intercepted all the vessels carrying provisions for Malacca, which was reduced to such straits that many fell down in the streets from famine. The same plague attended Pate Quitir in his quarters. When the season became fit for ( 1 ) The Commentaries state that Sultan Mahmud died of grief shortly after his arrival in Pahang, whence he despatched an uncle of his, Tuan Nacem Mudaltar, with an embassy to China to ask for help in recovering his kingdom ; which was unsuccessful, the emperor having heard of the favourable treatment Chinese traders at Malacca had received at the hands of Albuquerque. Tuan Nacem Mu- daliar died of chagrin on his way back. ( 2 ) The Commentaries state that, after being driven out of his stockade the first time, he obtained a safe-conduct from Albuquer- que, but would not remain in Malacca. 130 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OP MALACCA. navigation, Perez set out with ships and a galley in quest of provisions. While sailing towards Singapore, the galley dis- covered a sail, and stuck by it till the fleet came up. It was found to be laden with provisions and ammunition for Pate Qttitir. Perez brought the captain and other headmen on board his own ships, where they attempted to slay the Portu- guese, even Perez being stabbed in the back by a kris or dag- ger. Being foiled in this attempt, most of them leapt into tho sea, but some were taken and put to the rack, who confessed that there was a son of Quitir among them, and that they were followed by three other vessels similarly laden. These were likewise captured and carried to Malacca. At the same time Gomez de Cunha arrived with his ships with provisions from Pegu, where he had. been to settle a treaty of amity and commerce with the king of that country. The famine being thus appeased and the men recovered, Perez attacked Pate Quitir by sea and land ; and having fortunately succeeded in the capture of his fortified quarters, which were set on fire, that chieftain was forced to retire to Java, and Lacsamana, on seeing this success of the Portuguese, retired with his forces. • This island (Java) is almost 100 leagues in length from east to west, but is narrow in proportion to its breadth, being divided by a long range of mountains through its whole length, like the Apennines of Italy, which prevents intercourse be- tween the two coasts. It has several ports and good cities, and its original inhabitants appear to have come from China. ( 1 ) In after times the Moors of Malacca possessed themselves of the sea-coast, obliging the natives to take shelter in the forests and mountains of the interior. At this period a Malay chief named Pati Unus was lord of the city of Japara, ( 2 ) who became afterwards King of Sunda. Indignant that the metro- polis of the Malayan territories should be possessed by the enemies of the Mahometan faith, he had been seven years preparing a powerful armament of ninety sail to attempt the ( 1 ) There was a very early intercourse between Java and China. ( 2 ) Japara was in Java proper, not in Sunda. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 131 conquest of Malacca, during all which time he kept up a secret correspondence with the Javan Malays who inhabited that city. Several of his ships were equal in size to the largest Portuguese galleons, and the one destined for himself was larger than any ships then built by the Europeans. Having completed his preparations, he embarked with 12,000 men and a formidable train of artillery, and appeared suddenly before the city. Ferdin\ando Perez immediately embarked with 350 Portuguese and some native troops in seventeen ves- sels, and attacked the Javan fleet, with which he had an obstinate engagement, doing considerable damage to the enemy, but night parted the combatants. Next morning Pati Unus endeavoured to get into the river Muar with his fleet, but Perez pursued him, and penetrating into the midst of the enemy, plied his cannon and fireworks with such success that many of the Javan ships were sunk or set on fire. After a furious battle of some endurance, Unus fled, and was pursued all the way to Java, where he preserved his own vast vessel as a memorial of his escape and of the grandeur of his fleet, and not without reason, as a merchant of Malacca engaged to purchase it of Perez for 10,000 ducats if taken. This victory cost the Portuguese some blood, as several were slain, and few escaped without wounds. From this time for- wards, the natives of Java were for ever banished from Malacca. Soon after this brilliant victory, Ferdinando Perez sailed from Malacca to Cochin with a valuable cargo of spice, accom- panied by Lopez de Azevedo and Axtoxio de Abkeu, who came from the discovery of the Molucca islands with three ships. After their arrival at Cochin, Antonio de Miranda arrived there from Siam, to the great joy of Albuquerque, who thus reaped the rich fruits of his care and labour for the acquisition of Malacca, and the happy return of those whom he had sent upon other discoveries. King Mahmud had not yet lost ail hope of recoveriug Malac- ca, to which he now drew near ; and having in vain attempted to succeed by force, he had recourse to stratagem. For this purpose he prevailed on a favourite officer named Tuan Maxi- 1-32 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. liz (*) to imitate the conduct of Zopirus at Babylon. Being accordingly mutilated, Tuan Maxiliz fled with some companions to Malacca, giving out that he had escaped from the tyrannical cruelty of his sovereign. Ruy de Brito, who then commanded in the citadel of Malacca, credited his story, and reposed so much confidence in his fidelity that he was admitted at all times into the fortress. At length, having appointed a particular day for the execution of his long-concerted enter- prise, on which Mahmud was to send a party to second his efforts or to bring him off, he and his accomplices got admit- tance into the fort as usual, and immediately began to assassi- nate the Portuguese garrison by means of their daggers, and had actually slain six before they were able to stand to their defence. Brito, who happened to be asleep when the alarm was given, immediately collected his men, and drove the traitor and his companions from the fort, at the very moment when a party of armed Malays came up to second their efforts. The commander of his party, named Tuan Calascar, on learning the miscarriage of Tuan Maxiliz, pretended that he came to the assistance of Brito, and by that means was per- mitted to retire. Soon after this, Pedro de Faria arrived at Malacca from the Straits of Sabam, bringing with him Abdela ( 2 ) King of Campar, who, being no longer able to endure the insolence of his father-in-law Mahmud, came to reside in security under the protection of the Portuguese in Malacca. This was in the month of July, 1543, ( 3 ) shortly after the arrival of George de Albuquerque from Goa to command at Malacca. By instruction from the viceroy, Abdela was appointed Bendara, or Governor of the natives, which office had till then been enjoyed by Ninachetu, who was now displaced on account of some miscarriage or malversation. Ninachetu, who was a Gentoo, so much resented this affront, that he resolved to give a signal demonstration of his fidelity and concern. He was 0) Majlis (?). ( c ) Abdullah. ( 3 ) 1513 (?). PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 133 very rich, and gave orders to dress up a scaffold or funeral pile in the market-place or bazaar of Malacca, splendidly adorned with rich silks and cloth of gold, the middle of the pile being composed of a vast heap of aromatic wood of high price. The entire street from his dwelling to the pile was strewed with sweet-scented herbs and flowers, and adorned with rich hangings, corresponding to the magnificence of the pile. Having collected all his friends, and clad himself and family in splendid attire, he went in solemn procession to the bazaar, where he mounted the scaffold and made a long harangue, in which he protested his innocence, and declared that he had always served the Portuguese with the utmost zeal and fidelity. Having ordered the pile to be fired, and seeing the whole in flames, he declared that he would now mount to heaven in that flame and smoke, and immediately cast himself into the flaming pile, to the great admiration of all the beholders. At this time the king of Campar had gone home, intend- ing to return to assume his office of Bendara, but was hindered by Mahmud and the king of Bintang, who fitted out a fleet of 70 sail with 2,500 men under the command of the king of Lingga, and besieged Campar, in the harbour of: which town there were 8 Portuguese vessels and some native praus, under the command of George Bottello. Observing this squadron to be somewhat careless, the king of Lingga fell suddenly with his galley on the ship commanded by Bottello, followed by the rest of his fleet; but met with so warm a reception that his galley was taken, so that he had to leap overboard, and the rest of the enemy's fleet was put to flight. The siege was now raised, and Bottello conveyed the king of Campar to Malacca, where he exercised the office of Bendara with so much judgment and propriety, that in four months the city was visibly improved, great numbers of people resorting thither who had formerly fled to Mahmud to avoid the oppressions of Kinachetu. Perceiving the growth of the city under the wise administration of Abdela, Mahmud determined to put a stop to this prosperity by means of a fraud peculiar to a Moor. He gave out secretly, yet so that it might spread abroad, that his son-in-law had gone over to the Portuguese at Malacca with his knowledge and consent, 134- PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. and that the same thing was done by all those who seemed to fly there from Bintang, with the design to seize npon the fort on the first opportunity, and restore it to him who was the lawful prince. This secret, as intended by Mahaiud, was at length divulged at Malacca, where it produced the intended effect, as the commandant, George de Albuquerque, gave more credit to this false report than to the honest proceedings of the Bendara, who was tried and condemned as a traitor, and had his head cut off on a public scaffold. In consequence of this event, the city was left almost desolate by the flight of the native inhabitants, and was afterwards oppressed by famines. Some time after, we find Malacca was again distressed, through the misrule of the then Governor, George de Brito, and others, which occasioned almost all the native inhabitants to desert the city in order to avoid oppression. In this situa- tion, Mahmud, the exiled king, sent a considerable force to attempt recovering his capital, under the command of Ceri- lige Rajah ( l ) his general. Cerilige intrenched his army, and so pressed the besieged that the Portuguese would assuredly have been driven from Malacca, had not Don Alexius de Menezes arrived to assume the Government, with a reinforce- ment of 300 men. Menezes secured the safety of Malacca by supplying it with men and ammunition, and appointed Alfonso Lopes de Costa to the under-government, in place of Brito, who was dying. Duante ( 2 ) de Melo was left there with a naval force ; and Duarte Coello was sent with an embassy and pre- sent to the king of Siam to confirm a treaty of peace and amity, and to request of him to send a colony of his subjects to inhabit Malacca, so that the Moors, whom he hated as much as the Portuguese did, might be for ever excluded from that place. All this was agreed to, and, as a testimonial of his friendship to the Christians, he caused a cross, ornamented with the arms of Portugal, to be erected in a conspicuous part of the city of Hudia, ( 3 ) where he then resided. Having (!) Sri Adika ( ? ) or Sri Lela ( ? ). ( a ) Duarte. ( 3 ) Ayuthia, the then capital, higher up the river. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 135 finis succeeded in his mission, Coello was forced by stress of weather upon the coast of Pahang, where he was received in a friendly manner by the king, who voluntarily submitted to be- come a vassal to the crown of Portugal, and to pay a cup of gold as an annual tribute. This was clone more from hatred to the king of Bintang than from love to the Portuguese. The kingdom of Siam at that time was one of the greatest in the East, the two other of greater consequence being China and Bisnagar. The great river Menam runs through the middle from North to South, having its source in the great lake of Chiamay, in lat 30° N., and its mouth in lat 13° N., so that the length of this kingdom is 330 leagues. On the west it joins Bengal, on the south Malacca, on the north China, and on the east Cambodia. The territory contains both moun- tains and plains, and it is inhabited by many different races of people, some of whom are extremely cruel and bar- barous, and even feed on human flesh. Among these, the Guei ornament themselves with figures impressed with hot irons. ( x ) Siam abounds in elephants, cattle, and buffaloes. It has many sea-ports and populous cites, Hudia being the metropolis or residence of the Court. The Siamese build sumptuous tem- ples, in which they have images of vast size. They are very religious, sparing in their diet, much given to divination, and addicted to the study of astrology. The country is extremely fertile, and abounds in gold, silver, and other metals. The memorable services of the subjects are recorded, that they may be read to the kings. In the year 1518, the king of Bintang ( 2 ) again attacked Malacca by land, with 1,500 men and many elephants, while GO vessels blockaded the harbour. The Portuguese garrison consisted only of 200 men, many of whom were sick, but the danger cured them of their fevers, and every one ran to repel the enemy. After a severe encounter of three hours, the O This account of Siam seems to be borrowed direct from stanzas 125 and 126 of the tenth canto of the Lusiads. See Mr. Satow's Bibliographv of Siam supra p. . Ed. ( 2 ) Bentan. 