Chapter 22 : The Ancestors and Descendants of Lakan Dula | Lakandula |Lakan Bunao Dula | Lakan Carlos Dula | Lakan Bunao Dula Bolkiah of the Kingdom of Tondo Manila

 The  artificial intelligence of Google  called Bard,   has the following accounts of the ancestors and descendants of Lakan Dula:


"The ancestors of Lakan Dula are not well-documented. However, it is believed that he was of mixed Tagalog and Kapampangan ancestry. He was said to be a descendant of King Balagtas, a pre-colonial ruler of Pampanga.

Lakan Dula was the last lakan or paramount ruler of pre-colonial Tondo when the Spaniards first conquered the lands of the Pasig River delta in the Philippines in the 1570s. He is a revered figure in Philippine history and culture, and his descendants continue to play an important role in Philippine society.

Some of the known descendants of Lakan Dula include:

It is likely that there are many other descendants of Lakan Dula who are not as well-known. However, all of them can be proud of their heritage and the legacy of their ancestor, who played a significant role in the history of the Philippines."

The Kingdom of Tondo (Kaharian ng Tondo) or Lakanate of Tondo exists unnoticed by the public even today, the hereditary leaders are intact, but they decided to work in the background. One of their major concerns is to advocate for the ancient Filipino culture, arts and tradition like the arnis, baybayin, tinalak, kundiman, siday , hilot, bahay na bato architecture, etc.. They are getting in touch with Filipinos with native sounding surnames whom they believe are their blood relatives or descendants of loyal officers of the ancient kingdom. They  secretly help manage the country through the "Sumpa ni Lakan Dula"  and maintain secret rituals among key leaders  thought "Dine with the Ancestors". Its hereditary leader is a descendant of Lakan Bunao Dula, the last King of Tondo, who inherited the royal title of Rajah or Lakan. They do pro poor projects, maintain websites and meet with potential partners and dignitaries. They are also in search for the descendants of other kingdoms listed below:

     The Timeline of the Pre - Hispanic Philippines

Based on the Principalia Theory of Austronesian Inter Migration, the Rhinoceros man, Dawn man and Callao man existed in the ancient Philippines (Ophir) as early as 709, 000; 250,000 and 65,000 years ago respectively.

1800 BC – Ancient Lawan Pacific Settlement (Ophir, the homeland Asians, Polynesians and Austronesians)

1000 BC - Igorot Society (CAR)

601 AD -   Chiefdoms of Zabag and Wak-Wak (Pampanga and Aparri

800 AD -  Namayan (Mandaluyong, Sta. Ana Manila)

900 AD -  Tondo (Tondo, Manila)

971 AD -   Huangdom of Ma-i

1176 AD - Kingdom of Tondo 

1200 AD - Rajahnate of Cebu, Madjas-as Confederation, Dapitan, Butuan

1252 AD - Lupah Sug (Sulu)

1376 AD - Bruneian Empire

1408 AD - Caboloan Vassal State of Ming China (Pangasinan)

1430 AD - Sultanate of Sulu

1450 AD - Kingdom of Tondo reached its peak with the largest territory in the archipelago

1470 AD - Namayan became a vassal state of Tondo

1492 AD - Kingdom of Taytay (Palawan)

1499 AD - Brunei conquered Ma-i and Sulu

1500 AD - Brunei conquered Tondo's Manila territory and established the puppet Kingdom of Maynila

1501 AD - Maguindanao established

1502 AD - Brunei totally took-over Tondo which lost its territories up north of Luzon.

1521 AD - Magellan reaches the Philippines & is killed by Lapu-Lapu in the battle of Mactan

1522 AD - Maranao established

1532 AD - Lanao established

1564 AD - Sultanate of Ternate established, Spain conquered Cebu

1567 AD - Datu Pagbuaya established

1573 AD - Spain conquered Madjas-As and Tondo

1577 AD - Spain conquered Caboloan

     During the WWll, Philippine President Manuel L.Quezon, a native of the Pacific side of the Philippines within the influence of the ancient Lakanate of Lawan (Ophir), saved more than thousand Jews from Europe to be butchered by the Nazis by accepting them into the Philippines and settling them in his properties in Marikina Valley and the rest is history.                                                                                                                                                                                      

