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2 March 2022 I learnt that there are different types of telescopes and a brief description on how they work, I also have a deeper understanding about the CCA that I have chosen.9 March 2022
The Beginning-The universe expands and as it expands the universe cools at a very fast pace, although the universe is cooling down, the quarks still cannot merge.When the universe is cool enough, the electrons, protons, and neutrons to form. Electrons and Nuclei form atoms. The universe became transparent to photons. The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is caused by these things.-The stars that are formed after the dark ages were extremely massive between few hundreds to 1000 solar masses and they were extremely bright. (For these stars, the stars cannot live for very long as they use up a lot of gas in their lifespan.)When the age of the universe became longer, the birth of stars accelerated because of a chain reaction. Gravity caused the formation of galaxies and later galaxy clusters.-The planets are formed by small dust and gas clumping together. And the planets collide together to form bigger planets. The gas planets tend to form further than the Sun as gas tend to move away from the Sun due to the heat generated.For smaller planetesimals who failed to be planets were captured by bigger planets to be their moon. But in Earth's case, the moon was created because of an object colliding with Earth billions of years ago.-There are three different black holes (One is a theory): Stellar black holes (It is formed when a neutron star absorbs enough material from a nearby star. Black holes can be formed as long as cores are greater than 5 solar masses.), Supermassive black holes (I support the theory that says the in the early universe, the massive stars died and created supermassive black holes. In the event horizon, an imaginary line where lights cannot escape from the gravity of the black hole. A singular point called the Singularity is so dense that space-time starts to curve.The Beginning of the End-Low mass stars are really small and usually red dwarfs. These stars fuse hydrogen and helium really slowly and hence it has a really long lifespan. Nuclear Fusion: When two different molecules collide together with intense forces, they fuse together=Nuclear Fusion. Stars with more than 25% solar masses become red giants and eventually become white dwarfs. But for stars with less than 25% solar masses, the stars will slowly run out of fuel which will take really long. Intermediate mass stars are like our Sun and they are capable to fuse helium to become carbon and oxygen but as a result of that, they will have a shorter lifespan compared to low mass stars. White dwarfs are the remains of low-intermediate mass stars. High mass stars are the most extreme stars in the universe, they are much bigger than our Sun. When they implode, they can form celestial bodies themselves.-Supernovas: Type II Supernovas: When a star does not have enough nuclear energy to resist gravity, it collapses within itself causing a type II supernova. Type I Supernovas (Type 1a): This supernova needs a white dwarf to orbit the other star. When the white dwarf absorbs the matter from the other star, it leads to the white dwarf exploding, the same explosion can happen when two white dwarfs collide with each other.-Neutron Stars: This is one of the things a huge star becomes after exploding. Pulsars, the most common forms of neutron stars. They emit strong pulses of energy in intervals. Magnetars, it another type of neutron stars. The magnetic pull of the magnetars are 1000 times stronger than normal neutron stars and neutron stars have already a very strong magnetic pull, as a result, they emit a lot of energy.The End-The Death of the Solar System, The Death of White Dwarfs, The Death of Protons (Hypothetical), The Death of Black Holes, Big Crunch, Big Freeze, Big Rip.
Reflection-The topic that I most like is the topic of Neutron Stars. I liked that the presentation is really informative and it is also interesting as it elaborates on the topics and information that I already know and expands on it.
23 Mar 2022Extra-Terresstrial Life Habitability-In all known forms of life require water and sufficient amounts of certain air qualities. Some important elements include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.
Reflection-I have learnt that the chances of life is really slim and that there are zones that show the chances of life existing in a star system or a solar system. And I think that since life is really rare in the universe, I will cherish and appreciate life much more from now on. I think that this lesson can be a bit more informative and that I would like to learn a bit of rocket science and learn more about black holes.
30 Mar 2022Black Holes Intro to Black Holes-A black hole is a place in space where gravity is really strong even light cannot escape from a black hole. We can't see a black hole as the strong gravitational force exerted by the black hole pulls all the surrounding light around it. Black holes can be in different sizes but even a black hole, the size of an atom can be as heavy as a huge mountain. There are 4 types of black holes, stellar black holes, intermediate black holes, supermassive black holes and miniature black holes. Intermediate black holes are more massive than stellar black holes but it has less mass than supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes are the largest black holes ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of our sun. Supermassive black holes are the black holes that are at the middle of our galaxy. Stellar black holes: When the centre of a very big star collapses on itself, it creates a supernova which as a result will form a black hole. Intermediate black holes: For an intermediate black hole to be formed, the collapse of a single star is not enough to form a black hole so a theory for it is when stellar black holes are attracted to each other forming an intermediate black hole. Supermassive black holes: A theory for the formation of a supermassive black hole is during the early stages of the universe.
Parts of the Black Hole-There are two parts of the black hole that are imaginary: The singularity and the event horizon. The event horizon is infamously called the point of no return and the singularity has an infinite density so which means that the laws of physics will likely break down at that point. Spaghettification: It is a process in which an object is getting sucked in by a black hole. White Holes-White holes are the opposite of black holes and instead of sucking things in, it ejects matter out of it and nothing can reach the event horizon of a white hole.Worm Holes (Hypothetical)-Wormholes would not be so useful as a wormhole is super unstable. The only way to enter a wormhole is to cross the event horizon of a black hole but once an object crosses the event horizon, it can not escape so objects can enter but not leave a wormhole.
