11.03.3 Condensation Polymers (HT)

Syllabus

    • Condensation polymerisation involves monomers with two functional groups.

    • When these types of monomers react they join together, usually losing small molecules such as water, and so the reactions are called condensation reactions.

    • The simplest polymers are produced from two different monomers with two of the same functional groups on each monomer.

    • Students should be able to explain the basic principles of condensation polymerisation by reference to the functional groups in the monomers and the repeating units in the polymers.


What does this mean?

Addition Polymers add dozens of the same monomer together to make a long molecule with a very simple repeat unit. The monomer contains one functional group (reactive part of the molecule), which is always a C=C double bond.

Condensation Polymers (usually) have two monomers that react together forming a long molecule with a more complicated looking repeat unit.

They also produce a small molecule that is often water - hence the term Condensation.

Polymers formed this way are often used in clothing manufacture.

So Polyester, Draylon, Terylene, Kevlar and Nylon are all condensation polymers.

Of which, the syllabus only really mentions polyesters.

You are not required to know the details monomers for Polyesters, nor the structure of the product.

We saw in the chapter of Carboxylic Acids that they can react with Alcohols to make Esters.

This isn't a polymer because when one alcohol molecule joins one acid molecule the ester is complete.

But it is possible to make molecules with alcohol groups on either end - diols.

These could form an ester at either end, and we could combine them with molecules that have two carboxylic acid groups.

This combination could form a long chain, forming some water at the same time.

This is a Polyester - a condesation polymer.

But, given monomers like the ones above it would be a good idea to be able to draw the polymer by linking them together and removing water.

If we're asked to draw the repeat unit of a polyester it will always follow the pattern above, the only part that will change is the parts of the molecules between the functional groups.

For example

or

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