           Rajah Sulayman (also Sulayman I, 1558–1575,[1]) was the Rajah or ruler of the Kingdom of Maynila, a pre-Hispanic state at the mouth of the Pasig River where it empties into Manila Bay in what is now the Philippines, who reigned after Rajah Lontok. He was also the ruler of Kingdom of Tondo inheriting from a long line of rulers: Timamanukum, Alon, Gambang, Suko and Lontok–Kalangitan. Sulayman I was the ruler of Namayan succeeding from Kalangitan and Ache. In effect, Sulayman I is the ruler of the united kingdoms of Manila. He was the kingdom's second to the last indigenous ruler (Lakan Banao Dula is the last), as the state was absorbed into the Spanish Empire during the latter's conquest of Luzon and the archipelago. His eldest son, Lakan Bunao Dula was crowned Lakan (paramount ruler) or King of the united kingdom when Sulayman I was too sick to function as monarch. Sulayman I is the grandson of Abdul Bolkiah and the son of Sulayman Bolkiah. Sulayman I however did not use the surname Bolkiah but instead used the official title of Rajah Soliman Dula l, to mark the new lineage of the united Manila aristocracy [2][3][4]The regnal surname Dulay, later spelled as  Dula came from the native ancient alibata direct translation of Doylly, the surname of the British wife of Rajah Sulaiman I named Ysmeria Doylly, mother of Lakan Dula, Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulaiman II. In the ancient alibata alphabet, the translation of Doylly becomes Dulay , and later became Dula because there is no letter Y in the alibata, the ancient Filipino alphabet (Ka Totoy Talastas).  Sulayman II resisted Spanish forces, and thus, along with Rajah Matanda and Lakan Dula, was one of three Rajahs who played significant roles in the Spanish conquest of the kingdoms of the Pasig River delta in the early 1570s.[5]

The Ancestors of David Dulay (David Dula y Goiti)  

1. Batang Dula: Father of David Dula y Goiti; Son of Lakan Dula and Mutya;Brother of Magat Salamat, Felipe Salonga, Martin Lakan Dula, Dionisio Capulong, Luis Taclocmao and Maria Poloin (married to Juan Alonso Talabos). 

2.Lakan Dula (1503 - 1589): David's grandfather; Husband of Mutya; Son of Rajah Sulaiman I and Ysmeria Doylly; Father of Batang Dula,Martin Lakan Dula, Magat Salamat, Felipe Salonga, Dionisio Capulong,Luis Taclocmao and Maria Poloin (married to Juan Alonso Talabos).

3.Mutya: David's grandmother; Wife of Lakan Dula; Mother of Batang Dula, Felipe                       Salonga, Magat Salamat, Dionisio Capulong,Luis Taclocmao and Maria Poloin (married                       to  Juan Alonso Talabos).   

4.Rajah Sulaiman I: David's great grandfather; Son of Rajah Lontok and Dayang                                 Kalangitan; Husband of Ysmeria Doylly; Father of Lakan Dula and                    Rajah Sulaiman II, ; Brother of Dayang Panginoan, Dayang Lahat and Gat Kahiya.

5.Ysmeria Doylly: David's great grandmother; Wife of Rajah Sulaiman I; Mother of Lakan Dula, Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulaiman II.

6.Rajah Lontok: David's second great grandfather; Son of Sultan Bolkiah and Lela Mechanai; Husband of Dayang Kalangitan; Father of Dayang Panginoan, Dayang Lahat, Rajah Sulaiman I and Gat Kahiya; Brother of Rajah Gappandan

7.Dayang Kalangitan: David's second great grandmother; Wife of Rajah Lontok;Mother of Dayang Panginoan, Dayang Lahat, Rajah Sulaiman I and Gat Kahiya

8.Sultan Bolkiah: David's third great grandfather; Son of Sultan Sulaiman; Husband of Lela Mechanai; Father of Rajah Lontok and Rajah Gatpandan.

9.Lela Mechanai: David's third great grandmother; Daughter of Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra; Wife of Sultan Bolkiah; Mother of Rajah Lontok and Rajah Gatpandan

10.Rajah Gambang: David's third great grandfather; Father of Dayang Kalangitan

11.Sultan Sulaiman: David's fourth great grandfather; Father of Sultan Bolkiah

12.Sultan Amir Ul-Ombra: David's fourth great grandfather; Father of Lela Mechanai

13.Rajah Alon: David's fifth great grandfather; Son of Lakan Timamanukum

14.Lakan Timamanukum: David's 6th great grandfather; Father of Rajah Alon.

