Revolutionary War Claims "V"
Revolutionary War
Claims for Losses
Surnames "V"
WILLIAM VAN ALLEN
In colonial times William Van Allen lived in Hackensack, New Jersey. During the American Revolution he served with General Cornwallis then was a Captain in Colonel Buskirk’s Regiment. Following the war he settled in Burton, New Brunswick. His son Henry Van Allen settled in Woodhouse Township, Norfolk County. The following is William Van Allen’s Claim for Revolutionary War Losses heard by the Commissioners of Claims at St. John on 13 Jan 1787. (AO 16 Vol. 16 P. 154-157)
Account of the Losses sustained by William Van Allen Captain formerly Inhabitant of New Jersey for taking part with Government.
One Lot of Land with a House, Barn, Outhouses}
in Hackensack Precinct New Jersey value} £500
Household Furniture ……………………………….. 14.16
14 Bushels Indian Corn ……………………………. 2.9
One Ton Hay ………………………………………. 4
One Ox …………………………………………….. 5
Lawful Paper Money ………………………………. 33.6.9
Mr Anthony Sheler ………………………………… 30.14.1
Mr Abraham Blauvelt ……………………………… 4
Book Debts supposed to have been good ……… 82.18
£677.3.10
Captain Van Allen Left the Rebels Novemr 1776
N. B. There was no Mortgage on the Lands
St John 13th January 1787.
Evidence on the Claim of Captain William van Allen, late of New Jersey
Claimant appears and being Sworn,
Saith he sent his first Claim home by Mr Hardy which he gave him in the Course of the Winter. —
Says he also sent a Second Claim to the Commissioners at Halifax under the last Act. —
It was sent by the Mail, Claimant saw it delivered. Says this was time enough for the Commissioners to receive it before the first of May last. —
He is a native of America, resided in Hackinsac when the Troubles broke out. Joined Lord Cornwallis on his first Landing. Served with him instantly. – Had a Company in Colonel Buskirk’s Regiment. —
Produces his Commission. – Served in that Regiment during the war. —
Claimant mentions as a particular piece of Service that he Secreted and protected Colonel William Bayard when a Reward of £500 was offered for delivering him up. —
Came to this Province from New York, now settled at Burton. – Has Half Pay.
Property. Was possessed of a Lot in Hackinsac consisting of House & Buildings. —
Produces Deed from John Earl to Claimant, of House & Lot in Hackinsac in Consideration of £170 New York Currency, dated 24th April 1775.
Made great Improvements after the Purchase by new Buildings and Repairs. – Values it at £500 York Currency, thinks he could have got a great deal more for it. —
Produces a Copy of Judgement against him.
Certificate that there appeared no mortgage on his Estate at Hackinsac. —
Valuation on Oath by two appraisers who value it at £360 New York Money. —
Says his Estate was bought of the Commissioners by one Cornelius Hogeland, he was in possession when Claimant hear last.
Lost Furniture….. £14 — Left at his House at Hackinsac. —
One Ox
Grain 14 Bushels
Witness James Sarvenier Sworn 15th Jany
Has seen Captain Van Allen’s Estate at Hackinsac, remembers him in possession, it was a Stone House one Story, it was well situated. —
Remembers his Serving as Captain in Colonel Buskirk’s Regiment. —
Witness has been there after Captain Van Allen left it, a young Man a Rebel was then in possession. —
Decision of the Commissioners
(AO 12 Vol. 63 P. 79)
Capt Willm Van Allen late of New Jersey.
Claim.
Amount of Property £334.19
Determination 10th January 1787
Loyalty. Bore Arms. The Claimant is a Loyalist & Bore Arms.
Losses
Real Estate. A Home & Lott in Hackinsack £200
Persl Estate. Various Articles of Persl Property 10
£210
Observation
The Claimant enjoys half Pay as Captn in the New Jersey Volunteers.
Confiscation & Sale proved.