136 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. enemy was repulsed with great loss. He continued, however, before the town for three weeks, aud then retired, having lost 330 men, while 18 of the Portuguese were slain. On the arrival of reinforcements, having been much injured by fre- quent inroads from the fort of Muar, not far from Malacca, the Portuguese took that place by assault, killing most of the garrison, which consisted of 800 Moors, and after securing the spoil burnt Muar to the ground. There were 300 cannons at this place, some of which were brass. Nothing more of any note happened this year, except that Diego Pacheco with most of his men were lost in two ships, which went in search of the Island of Gold, which probably is Japan. In the year 1519, Antonio Correa concluded a treaty of amity aud commerce with the king of Pegu, which was mutually sworn to between him and the king and ministers, assisted by the priests of both nations, Catholic and Pagan. The heathen priest was called the grand Raulim, who, after the treaty or capitulation was read, made according to their custom in the golden mine, began to read from a book, and then taking some yellow paper, a colour dedicated to holy purposes, and some sweet-smelling leaves impressed with cer- tain characters, set both on fire ; after which, holding the hands of the minister over the ashes, he pronounced some words which rendered the oath inviolable. The metropolis of the kingdom is called Bagou, corruptly called Pegu, which name is likewise given to the kingdom. It has the Bay of Bengal on the west, iMam on the east, Malacca on the south, and Arracan on the north. This kingdom is almost 100 leagues in length, and in some places of the same breadth, not including the conquered provinces. The land is plain, well watered, and very fertile, producing abundance of provisions of all kinds, particularly cattle and grain. It has many tem- ples, with a prodigious multitude of images, and a vast number of ceremonies. At this time George Albuquerque was sent to Suma- tra, on purpose to restore a king of Pisang, (*) who had been ( x ) Ptisei. Albuquerque, on his way to Malacca, had met him going to Java, and promised to aid in restoring him to his kingdom. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 137 expelled and fled to the Portuguese for protection and. aid. On his arrival, having secured the co-operation and assistance of the neighbouring king of Ara, Albuquerque sent a message to the usurper desiring him to resign the kingdom to the lawful prince, who had submitted to the king of Portu- gal, (xenial, ( 1 ) the usurper, offered to make the same sub- mission if allowed to retain possession, but this offer was refused. Albuquerque then attacked (xenial in his fort, which was scaled and the gate broken open ; yet the usurper and thirty men valiantly defended a tower over the gateway, till Genial was slain by a musket-shot, on which the others immediately fled. The Portuguese troops, about 300 in num- ber, were opposed by 3,000 Moors in the market-place, assisted by some elephants. Hector de Sylveira endeavoured to strike one of these in the trunk with his lance, which the last put aside, and laying hold of Sylveira threw him into the air, yet he had the good fortune to survive. Two other Por- tuguese soldiers had better success, as one of them killed the rider and the other wounded the elephant, on which he turned among his own party, whom he trampled to death without mercy. The Moors now retired to another post, but with the aid of the king of Ara ( 2 ) they were completely defeated by the Portuguese, 2,000 of them being slain. In this battle Albuquerque received two wounds in his face, and four or five peisons of note were killed on the side of the Portuguese, besides a great many wounded. Next day the dispossessed Prince of Pisang ( 3 ) was reinstated with much ceremony, being made tributary to the King of Portugal, and a fort was erected at his capital, as at other places, to keep him under subjec- tion. The island of Sumatra extends in length, from the north- west to the south-east, for about 220 leagues, by 70 in its greatest breadth, and is cut nearly in two equal parts by the equinoctial line. It is separated from Malacca by a nar- 0) Jenal (?). ( 2 ) Aru. ( 3 ) Pasei. 138 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. row strait, and its most southern point is parted from Java by one still narrower. Java is about 100 leagues long by twelve in breadth. To the east of Sumatra is the great island of Borneo, through which likewise the equinoctial line passes, leaving two-thirds of the island on the north side of the line. The maritime parts of Sumatra are flat, but the interior is full of mountains, pervaded by many large rivers, and covered by impenetrable woods which even the rays of the sun are unable to pierce. Owing to these circumstances Sumatra is very unhealthy, yet is much resorted to for its rich and valuable productions, and particularly on account of its abounding in gold ( * ) . Besides gold, it produces white sandal- wood, benzoin, camphor, pepper, ginger, cinna- mon, abundance of silk, and abounds in fish and cattle. It has in one part a spring of petroleum or rock oil, and one of its mountains is a volcano. The original natives of the island are Pagans, but the Moors, who came there first as merchants, have possessed themselves of the island as lords, ever since the year 1400. Among the island tribes is one called Batas, who are of most brutal manners, and even feed on human flesh. The Moors, who dwell on the coast, use several languages, but chiefly the Malay. Their weapons are poisoned arrows, like those of the natives of Java, from whom they are descended, but they likewise use fire-arms. This island is divided into nine kingdoms, of which Pedir was once the chief; but now that of Pacem ( 2 ) or Pisang is the most powerful, yet its kings only continue to reign so long as it pleases the rabble. At this time Antonio de Brfto arrived at Pisang from Acheen, where his brother George de Brito had been slain by the Moors, with a great number of men, in a scandalous attempt to rob the sepulchres of the kings of that country of ( x ) Found chiefly in the districts of Limun, Batang Asei, and Pangkalan Jambi, lying south of Korinchi, about tributaries of the Jambi river. The gold is found in a yellow and sometimes red- dish clay near a stratum of white crystals, quartz. ( 2 ) Pasei. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 139 a great quantity of gold they were said to contain. Antonio was now left by Albuquerque in the command of the new fort of Pisang, with three ships, which were afterwards of great service against a Moor who infested the coast, On his return to Malacca, of which he had the command, Albuquerque pre- pared to make war upon the king of Bintang. That island, about 40 leagues from Malacca, is 40 leagues in circum- ference, having two strong castles, and its rivers staked to prevent the access of ships, so that it was considered as almost impregnable. Albuquerque went from Malacca with 18 ves- sels and 600 men, and finding it impossible to get his ships up, he endeavoured to land his men from boats to attack one of the forts ; but the water being up to their middles, and the enemy making a brave resistance, they were forced to retire, after losing twenty men, besides a great number wounded. In the same year, 1521, Antonio de Brito sailed for the Molucca islands. These islands are in the middle of a great number of others under the equator, about 300 leagues east from Malacca. There are five principal islands to which the general name of Moluccas is applied, about 25 leagues distant from each other, the largest not exceeding six leagues in cir- cumference. The particular names of these are Ternate, Tidore, Mousell, f 1 ) Macquein, ( 2 ) and Bacham. They are covered with woods and subject to fogs, and are consequently unheal- thy. These five islands produce cloves, but no kind of food ; and the large island of Batochina, ( 3 ) which is 60 leagues long, produces food but no cloves. In some of these islands, particularly Ternate, there are burning mountains. The chief subsistence of the people is of a kind of meal made from the bark of certain trees resembling the palm. There are certain canes that have a liquor in their hollows between the joints, ( l ) This ma}" be meant for MisoL in which case it is a mistake, as that lies further south-east off the west coast of New Guinea, between it and Ceram; or it may be meant for Morotai. the other of the Molucca isles, lying north-east of Gilolo. ( a ) Makian. ( 3 ) Bachan. 