The Gatbonton Clan is one of the earliest clans in the Philippine history which was able to show their link with the pre Hispanic native nobility. Their research is comprehensive and often cited by Filipino historians. One of their clan members is Fernando Poe, Jr. who won the Philippine Presidency but was cheated by Gloria Arroyo, from the Lacandola Clan of Arayat Pampanga, who was jailed later on the charges of election offenses and plunder. The Gatbonton Clan kept a ancient secret genealogy of the native Filipino royalty, to wit:                    

 The above genealogy of the Gatbonton Clan shows that the Dulay Clan of Marikina Valley are direct descendants of Lakan Dula of Tondo from the eldest and heir apparent  Batang Dula. One of the respected traditional leaders of the Gatbonton Clan who has the key on this secret genealogy, said:  

“I am a grandson of Feliza Gatbonton Corrales-Macam. The Gatbontons are not descendants of Lakan Dula but rather a direct relative. Gatbonton (mandala) who was the administrator of the rice granary of the kingdom. He was the son of Dayang Lahat, sister of Raja Sulaiman Sri Lila (salalila)I. His other kin were MONMON, GATCHALIAN, GATMAITAN, MACARALAGA, GATMAITIM, MANDIC, GATDULA and DUMANDAN." Note, the Gatdula of today is not in the line of the present day Dula but surely of the Gatbontons as their Father was Gat Timog. The will says:"GATBONTON married MACAYABONGDILI ( in English: the one with the ladies in waiting), a sister of my father*. They had five children, namely LOVERA, MACABAT, CAPITANGAN, TAUI and PAMPALUNG (founder of the Kingdom of Apalit) whom they called MACAPAGAL. The name could have been used as a cover up to avoid persecution when the Gatbontons escaped Tondo for Candaba via Rio Grande River. The name was used during his youth and assumed another before he died. He had also a son named Palong Gatbonton. From this line comes the line of my great Grandmother Simeona Gatbonton-Corrales, Martha Gatbonton-Kelly;grandmother of FPJ, Juan Gatbonton, Liborio Gatbonton, Manolo Gatbonton and Zcarina Gatbonton."

This Gatbonton Clan Genealogy is somewhat triangulated with the  genealogy coming from the descendants of Rajah Suleiman l and his wife Esmeria Doyley who started the Dula/Doyley/Dulay royal lineage of the House of Dula when they decided to crown Rajah Bunao Dula as Lakan Bunao Dula. Lakan means paramount ruler, or the supreme leader among all rajahs. This somewhat manifested the  secret influence of the British Royalty on ancient Filipino nobility. That era was a struggle of the Spanish Empire against the British Empire. The crowning of  Tondo - based Rajah Bunao Dula as the Lakan over his brothers Rajah Matanda and Rajah Sulayman gave birth to the consolidated Kingdom of Manila based in Intramuros and Tondo. In western nomenclature, Lakan is equivalent to King. This also signal the intense Spanish prosecution of the native aristocracy since the regnal name Dula/Doyley/Dulay) is close to the British Empire.