Resides at Burton
Summary of Claim for Losses and Disbursement
(AO 12 Vol. 109 P. 300 Certificate No. 1972)
Name of claimant Van Allen William; Province N Jersey; Claim for Loss of Property £334.19; Sum Originally Allowed £210; Total Sum payable under Act of Parliament
£84; Balance After Such Receipt £84; Final Balance £126
__________________________
HENRY VANDERBURGH
In colonial times Henry Vanderburgh lived in Duchess County, New York. During the American Revolution he joined the British in New York. Following the war he settled in Maugerville, New Brunswick. The following is his Claim for Revolutionary War Losses heard by the Commissioners of Claims at St. John on 3 Feb 1787. (AO 13 Vol. 25 P. 211-213)
To the Commissioners appointed by Act of Parliament for enquiring into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists—
The Memorial of Henry Vanderburgh
Most humbly Sheweth,
That your Memorialist was late of Dutchess County in the Province of New York in which County he had the honor to be one of the Judges of the Inferior Court, and at the Commencement of the late Rebellion in America your Memorialist used his best Endevours to suppress the Rebels in their evil designs, but he soon was made a prisoner by them and was transported more than three hundred miles into the Province of New Hampshire, and from thence was recalled by the Provincial Congress of New York, and was offered the Oath of Fidelity to the States which oath your Memorialist refused and was committed on board of a Prison Ship lying in Hudsons River and remained on board more than three Months, and was taken from on board and banished to New York where His Majesty’s Troops then were and also ordered his wife and Family with him (your Memorialist thinks that it was in the year 1777) and soon after his Estate was sold by the said Rebels such as Moveables which your Honors can see by the Schedule and Estimate hereunto annexed.
Your Memorialist therefore prays that his Case may be taken into Consideration in order that your Memorialist may be enabled under your Honors Report to receive such aid & Relief as his Losses & Services may be found to deserve and your Memorialist as in duty bound will ever pray
Province of New Brunswick} (Signed) Henry V D Burgh
St John the 15th of March 1786}
The Schedule & Estimate of the Losses sustained by Henry Vanderburgh Esqr late of Dutchess County in the Province of New York.
One Iron bound Waggon and two Horses……... £70
300 Bushels of wheat ……. at 6/……………… 90
100 Bushels of Rye ……… at 4/……………… 20
100 Bushels of Indian Corn at 3/……………… 15
100 Bushels of Buck wheat at 2/6…………….. 12.10
7 Milk Cows …………….. at £5 each………... 35
3 Heifers ………………… at £3 each………... 9
8 Tons of English Hay …... at £3 p Ton………. 24
1 Pleasure Sleigh with Harness & Tackling…... 14
1 Iron shod Sled ……………………………… 4
1 Wood shod Sled…………………………….. 2
3 Ploughs Chain & Tackling………………….. 10
2 Harrows on Iron Tooth ……………………... 2
40 five Inch & quarter Nine Boards ………….. 23
18 Acres of wheat in the Ground …………….. 36
25 Sheep ……………………………………… 12.10
2 Looms with their Tackling …………………. 30
To Sundry Articles of Household Furniture …. 15
To Damages done his Farm in destroying Timber 345
To 12 Bushels of Flax Seed …………………. 6
£775
St John 3d February 1787.
Evidence on the Claim of Henry Vanderburgh late of Dutchess County New York Province. —
Claimant Sworn,
Says he left New York in October 1783 and upon his arrival here he went up the Country to Magerville
Says that he took the first Opportunity of sending his Claim to England after he heard of the Act of Parliament in favour of the Loyalists which was by Captain Vanderburgh who is Claimants Son. —
He is a Native of New York Province. — In 1775 he lived in Dutchess County upon his own Property. Says he was required by the Rebels to join them to take Oaths and to sign Associations all which he refused as he was well satisfied with the British Government, and wished to remain under it.
He was in the year 1777 taken Prisoner and carried to Exeter, and kept there on Parole for some time but returned home. —
In March following he was taken Prisoner and was kept on board a Prison Ship for four Months. When Fort Montgomery was taken the Prisoners were Marched for Boston, but he escaped on the march and lived in the Woods near his own House for some time, but was obliged from his age and Infirmities to Surrender himself and was banished and sent within the British Lines. —
Says he has 4 Sons, two of them were in the Army and 2 in the King’s service as Tradesmen and are all in this country.
He now resides in Conway about 4 miles from this city across the Grand Bay.
Property.
Says his Lands were not confiscated, but being Banished he was glad to sell them at a very low price. But that when sent into the Lines with his family he left all his Personal Property; that all his moveables were seized by the Rebel Committee and Inventoried by one Billings & Foster and he understands they were soon sold.