140 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. which is delightful to drink. Though the country abounds in animals, the natives eat very little flesh, but live chiefly on fish, which their seas produce inexhaustibly. They are very warlike and by no means affable, and are most expert both in running and swimming. Their religion is idolatrous, but we have no account whatever respecting their origin. The Moors had possessed themselves of this country not long before the coming of the Portuguese, as a Mahometan priest who had come along with the first of the Moorish invaders was still alive at the arrival of Brito. The following account of a struggle which, the Portuguese had with the Chinese may not be uninteresting :-— In one of the former years, Ferdinando Perez de Andrada had established a trade at Quan-tung, or Canton, on China, which was so exceedingly profitable that every one was eager to engage in it. In the present year, 1521, Simon de An- drada was sent by Sequeira to China with five ships, and cast anchor in the port of the island of Tamou opposite to Canton, where his brother had been formerly. The Portuguese am- bassador to the Emperor of China still remained at that place, but set out soon afterwards up a large river, with three vessels splendidly decorated with Portuguese colours, it being a received custom that none but those of China should be seen there, which are gules , a lion rampant. In this manner he arrived at the foot of a mountain from which that great river derives its source. This mountainous ridge, called Malexam, beginning at the bay of Cochin China on the borders of Yunnan province, runs through the three southern provinces of China, Quang=se, Quantung, [and Fo-kien, dividing them from the interior provinces, as Spain is divided from France by the Pyrenees. Thomas Perez, leaving the vessels at this place, travelled northwards to the city of Nankin, where the king then was, having spent four months in the journey without stopping at any place. The emperor, however, thought proper to appoint his audience at Peking, a city far distant, to which place Perez accordingly followed. "While on the journey, Simon de Andrada behaved himself so improperly in the island of Tamou, that an account of his proceedings was sent to court, and Thomas Perez and his companions were con- PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 141 denmed to death as spies. The rigour of his sentence was mitigated, but the embassy was not received, and Perez was sent back as a prisoner to Canton, with orders that the Por- tuguese should restore Malacca to its native king, who was a vassal to China ; in which case the embassy would be re- ceived, but otherwise the ambassador and his suite were to be put to death, and the Portuguese for ever excluded from China as enemies. Simon de Andrada conducted himself with a high hand, as if he had been king of Tamou, where he raised a fort, and set up a gallows to intimidate the people. He committed violence against the merchants who resorted to the port, and bought young people of both sexes, giving occa- sion to thieves to steal them from their parents. These ex- travagant proceedings lost nothing in their transmisssion to court, and were the cause of the severe orders respecting Perez and his followers. At this time Diego Calva arrived, with one ship from Lisbon and several others from Malacca, and in consequence of this addition to their strength, the Portuguese acted still more insolently than before, and so exasperated the gover- nors of the province that they apprehended several of them, and even contrived to take the last-arrived ship. At the commencement of hostilities, Duarte Coello arrived from Malacca with two ships well manned and armed. The Itao, or Chinese admiral in these seas, attacked the Portuguese with fifty ships, and though he did them some damage, he was so severely handled by the artillery that he was forced to retire and to remain at some distance, keeping up a strict blockade. After matters had remained in this state for forty days, Ambrose de Eego arrived with two additional ships from Malacca, and the Portuguese determined upon forcing their way through the Chinese fleet. The battle on this occa- sion was very bloody, but, in consequence of a gale of wind dispersing the Chinese fleet, the Portuguese were enabled to get away from the island of Tamou. The Itao revenged him- self upon such of the Portuguese as had fallen into his hands, and particularly upon Thomas Perez and his companions, who were all slain, and their baggage robbed of the present intended for the emperor, and of all the commodities which 1 12 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. Perez had purchased during his residence in China. Such was the profitableness of the China trade at this time, that Perez, though only an apothecary of mean parentage, had by this time acquired 2,000 weight of rhubarb, 1,600 pieces of damask, 400 pieces of other silks, above 100 ounces of gold, 2,000 ounces of silver, 84 pounds of loose musk, above 3,000 purses or coods of that perfume called papos, and a great deal of other commodities. Between the years 1522 and 1524 Malacca was much straiten- ed by the king of Bintang, ( l ) who sent a powerful armament against it, to oppose which George Albuquerque sent a naval force under Don Sancho Enriquez ; but in a violent storm 70 out of 200 Portuguese were lost. Till now the king of Pahang had sided with the Portuguese; but seeing the tide of fortune had turned against them, he too became their enemy. Ignorant of this change, Albuquerque sent three ships to his port for provisions, where two of his captains and thirty men were killed. The third made his escape, but was slain with all his men at Java. Simon Abreu and his crew were slain on another occasion, and two vessels sent to pre- vent provisions from getting into Bintang were lost. At this time Mascarenhas, who waited in Malacca for the proper sea- son of sailing to Cochin to assume the government, went against Bintang with twenty-one ships and 400 Portuguese soldiers, having likewise 600 Malays commanded by Tuan Mahomet and Sinai Rajah. Although the capital of Bintang was well fortified and defended by 7,000 men, Mascarenhas surmounted every opposition and took the place. Of the enemy 400 were slain and 2,000 taken prisoners. A vast booty was made on this occasion, among which were nearly 300 pieces of cannon ; and the Portuguese lost only three men in this glorious exploit. The king of Bintang died of grief, and Mascarenhas restored the kingdom to the lawful heir under vassalage to Portugal, the former king having been an usurper. C 1 ) Bentan. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 143 The island of Sunda is divided on the south from Java by a very narrow channel. It produces pale gold with abun- dance of pepper and provision. The natives are numerous but un warlike, yet are curious in adorning their arms. They worship idols, and often sell their children to supply their necessities. The women are beautiful, those of the higher ranks being chaste, contrary to what is usual in most parts of the world. They have convents as in Spain and Portugal, in which they reside while virgins ; and the married women kill themselves on the death of their husbands. This would be a good custom to show their duty and affection, were it not contrary to the law of nature, and therefore a barbarous error. Enrique Seme happening to go there, drawn by the plenty and goodness of its peppers, was well received by the king Samiam, who offered ground for a fort, and to pay a yearly tribute of 351 quintals of pepper to purchase the friendship and support of the Portuguese against the Moors, by whom he was much infested. But when Fran- cisco de Sa came to build the fort, he met with such opposi- tion from the Moors that he was obliged to return to Malacca. We find afterwards that in the year 1571 another attempt was made by the Moors to wrest Malacca from the power of the Portuguese. The king of Acheen was one of the Indian princes who had entered into the grand confederacy against the Portuguese, and had agreed to lay siege to Malacca, but did not execute his part of the league till about the middle of October 1571, when he appeared before Malacca with a fleet near 100 sail, in which he had 7,000 soldiers, with a large train of artillery and a vast quantity of ammunition. Landing on the night of his arrival, he set fire to the town of Ileer, ( x ) which was saved from total destruction by a sudden and violent shower of rain. He next endeavoured to burn the Portuguese ships in the harbour, but failing in this and some minor enterprizes, he sat down before the city, intending to take it by a regular siege, having been disap- pointed in his expectations of carrying it by a covp de main. f 1 ) A mistake for " Bandar Hilir. 144 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. At this time Malacca was in a miserable condition, excess- ively poor, having very few men, and these unhealthy and dispirited, having suffered much by shipwreck, sickness, and scarcity of provisions ; not without deserving these calami- ties, for Malacca was then the Portuguese Nineveh in India ; I know not if it be so now. In this deplorable situation, incessantly battered by the enemy, cut off from all supplies of provisions, Malacca had no adequate means and hardly any hopes of defence. In this extremity, Tristan Vaz accident- ally entered the port with a single ship, in which he had been to Sunda for a cargo of pepper. Being earnestly entreated by the besieged to assist them, he agreed to do everything in his power, though it seemed a rash attempt to engage a fleet of 100 sail with only ten vessels, nine of which were almost rotten and destitute of rigging. Among these he distributed 300 naked and hungry wretches ; and though confident in his own valour, he trusted only in the mercy of God, and caused all his men to prepare for battle by confession, of which he set them the example. He sailed from Malacca with this armament about the end of November 1571, and soon dis- covered the formidable fleet of the enemy in the river Fermo- so. ( 1 ) Giving the command of his own ship to Emanuel Fer- ragra, Tristan Yaz de Vega went sword in hand into a galliot, to encourage his men to behave valiantly by expos- ing himself to the brunt of battle along with them. On the signal being given by a furious discharge of cannon, Tristan instantly boarded the admiral ship of the enemy, making great havoc in her crew of 200 men, and even carried away her ensign. Ferdinando Perez, with only 13 men in a small vessel, took a galley of the enemy's. Ferdinand de Lemos ran down and sank one of the enemy's ships. Francisco de Sima having taken another, set her on fire, that he might be at liberty to continue the fight. Emanuel Ferragra sank three vessels, unrigged others, and slew great numbers of the enemy. In short, every one fought admirably, and the whole hostile fleet fled, except four galleys and seven small f 1 ) i.e. Batu Pah at. PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 145 vessels that were burnt or sunk. Seven hundred of the enemy were taken or slain, with the loss only of five men on the side of the victors. The Portuguese ships waited three days in the river to see if the enemy would return, and then carried the joyful news to Malacca, where it could hardly be believed. The king of Acheen appears to have raised the siege of Ma- lacca after this naval victory. Scarcely had India begun to enjoy some respite after the late troubles, when the queen of Japara sent her general Quiafdamand to besiege Malacca, with 15,000 chosen natives of Java, in a fleet of 80 large galleons and above 220 smaller vessels. Tristan Vaz de Vega happened to be then at Ma- lacca, and was chosen by common consent to assume the com- mand, Francisco Enriquez, the former commandant, being dead. Tristan Vaz sent immediate notice to Goa of his danger, on which Moniy issued orders to all the neighbouring places to send succours, and to fit out a fleet for its relief. In the meantime the Javanese army landed and besieged Malacca. Vaz sent JuanPereyra and Martin Ferreyra with 150 men to drive the enemy from a fort. After killing 70 of the enemy, they levelled the work, and brought off seven pieces of can- non. Pereyra afterwards burnt 30 of their galleons, and de- stroyed some great engines which they had constructed for attacking a bastion. Two other officers, in a sortie, burnt the palisades which the enemy had erected for straitening the garrison and defending their own quarters. After this, Pereyra, going out of the river with the Portuguese vessels, besieged the besiegers, and at Jor took a large quantity of provisions that were going to the Javanese army. Upon these repeated misfortunes, the Javanese embarked in great conster- nation and withdrew under cover of night, but were pursued by Pereyra, who cut off many of their vessels in the rear. Al- most half of this great army perished by the sword or sick- ness in this siege, which lasted three months. Hardly was the army of the queen of Japara gone from Malacca, when the king of Acheen arrived before it with ±0 galleys and several ships and smaller vessels, to the number of 100 in all, with a great train of artillery. Tristan Vaz gave orders to Juan Pereyra in a galley, Bernardin de Silva 146 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA, in a caravel, and Ferdinand de Palares in a ship, having each 40 men, to go out of the harbour on purpose to protect a convoy of provisions then on its way to Malacca, of which the city was in great want. The fleet of the enemy immediately attacked them, and soon battered all three ships to pieces. Seventy- five of the Portuguese were slain or drowned on this occasion, forty were made prisoners, and only five saved them- selves by swimming. Only 150 men now remained in Ma- lacca, of whom 110 were sick or aged. Being in want