The descendants of Lakan Dula of Tondo  can be traced by knowing the present descendants of his seven children, namely: the eldest Batang Dula, the priest Martin Lakan Dula, the warrior Magat Salamat, the childless Dionisio Capulong, the exile Felipe Salonga, the pretty Maria Poloin and the mysterious Luis Salugmoc. Take note that only two children are allowed to used the regnal surname Dula, the eldest and heir apparent  Batang, and the brightest Martin.Some historians however say that the heir apparent Batang Dula on his olden years hid his identity by changing his surname from Dula to Capulong after he escaped a bloody purge of the native aristocracy in the Intramuros - based Kingdom, into a fertile land now known as Candaba and presently part of the province of Pampanga. He also hid his children by making them acquire new names, far different from Dula. The family of Diosdado Macapagal has been claiming descendancy from Lakan Dula of Tondo but they cannot point out who among the Lakan Dula children they came from. They always end up not connected with any children of Lakan Dula, but with a certain guy with a surname Lacandola from Arayat, Pampanga who turned out to be a traitor to the natives and pro Spaniards, whose one of the children is surnamed Reyes who married Juan Macapagal where the present Macapagal of Lubao came from. This is confirmed indirectly in the present Wikipedia article on Lakan Dula  which is rating as number 1 in the Google search and which is dominated by the paid hacks of the Macapagal but is boycotted by respected Philippine historians. Lacandola is a very common Filipino surname but to show that it is a descendant of Lakan Dula of Tondo, it must show that it came from one of the seven children of Lakan Dula. Maybe, the Macapagal came from Gatbonton Clan, whose great great grandfather is the "administrator of the rice granary of the Kingdom of Lakan Dula". The assertion of some local historians of Pampanga are however possible,  that since Batang Dula is the eldest son of Lakan Dula, his children has to be hidden from bloody Spanish persecution far away in plantations owned by the Kingdom of Tondo and protected by their relatives. The eldest son of Batang Dula is David Goiti Dula who was hidden from Spanish persecution under the protection of the Sumoroy family in Northern Samar, was given a vast plantation which is now known as Candawid and was was given another identity as David Goiti Dulay.  The second child is Daba Goiti Dula who was given a big plantation now known as Candaba, protected by the Capulong family and was hidden as Daba Goiti Capulong. The youngest child is Dola Goiti Dula and was hidden in a vast tract of plantation now known as Candola in San Luis, Pampanga.  She was hidden as Dola Goiti Lacandola. This lineage is where the Macapagals came from.

Lots of native sounding Filipino surnames today, just like the Gatbontons, are descendants of the relatives of Lakan Bunao Dula (Christian name: Lakan Carlos Dula) who served in special capacity in the Kingdom of Lakan Dula. As a general rule, modern Filipinos who have native sounding names are descendants of the loyalists, maginoo or officials of the Lakan Dula Kingdom to the point that they resisted the official order of the government of Spain for Filipinos to adopt Spanish surnames. Historians have several theories why they are loyal to the native Kingdom: maybe they are relatives by blood of the ruling Lakan Bunao Dula family, or maybe they occupy responsible positions in the kingdom, or maybe they are relatives by affinity, or maybe they are just by nature patriotic.  The Spanish persecutions of the descendants of Lakan Bunao Dula continued and intensified, but a lot of descendants maintained their native surnames like lakandula, dula, dulay, gatdula, dulayan, abdullah, rebadulla, dulatre, duldulao, dulayba, lakandola, lacandalo, lacandola, lacandula, dula - torre and many others revolving around the root word “dula”. During the intense persecution of the Spaniards on the native aristocracy, some descendants have to disregard the “dula” root word and adopted totally different native sounding surnames for disguise, like magsaysay, lontoc, agbayani, acuna, salonga, gatchalian, bacani, macapagal, guingona, gatpandan, pangilinan, pangalangan, sumuroy, dagohoy, kalaw, salalima, soliman, pilapil, mabini, pagdanganan, macalintal, angara, bamba, datumanong,  panganiban, katigbak, macarambon, sakay, aglipay, kasilag, salamat, karingal, kiram, daza, lacanilao, lacanlale, gatchalian,  manalo, lagumbay, tamano, ilagan, bunye, pangandaman, maliksi, silang, badoy, puno, lapid, ziga, nalupta, binay, gatbonton, sinsuat, capulong, puyat, gatmaitan, macuja, dagami, ablan, capinpin, punongbayan, madlangbayan, gatlabayan, batungbakal, cabangbang, pakyaw, sumulong, gustilio, calungsod, capangoy, kapunan, etc, but continued fighting for the liberation of  the natives from Spain. Some of the descendents hid their Lakan Dula heritage by changing their names into the likes of  guevara,  aguinaldo, legaspi, aquino, mendoza, osmena, de Leon, estanislao, laurel, fernando, ejercito, delapaz, mercado, santos, bonifacio, de guzman, etc, while some adopted chinese surnames of their mother like lim, uy, go, tan, ong, etc, but they continued to pursue a belligerent posture against Spain.  The Spanish authorities know this and they countered by betrothing Spanish ladies to the heirs of the native aristocracy which explains why the Capulongs, Dulays, and Gatbontons, etc, of today have fairer complexion than the ordinary natives in the localities. There are however few who were forced to collaborate with the Spanish authority. Wishing to avoid the persecution experienced by his latter ancestors, Lakan Dula's alleged great grandson Juan Macapagal, but the number 1 Wikipedia article is suggesting that he is actually a descendant of certain  Mr. Lacandola of Arayat who is a traitor to the natives and a proud pro Spaniards that is why their paid hacks are making efforts to combine the correct name of Lakan Banao Dula, (title - first name- surname), into Lakandula, which is nearer to their surname Lacandola of Arayat. Based on their own Lacandola of Arayat family history, their ancestor aided the Spanish authorities in suppressing the 1660 Kapampangan revolt of Francisco Maniago, and the Pangasinan revolt of Andrés Malong, and the 1661 Ilocano revolt. To some natives, this is an act of treason against their cause, but some leaders understand this as a heroism to save the future descendants of Lakan Dula, (if they are indeed descendants).  The Philippine Genealogical Society has the official list of these native Filipino surnames in its website at https://angkangpilipino.wordpress.com. Each surname may have some secret family history that will show their designation or role in the Kingdom of Lakan Dula, the way the Gotbonton Clan had documented their clan history from the past. One example of which is the surname Lacandola of Arayat, who is proudly anti - native and pro Spaniards. Other native sounding surnames may have exciting histories, like the Sumulong of Antipolo who actually led the migration to the mountain (sumulong sa kabundukan) from Marikina Valley settlement of Lakan Dula descendants near the bank of Marikina River, using the present “Sumulong Highway path”. The pangilinan ancestor is a great warrior of the kingdom who was given a very special weapon, "nilagyan ng pangil". The unknown Pacqiao ancestor could have been a very succesful travelling businessman in the kingdom "na mahilig mamakyaw ng chinawares at dinadala sa malayong lugar".The calungsod ancestor may have been a neighbor of Lakan Dula of Tondo but settled in the far far away southern territory. The agbayani ancestor is actually a hero of the kingdom who was given vast tract of land in the northern part of the kingdom as a reward. The magsaysay ancestor is a great story teller of the kingdom.The Angara ancestor could have been the native fashion model of the kingdom because "ang gara nyang manamit." The Aguinaldo ancestor may have given Lakan Dula a gift, a sword made of gold. Pangalangan could have been a great warrior with a very specialized skills needed for special missions, or "pang alangan na laban". Their are several others very exciting family histories that are still on the research process.