He has sent for certificates. Says when he left home he had an Iron bound wagon & 2 horses, Wheat, Rye, Corn & Buckwheat, 7 milch Cows, 3 Heifers, 8 Tons Hay, a Slay, 2 Sleds, 25 Sheep, 2 Looms, Furniture & flaxseed. His farm was 145 acres; he sold it in the year 1783, before he left New York for £555 Cury; before the war he thinks it was worth £900; [Deducted] 550; Thinks he is a looser £345 Cury
Witness Peter Vanderburgh Sworn.
Says he is son to Claimant who was much harassed before he left home by the rebels on account of his refusing to take any part with them and the part his children took. Says his Father’s Farm was worth £900 or 1000 Cury; he sold it for £555 Cury
His Father left the Stock Claimed and a great quantity of grain in the Barn which he believes was all sold by the rebels.
Summary of Claim for Losses and Disbursement
(AO 12 Vol. 109 P. 298 Certificate No. 1958)
Name of claimant Vanderburgh Henry; Province N Jersey; Claim for Loss of Property £433.13; Sum Originally Allowed £133; Total Sum payable under Act of Parliament £133; Amount Already Received £53.4; Balance After Such Receipt £79.16; Final Balance £79.16
The Second Report of The Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario, 1904 transcribed from Library of Congress MSS 18,662 Vol. VII MSS. 22-24 in Second Report P. 247
Proceedings of Loyalist Commissioners
St. John, 1787
Before Commissioner Dundas
New Claim St. John, 3d February 1787.
Evidence on the Claim of Henry Vanderburgh, late of Duchess County, New York Province.
Repeats the evidences in AO 12
__________________________
PETER VANDERBURGH
In colonial times Peter Vanderburgh lived in Poughkipsie, Duchess County, New York. During the American Revolution he joined the British in New York. Following the war he settled in New Brunswick. The following is his Claim for Revolutionary War Losses heard by the Commissioners of Claims at St. John on 3 Feb 1787. (AO 13 Vol. 25 P. 199-201)
To the Commissioners appointed by Act of Parliament for enquiring into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists—
The Memorial of Peter Vanderburgh late of Dutchess County in the Province of New York.
Most humbly Sheweth,
That your Memorialist at the commencement of the late Rebellion retained his firm allegiance and was obliged to fly to the British in New York for Protection in the year 1777 and hath rendered his Services as much as in his power lay during the war. The Losses sustained by your Memorialist you will please to observe in the Schedule and Estimate of his Estate hereunto annexed.
Your Memorialist therefore prays that his Case may be taken into your Honours Consideration, in order that your Memorialist may be enabled under your Report to receive such aid and Relief as his Losses & Services may be found to deserve.
And your Memorialist as in Duty bound will ever pray. —
City St John}
16th March 1786} (signed) Peter Vanderburgh
The Schedule and Estimate of the Losses and Services of Peter Vanderburgh during the unhappy Dissentions in North America. —
Three Cows £18. One breeding Mare £30 – £48
One Young Horse English blood ………… 35
Nine Sheep £4.10 – Seven Hogs £7 ……… 11.10
Sundry articles of Household Furniture …. 9
£103.10
St John 3d February 1787.
Evidence on the Claim of Peter Vanderburgh late of New York—
Claimant Sworn
Says he came in the first Fleet, went up the River, staid there all the winter, never heard of the Act till Captain Vanderburgh (his Brother) went to England. —
He lived in Poughkipsie, joined the British when Fort Montgomery was taken. Never Served, lived within the Lines. – Now settled in Conway Township
Lost three Cows, two horses, Nine Sheep, Seven Hogs, Furniture.
Lost them at Poughkipsie when he went within the Lines. —
They were Seized and Sold at Vendue.