both of men and ammunition, Tristan Vaz was under the necessity of remaining very quiet ; but the enemy, fearing he was pre- paring some stratagem against them, raised the siege in a panic of terror, when they might easily have carried the city, after remaining before it from the beginning to the end of January 1575. The priests, women and children of the dis- tressed city had implored the mercy of God with sighs and tears ; and, next to God, the city owed its safety to the courage of Tristan Vaz, and to his generosity likewise, as he spent above 20,000 ducats in its defence. After this period, we find that the power of the Portuguese in India began to decline, and that of the Hollanders to rise. It may be interesting to know that, according to De Faria, ( x ) the historian before us, it was in the year 1597 that the Dutch first ventured to India. We give his own words : " In May 1597, Don Francisco de Gama, Count of Vidu- gueyra, grandson to the discoverer, arrived at Goa as viceroy of India, but carried himself with so much haughty state that he gained the dislike of all men. During his government the scourge of the pride and covetousness of the Portu- guese came first into India, as in the month of September news was brought to Goa that the two first ships of the Hol- landers that had ventured to navigate the Indian seas had been in the port of Titangone, and were bound for the island of Sunda. In a grand council held upon this important event, it was ordered to fit out a squadron of two galleons, three galleys, and nine other vessels to attack the intruders, C 1 ) Faria y Souza, Author of "Asia Portuguese" PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 14? and the command was given on this occasion to Lorenzo de Brito, an ancient and experienced officer. The two Holland ships did some small damage on the coast of Malabar and other places, and when off Malacca fell in with six ships bound from that place for India, commanded b} r Francisco de Silva. They immediately engaged, and fought the whole of the afternoon and part of the night. Next morning the engagement was renewed, and was repeated for eight suc- cessive clays, till, finding themselves too weak, the Hollanders drew off and made for the port of Queda, many of their men being slain and most of the rest wounded. At that place they quitted the smallest of their ships for want of men, and the other was afterwards cast away on the coast of Pegu. In the year 1597 the Hollanders fitted out a squadron of eight ships at Amsterdam for India, with 800 men and provisions for three years, under the command of the admiral Jacob Cornelius van Nec The object of this expedition, besides hostility to the king of Spain, who at that time usurped the throne of Portugal, was that they might pur- chase the spices and other commodities of Asia at a cheaper rate than they had hitherto been accustomed to in Portugal. The fleet sailed from Amsterdam on the 13th of May 1598. On the 24th July they. saw the Cape of Good Hope, where three of the ships were separated in a violent storm. The other five ships, under the admiral, discovered the island of Madagascar on the 24th of August, coming to Cape St. Julian on the 30th of that month. On the 20th of September they came to the island of Ceme or Cisne, in lat. 21°S., to which they gave the name of Mauritius. Here they found tortoises of such magnitude that one of them carried two men on its back, and birds which were so tame as to allow themselves to be killed with sticks, whence they concluded that the island was not inhabited. At Banda they joined the other three ships, and having laden four with spices, they were sent away to Holland, while the other three went into the Moluccas. On the 21st January 1599, they discovered the Great Java, and touched at the port of Tuban, after which they came to Madura, an island in lat. 2.30°S., on the 27th of that month. At this place they endeavoured to ransom 148 PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. some of their [countrymen who had been cast away in their former ships, and some others who had been made prisoners for endeavouring to pass false money; but as the natives demanded too high a ransom they attempted to rescue them by force ; but two boats full of armed men being sunk in the attempt, they were forced to comply with the terms demanded. They settled a trade' at Aniboina, and two of the ships opened a factory at Banda, where they loaded with spice, and return- ed into Holland on the 20th of April 1600. Those who were left in the remaining ship at Amboina went to Ternate in the Moluccas, where they were well received by the king, and after procuring a lading of cloves returned home. The Hollanders, becoming powerful at the Molucca is- lands, and forming an alliance with these islanders, who were weary of the avarice and tyranny of the Portuguese, expelled them from Amboina and established themselves at Ternate, whence the Portuguese had been formerly expelled by the natives, by the aid of the king of Ternate. The Holland- ers likewise about 1604 got possession of the fort of Tidore, whence about 400 Portuguese were permitted to retire by sea to the Philippine Islands, where they were hospitably received by Don Pedro de Cunha, who commanded there for the Spaniards. In February 1605, de Cunha sailed from the Philippines with 1,000 Spanish and 400 native troops, and recovered the fort of Ternate, chiefly owing to the bravery of Joan Rodrigues Camalo, who commanded a company of Por- tuguese in this expedition. De Cunha thence proceeded for Tidore, which he likewise reduced, by which conquest the Molucca islands became subject to Spain. About this time a large English ship and a ketch had an engagement with two Portuguese ships beyond the Cape of Good Hope, which escaped after suffering a severe loss. These Eng- lish ships went afterwards to Surat, where they were found by Nunus de Cunha, who had four well-manned galleons, but ill provided with gunners, who were ignorant and cowardly. On descrying these large ships, though the English had reason to be afraid of their number, they undervalued them as heavy sailors, and immediately engaged and fought them till even- ing, killing 30 of the Portuguese. The engagement recom- PORTUGUESE HISTORY OF MALACCA. 149 meiiced at daylight next morning, and two of the Portuguese galleons, endeavouring to run on board the large English ship, got aground, on which the pink or ketch, belonging to the enemy, kept firing its cannon upon one of the ground- ed galleons, till it floated off with the evening tide. The other two galleons fought the large English ship all day. On the third day, all the four galleons being afloat, en- deavoured to board the enemy, who relied on their cannon and swiftness, and sailed away to Castelete, a bay of the pirates near Diu. De Cuxha followed them thither, and again fought them for two days, in all which time the Portu- guese ships could never board them by reason of their unwield- ly bulk. At length the English stood away, shewing black colours in token that their captain was slain. In these long indecisive actions the English and Portuguese both lost a num- ber of men. The English made for Surat, followed still by De Cuxha, on which they left that port, and De Cuxha re- turned to Goa/' How reversed is the order of things now !