Where can you find some descendants of Lakan Dula? According to local Marikina historian Servando de los Angeles, the earliest inhabitants of Marikina valley are descendants of Lakan Dula of Tondo who moved out of their homeland into a fertile valley along the Pasig river which is now knows as Marikina, to escape from the bloody Spanish persecution of native aristocracy centered in Intramuros. The descendants found peace in their new found land, an aura which they still carry up to the present time. A typical Sunday of the descendants, after a mass  at the Our Lady of the Abandoned,  Marikina natives would walk through the old Spanish jail which is now converted into Shoe Museum, dine in Isabelo's Secret or Tableria and walk leisurely towards Butiki Park and into the riverbank jogging lane. In that old path, people cant help but notice an old white "bahay na bato" with balcony, attic, lots  of trees, ancient looking gate, capiz windows, Spanish looking iron grills, and vigan tiles. Some natives call it "bahay ni rizal",  GMA 7, one of the two leading TV stations in the Philippines has twice shoot TV documentaries on it (one is about the Kingdom of Tondo, the other is Relasyon), an indi film featuring native Marikeno Lito Legazpi has done  a film on it,  some students film projects like Noli Me Tangere were filmed in the house, a commercial for Tabata slippers, and several others.  What is the mystery behind the house? It is the place where the descendants of Lakan Dula, some coming from as far as Zamboanga City, do their "Dine with the Ancestors Rituals". When the image of Our Lady of the Abandoned was declared by the Pope as Shrine, the image stayed in the house for one week. All the last four Mayors of Marikina has dined in the house in different occasions. Miss Philippines contestants has dined in it. The members UP College of Law moot court debate team has practiced in the house, the Upsilon Sigma Phi Fraternity of UP has done initiation in it. At its main door are old alibata encryptions which read as "Lakan Dula", at the back of door is another baybayin encryptios which says, "Angkan ng Dulay". At the gate, there is a brass plate which says: "The House of Dulay Mendoza Clan". Sephardi Jewish Benito Mendoza was the first Teniente Mayor of Marikina, and the clan house is found in Isabelo Mendoza Street. Isabelo was another Teniente Mayor. At the back of the Shrine is and old cemetery with a jewish type columbarium and buried there was Ceferino Rivas Dulay, the 4th hereditary leader of the Dulay Clan of Marikina Valley. The clan house is the residence of the hereditary leaders of the Dulay Clan of Marikina Valley, a descendant of Lakan Dula of Tondo. The clan house, found in Isabelo Mendoza St. in San Roque (Poblacion), Marikina,  is also the corporate office of the The CDM Foundation: the Administrator of the Descendancy of Lakan Dula, the Last King of Manila. The chairmanship of the foundation is traditionally bestowed to the hereditary patriarch of the Lakan Dula descendancy who serves as the unifying symbol of all descendants and Filipinos with native sounding surnames all over the land.