Summary of Claim for Losses and Disbursement
(AO 12 Vol. 109 P. 298 Certificate No. 1959)
Name of claimant Vanderburgh Peter; Province N Jersey; Claim for Loss of Property £58.4; Sum Originally Allowed £30; Total Sum payable under Act of Parliament £30; Amount Already Received £9; Balance After Such Receipt £21; Final Balance £21
__________________________
RICHARD VANDERBURGH
Richard Vanderburgh, born in America and formerly of Duchess County, New York served as a Captain in Colonel Emerick’s Chasseurs. He married Cichey Rapalje, widow of Abraham Rapalje. Following the war the family settled in Maugerville, New Brunswick then in Woodhouse Township, Norfolk County, Upper Canada. Abraham and Cichey Rapalje were the parents of Abraham Rapalje of Woodhouse. See also the Claim for Revolutionary War Losses of Richard Vanderburgh on behalf of Abraham Rapalje (above) heard by the Commissioners of Claims at St. John on 15 Jan 1787. (AO 12 Vol. 25 P. 60-67). The following is Richard Vanderburg’s own Claim heard by the Commissioners of Claims in England on 3 Jun 1784. (AO 12 Vol. 100 P. 291)
Vanderburg Richard.
3 June 1784
Born in America, and on the Commencement of the Troubles was in Dutchess County Province of New York and lived with his Parents who resided there – Joined the King’s Troops at Boston in Decr 1775 & was soon after made a Serjeant in Captn Grant’s Company of Volunteers – Was in the Action on Long Island & received several Wounds – Was afterwards in the Action on White Plains, where he was also wounded & soon afterwards got an Ensign’s Commission in General Browne’s Regt He was soon after made a Lieutenant in the same Regiment & in 1778 he was appointed a Captain in Coll Emerick’s Corps – Raised 60 Men at his own Expence – He continued in the Regiment till it was draughted when no Provision being made for the Officers he came to England principally with the View of getting cured of his Wounds. – Had an Allowance of £100 p ann, from the Treasury from the year 1779, received only one year & a Quarter of it, says that his not receiving his allowance regularly was owing to the inattention of his Agent. Returned to America in 1781 & continued at New York till June last year when he came to England. His wife’s Property to the Amount of £3000 New York Currency, has been confiscated & sold – Produces Certificates from Genl Tryon to Loyalty & of his having been wounded several times. –
This is one of the suspended Cases and the Reason of its not having been reported upon is owing to the neglect of his Agent who omitted to make the necessary application. Has no means of Support & says that he is at times obliged to keep his Bed for a Month together on account of the Pains he suffers by his Wounds. –
Is desired to produce a Certificate of his Wife’s Property. Has a wife and three Children. —
19th July 1784. Produces Certificates from Messrs Danl Van Mater & Jacob Wyckoff to his Wife’s Property being worth £675 Sterling & that they believe the same has been confiscated. —
Decision £50 p Ann. from 5th April 1784
This is one of the suspended Cases & it appears that notwithstanding he had an Allowance of £100 a year given to him in the year 1779 & no stops seem to have been put to it by any order of the Treasury &c. Yet according to his own Account he has never received it since he went to America in the year 1781 and he imputes it to the negligence of his Agent in not applying to receive it.
It appears to us to have been too large in its’ Commencement & probably […] from the […….] of the Treasury giving full Credit for the Loss of Property as stated in the Memorial. We now find upon Enquiry that his Wife’s Property was no more than one fourth of what he has stated – However as he has received several wounds in the Service of his Country & is represented to be in a very infirm state in Consequence of those Wounds we think that He is well entitled to the half of what was formerly given to him and notwithstanding we do not think ourselves justified in giving him that for the last 3 Years (as it is clear to us that he must have supported himself by some other means whilst he was at New York) Yet we think we may with great propriety recommend an Allowance of £50 a year to be given to him from that time. —
Tabular Statement on the Claim of Richard Vanderburgh
(AO 12 Vol. 103 P. 74)
Vanderlip Richd
Present Allowance: £100
Profession or Trade: Son of the late Judge of Dutchess Town went in the Army as Serjeant & by his Merit raised to the rank of Captain
Probable Income: He states that his Fathers Property was considerable in Orange County & Elsewhere
When quitted the Profession or Trade: when the Corps was disbanded
Time of Arrival in G. Britain of war loss: June 1780
If left the Country voluntarily or if Compelled: Came to England to get cured of several Wounds receiv’d in Battle
Genl Tryon certifies that his Father was Judge of Duchess County, imprisoned, ill treated & his Estates confiscated & for the Petitioners Conduct, Bravery & Zeal for the Service, he thinks him entitled to relief
Information & Observations: Gone to America his Allowance continued. Receiv’d 7 Wounds in One Action.