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Zy beflaat in haaren omtrek , na giflïng , 1800 schreden , of ontrent een myl, en heef na de Zee-kant een hegte muur ontrent 600 schreden lang, gelyk zy aan de kant van de rievier ten N. W. mede van een brave steene muur voorzien is. Ook is 'er in 't N. O. een steene bolwerk , Sant Domingos genaamd, en ontrent het water heeft men daar wel eer ook de muur Taypa tor by een sterk , dog nu zeer vervallen rondeel , St. Jago genaamd , gehad , behalven dat 'er aan de Zuid-Oost zyde mede Vestingen, en onder weeg nog 2 bolwerken geweest zyn , die de stad een groote sterkte plagten toe te brengen, dog die metter tyd merkelyk vervallen zyu. Wy melden der zelver naamen niet, om dat zy ons hier na zullen voorkomen, daar 't niet qualyk voegen zal.

#Hoe verre den Ban van Malakka zig uytstrekt.

Boven in de stad plagt het Jefuieten kloofter, of dat van St. Paulo, en dat der Minnebroeders , anders dat van Madre de Deos, op de naburige bergen te staan, buiten welke bergen het land vlak en laag, gelyk het ook aan de Zea-kant is , zoodanig, dat het met laag water wel twee snaphaan schooten droog loopt , zynde zoo weck en slykerig , dat men 'er dan met een dagelyks gety, naeulyks aankomen kan. Zy heeft onder zig een land- streek wel van 30 mylen in de lengte, en van 8 a 10 in breedte.