Pre-colonial Philippine royalty of the Postclassical Era and the early modern period

Source: National Historical Institute, 1964. Any proposed addition to the list should be communicated to the Principalia Council for further historical study and approval.


The Descendants of Lakan Dula of Tondo are united, their unassuming secretive patriarch does not rule, he reigns privately.

Their unassuming secretive patriarch of the modern times does not rule, he reigns privately, the personal leadership style he inherited from the earlier traditional leaders of the descendancy,  a reaction from the centuries of Spanish persecutions. He might even deny his historical role or point to somebody else when talking to non descendants or in public. Descendants will  not point directly their patriarch but if needed, they will indirectly identify him as the one who has been very active in coordinating them.

Delmar Topinio Taclibon

"My deepest gratitude to Hrh Prince Omar Kiram and His Majesty Sultan Fuad A. Kiram I of the Royal Hashemite Sultanate of Sulu and Sabah for this conferment as one of the Datu(k) of the Royal Dominion."

Message of Hrh Prince Omar Kiram:

"The Hon. Datuk Sir Delmar Topinio Taclibon, KRSS, we wish you and your family and all our beloved members a blessed and prosperous joyful new year. Let us continue our resolve, commitment, dedication, true faith and allegiance to our beloved anointed Sultan Fuad A. Kiram I, to realize our advocacy of Sabah and Spratlys against Malaysia's land grabbing for the benefits of the Tausugs and the Filipinos. God Defend the Right!"

Toti Dulay : "congrats insan Delmar Topinio Taclibon and mabuhay ang Magat Salamat lineage ni Lakan Dula ng Tondo..."

Delmar Topinio Taclibon : "Thank you too Modern Day Grand Patriarch of the Lakan Dula Clan Sir Toti Dulay!"

Roderick Alain Alvarez : 9th cousin's husband's 9th great uncle's wife's 6th great aunt's husband's 16th great grandson  we're that related, insan Toti, pero hindi pa tapos ang Lakan Dula genealogy: please add as many relatives coz, as head of the Royal House, you know them better :)

Toti Dulay: today at 2:36 AM

Thank you insan Roderick, in the Geni. Com genealogy, we saw na lumabas na yung name nung Juan Reyes Macapagal..ang main concern  na lang natin is paano na connect si Diosdado Macapagal kay Juan Macapagal?

Suijul Tasorre : Dear Sir Toti, I am very happy to know that you were able to protect the continuity of the Dula lineage....... how I wish na makilala ko kayo....... I'm a fan royalties specially ancient filipino royalty.... the missing link of our history as a nation.......

Sam Jezrel Moran kamahalan.. pinag mamalaki ko po na akoy pilipino.. kau po pala ang prinsipe ng tondo si Prince. Sofronio Cerbito Dulay I.

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References

http://www.geni.com/list?focus_id=6000000010556666213&group=ancestors.

https://angkangpilipino.wordpress.com/2011/03/25/traditional-filipino-surnames-2/

Ka Totoy Talastas. https://www.facebook.com/560068664101900/photos/basw.Abr3RYlFAZzyxIYVI1

uYoYNn5xEvI1nenU4ujirRQCvEo97giaJX92hNcYMLDH_cAcx2MzOsGtED4mM3. Retrieved January 23, 2019.

Bard is a conversational generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by Google, based initially on the LaMDA family of large language models and later the PaLM LLM. Initial release date: March 21, 2023. Developer: Google, Google AI. Retrieved October 10, 2023