__________________________
WILLIAM VANDERLIP
In colonial times William Vanderlip (Sr.) a native of Holland, lived in Northumberland County, Pennsylvania. During the American Revolution he served in Butler’s Rangers at Fort Niagara and died in the service. Following the war his son William Vanderlip (Jr.) settled in Niagara Township, Lincoln County. The following is his Claim for the Revolutionary War Losses of his deceased father heard by the Commissioners of Claims at Niagara on 3 Sep 1787. (AO 12 Vol. 40 P. 422-425)
To the Commissioners appointed by Act of Parliament for enquiring into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists
The Memorial of Wm Vanderlip Late of Northumberland County in the Province of Pennsylvania but now of Niagara in the Province of Quebec.
Humbly Sheweth
That your Memorialist’s Father at the beginning of the late unhappy disturbances in
America was settled in Northumberland County in the Province of Pennsylvania where he was in possession of a Farm with Building thereon erected, Live Stock, Household Furniture, Farming utensils, Grain &c the whole valued at £411 New York Currency. –
That understanding Parliament had taken into Consideration the distressed State of the Loyal American Subjects and purpose granting them such Relief as may appear Just and Reasonable in proportion to their Losses
Your Memorialist in behalf of himself and Family (his Father being dead since he joined the British Army) humbly prays that you will be pleased to grant him such Relief as may appear Reasonable and your Memorialist shall forever pray &c
State of the Effects lost by Wm Vanderlips Father late of the County of Northumberland and Province of Pennsylvania at the time he made his Escape to the British Army in the year 1777.
300 Acres of Land £100, Live Stock £100 – £200
Two Houses and a Barn— 50
Household Furniture— 10
Farming utensils— 20
Grain— 130
New York Currency £414
Evidence on the Claim of Wm Vanderlip, late of Pennsylvania deceased
William Vanderlip 2d Son appears--
Says his Father William resided at Mashish in the Fall 1783 & that Winter. He died in the Fall of 1785 without a Will, having John his eldest Son now in the States. Claimant his 2d Son, 2 Sisters, Elizabeth & Mary unmarried, who live in this Province with Captain Fry – They are under 21 years of age.
His Father was a native of Holland, settled in America 30 years ago, lived in the Susquhannah, went into the Rangers in 1777. Served 3 years in the Rangers, was discharged on account of Illness, he then continued in Canada. Came to Niagara 3 yrs. Ago. –
Claimant followed his Father when he joined the Rangers. – Claimant served in the Rangers a year and a half, he was then quite a Boy and was discharged as being too young.
Now resides near Niagara. –
His Father had 300 acres on the Susquhannah, had them under Pennsylvania, they were disputed Lands. – 50 acres Clear. Charges £150 York Currency Lands and Buildings. –
Lost 4 Horses, 4 Cows, 8 Calves, 4 Sheep, 30 Hogs, Furniture, utensils, a large quantity of Grain – There was a Barrack and three or four Stacks of Grain. –
After his Father went away the Rebels took the live Stock, the Grain and all the Buildings were burnt by the Rebels just before Colonel Butler went into that Country and cut off that part of the Country. –
The Americans when retired in apprehension of Colo Butler’s coming destroyed every thing. –
John Depue Sworn
Knew Claimant’s Father, he joined Butler’s Rangers early and served some time.
William, the 2d Son followed his Father and Served some time in the Rangers. –
Knew the Place on Susquhannah – 300 Acres – the eldest Son John now resides in the Colonies, he served in the Rangers, but after the Peace returned to the States –
His Father had a good Stock – 4 Cows, 2 Horses, 8 Calves, 4 Sheep, 18 Hogs, Furniture and utensils. – A good deal of Grain. –
The Rebels took the Stock, burnt the other Things –
Decision of the Commissioners
(AO 12 Vol. 66 P. 65)
Post 1st May 1786
William Vanderlip late of Pennsa
Claim
Amount of Property £231.3.9
Determination 8th December 1787
Loyalty. Bore Arms – The Claimant is a Loyalist & Bore Arms in Support of the British Government
Losses.