Ontrent de zelve leggen twee Eilan-dekens, Ilha das Naos, dat van de stad beschoten kan werden , en Ilha das Pedras , van waar men steen tot het bouwen der huizen haald ; dog dit kan niet wel door geschut bereikt werden. Tusschen deze Eilanden plagten de Kraaken en Gallioenen der Portugeezen op 4 a 5 va-dem waters te leggen.

Aan de Noord-west kant der stad heeft men een muur, een poort , een kleene Vesting, en een rievier nevens de zelve in Zee , die met laag water versch , dog met hoog water zout is.

Zv is wel 40 schreden wyd, en haren stroom is doorgaans al vry sterk. Zy werd gemeenelyk Crysorant genaamd i ook is 'er aan de Oost-kant een.

Het land over de rievier , dat wel zoo hoog, als dat van de stad , is, werd door een houte brug aan de zelve ge-hegt ; maar aan de Zuid-Oost-kant is het zeer Moerassig, en legt, wanneer het regend, den meeften tyd dras, behalven dat het aan strand wat hooger is.

Men heeft in de ftad veel fraeje, dog ongeplaveyde, wyde en rechte straaten, en veel schoone steene huizen, van de welke zeer vecle nog van de tyd der Portugeezen , volgens hunne gewoonte, vry hegt gebouwd zyn.

Zy legt als in een halve Maan gebouwd , en een kleen beekje loopt 'er midden door, waar over de voornoemde brug is.

# De Vesting.

Daar is een deftige Vefting, die zeer fterk , van zeer goede wallen bolwer- ken, en gefchut voorzien, en in ftaat is, om met hare bezetting al een harde ftoot te konnen uycllaan In de zelve zyn zeer veel vafte fteene gebouwen , en ordentelyke ftraaten , a-lles nog van de oude Portugcefche tyden heugende j en de Toren , die 'er op een hoogte in ftaat , fchynt van buiten nog al iets te wezen, hoewel hy dus in zich zelven zeer bouw-vallig is.

Deze Vefting, die boven op den berg midden in de stad legt , is wel zoo groot , als Delfshaven , zynde als een vlek op zich zelven, heelt ook twee poorten, en fchoon zy met haar een deel op den berg legt, zoo Ipoeld egter de Zee tegen hare muuren beneden aan , zynde de ftad verder open; hy diend jegenwoordig tot een woonplaats voor den Heer Land- Voogd , als ook voor onze verdre bedienden , en de bezetting, die daar al redelyk sterk is. Voor 200 jaren was zy maar een visschers dorp , en is nu een schoone stad.

In de vorige tyden plagten 'er wel 11 a 12000 Ingezetenen zich op te houden j dog nu zyn 'er niet boven de 2 a 300, ten deelen Hollandze,ten deelen Portugeeze , en ten deelen Maleytse huisgezinnen ; dog de laatste onthouden zich maar in Atappe hutjens, en woonen ook meeft aan de uyterfte hoeken der stad.

Buiten de zelve zyn 'er ook eenige fraeje huizeir , en ettelyke nette plantagien van Clappus en andrc boomen ; dog daar in onthouden zig ook meest Maleyers.

#Is welten handel gelegen.

Het is een ftad, die om de straat die 'er aan legt, ongemeen wel tot den handel gelegen is, en waar op van ouds een groote vaart plagt te zyn , gelyk 'er nog van Bengale, Choromandel, Suratte, Persien, Ceylon, Java, Sumatra, Siam , Tonkin , Tsjina , en van veel andre gewesten, op is, die daar ook 10 ten honderd aan tol voor alle inkokomende, en 3 ten honderd voor de uytgaande goederen geven moeten , en plagt de bloote tol , met eenige geregtigheden A°. 1669. hier op te brengen, ƒ 74959 - 18 Ο. En waren 'er in dat eene jaar, behalven de Deense , Portugeese en Moorse schepen, 116 Javanze vaartuigen geweest. Zy diend ongemeen onze schepen, die van Japan door de straat