Persl Estate. Various Articles of Persl Property £60
Loss Proved
Resides at Niagara
Summary of Claim for Losses and Disbursement
(AO 12 Vol. 109 P. 302 Certificate No. 1990)
Name of claimant Vanderlip William; Province Pennsy; Claim for Loss of Property £251.3; Sum Originally Allowed £60; Total Sum payable under Act of Parliament £60; Balance After Such Receipt £60; Final Balance £60
The Second Report of The Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario, 1904 transcribed from Library of Congress MSS 18,662 Vol. XXI MSS. 14-15 in Second Report P. 997
Proceedings of Loyalist Commissioners
Montreal 1787
Before Commissioner Pemberton
September 3.
Claim of Wm. Vanderlip, late of Pensilv.
Repeats the evidences in AO 12 with the following marginal notes of the Commissioner:
“Is very fair. To be paid to claimt for himself and sisters.”
__________________________
McGREGOR VAN EVERY
In colonial times McGregor Van Every lived in Schohary, Albany County, New York. During the American Revolution he served in Butler’s Rangers at Fort Niagara. Following the war he settled in Niagara Township, Lincoln County. The following is his Claim for Revolutionary War Losses heard by the Commissioners of Claims at Niagara on 23 Aug 1787. (AO 12 Vol. 32 P. 218-219)
To the Commissioners appointed by act of Parliament for enquiring into the Losses and Services of the American Loyalists. –
The Memorial of McGregor Vanevery late of Albany County and Province of New York.
Humbly Sheweth,
That in the late Troubles in America he was suffered Confinement three Months, the value of his Expenses and loss of his Effects amount to £84 New York Currency. –
He therefore humbly begs the Commrs would take his said Loss into Consideration and grant him such Relief as they may think fit – and your Memorialist will be ever bound to Pray (signed) McGregory Van Every
Losses sustained two Horses three Cows three Months Imprisonment 1 Plough and Tackle one Sleigh, Household Goods, wheat sowed twelve Bushels, Rye sowed three Bushels, Indian Corn planted 5 Acres Flax Seed Sowed three Bushels four Bushels Potatoes planted. –
Niagara 16th May 1788.
Evidence on the Claim of McGregor Van Every late of Schohary New York. –
David Van Every oldest Son to Claimant Sworn:
Says his Father died at Niagara in September 1786, he left a wife, Mary Van Every, and 7 Children. –
His Father joined the British Army in 1778, five of his Sons were in the King’s Service from the first of the War, his father attempted to join the Army early but was seized and imprisoned. He was always friendly to Great Britain –
His mother tells him they lost two Horses and two Cows and some young Cattle, farming utensils and Furniture – all these were taken from them on account of their Loyalty.
Mary Van Every Widow of Claimant, Sworn
Says her Husband lost two Horses, four Cows, Furniture and Farming utensils. – Her Husband was Six Months in Goal. –
Captain John McDonell of Butler’s Rangers Sworn
Says that McGregor Van Every and five of his Sons served in the same Corps with him, they were all Loyal People. –
Mary Van Every lived always as Claimant’s Wife and mother to the Children.
Decision of the Commissioners
(AO 12 Vol. 64 P. 362)
McGregor Van Every late of Schohary deceased
Claim,
Amount of Property £47.5
Determination 27th May 1788
Loyalty Bore Arms. The late McGregor Van Every was a Loyalist and Bore Arms in Support of the British Government. –
His Widow and Children are likewise Loyalists. –
Losses,
Personal Estate. Various articles of Personal Property £25
Loss proved.
Observation
To be paid to Mary Van Every. –
Resides at R. Niagara
Summary of Claim for Losses and Disbursement
(AO 12 Vol. 109 P. 302 Certificate No. 1989)
Name of claimant Van Every Mary; Province N York; Claim for Loss of Property £47.5; Sum Originally Allowed £25; Total Sum payable under Act of Parliament £25; Balance After Such Receipt £25; Final Balance £25
The Second Report of The Bureau of Archives for the Province of Ontario, 1904 transcribed from Library of Congress MSS 18,662 Vol. II. Miscellaneous Evidence MSS. 10-11 in Second Report P. 1284
Proceedings of Loyalist Commissioners
Carlton Island, Niagara, London, 1188-9
Before Commissioner Pemberton
Niagara, 15th May, 1788.
Evidence on the Claim of McGregor Van Every, late of Scohary, N. Yorke.
Repeats the evidences in AO 12
__________________________