Reflection: From this lecture, I learnt more about black holes and the different types of black holes. I also learnt that time travel might be possible with a wormhole. And a wormhole is made when there is a black hole and a white hole that is connected to each other. I think that the lesson is good enough. I would want to do different things instead of a lecture like hands-on activities etc.
6 Apr 2022Exoplanets-Exoplanets refer to planets outside our solar system. (stars) They orbit around their own stars, forming their own solar system. Most orbit other stars, but there are some that are freely floating planets(Rogue planets). There are different methods to detect exoplanets. Goldilocks' zone is the habitable zone which is just right for liquid water to exist but not ice and the area where the planet is not too hold or too cold. Kelper-186f was the first rocky planet that was found within the Goldilocks' zone. 51 Pegasi b is a giant exoplanet that is half the mass of Jupiter. Kelper-444 is the oldest known planetary system that has five terrestrial-sized planets, all in orbital resonance. Kelper-22b, Kelper-69c, Kelper-452b and Kelper-62f are examples of exoplanets.History of exoplanets-Carl Sagan best known scientific contribution is his research on extraterrestrial life. The first exoplanet was discovered by Carl Sagan's theory. It was discovered when it was detected by pulsars. -To detect a planet, we can detect if a star and an exoplanet are wobbling because of the gravity. Since the mass of the star is larger than the exoplanet, the centre of gravity is inside the star so it causes the wobbling. The next method is to use transit-timing variation, this method is really sensitive. The next method is detecting pulsars. Pulsars are really rare, and planets orbiting these pulsars are even rarer so it is really hard to use this to detect exoplanets. The next method is direct imaging. This method uses light that cannot be seen(beyond the visible spectrum). The next method is microlensing. The limitations of this method, the technique relies on a chance alignment between the source star which takes really long. The next method is astrometry. It involves measuring a star's position in the sky accurately and detecting how that position changes over time.
Reflection-I learnt about exoplanets and how to search or detect them using different methods and that some methods are really hard to use to detect exoplanets. I think that this lesson can be improved by letting us have more time to type and note down the notes. I can apply this in my life if I ever become someone that needs to find exoplanets for a living. I would like to learn about Mars in the future.
20 Apr 2022 What are rovers-They are exploration devices How are rovers designed?-Rovers are lander spacecraft and they have multiple ways to land: Deploying airbags to cushion the landing, Firing small rockets before impact, deploying parachutes, etc. After landing, the rovers usually move around with wheels and in a recent competition, a team designed a rover with legs that can hop around rather than moving with wheels. Rovers have appendages in their design to aid them with their mission. They have "hands" to hold rock samples, to hold tools, and drills in order to study fresh, unweathered rock samples. They need energy in order to move and work so they have solar panels for energy. They also can use nuclear energy. The plutonium they carry is protected by a case, they generate heat and they will in turn generate electricity that will power the rover and charge the batteries on the rover. Special parts of rovers-The moxie: It is used to produce oxygen from the carbon dioxide from Mars' atmosphere.-The Rock Abrasion Tool: It is used to break open rocks that were various Mars rovers.-The Radiation Assessment Detector: is used to characterise the broad spectrum of radiation.Reflection-I learnt the different parts of the rover and the rovers that had been to Mars.Reflection-I learnt how to get into orbit and other things, I also learnt the different parts of a rocket to get into orbit and back to Earth. I think that I can apply these things in the future if I somehow become someone who designs rockets. I enjoyed this lesson. I would want to play KSP as soon as possible.
4 May 2022What are satellites?-Satellites refer to any object orbiting a planet, it can be man-made objects or natural objects like the Moon. There can also be space junk in space that is orbiting around Earth.Types of satellites-Planetary observation, communication, navigation, space telescopes and space stations. Planetary observation: Take pictures and record data about the planet they are orbiting. For Earth, it is for environmental monitoring, meteorology, etc. Communication: Relays information across the curvature of Earth through radio signals. Multiple satellites work together as transponders. They use antennas to send and receive signals continuously. Navigation: Provide autonomous geo-spatial data and super accurate time synchronization. Telescopes: Observe distant astronomical objects. Astronomical Survey, Maps the whole sky and focused survey, focuses on certain objects and parts of the sky. Space Stations: Support human crew for an extended period of time.Dubious Satellites-The ISS, is a modular space station that is in low earth orbit. It was intended to be a laboratory and etc but not all of the uses envisioned in the initial memorandum have been realised. The New Horizons is a NASA mission to study the dwarf planet Pluto, its moons, and other objects in the Kuiper Belt. Sputnik 1, was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. SMAP is the Soil Moisture Active Passive a NASA environmental monitoring satellite that was launched on 31 January 2015.Disposal-Earth have two types of satellites, low Earth orbit and high Earth orbit. Satellites outside Earth. Deorbiting is similar to a graveyard orbit. Controlled entry, launch the satellite to the atmosphere of the planet for them to burn up, like in the LEO for Earth satellites.Reflection-I learnt the different "well known" satellites and what is the definition of a satellite. I also learnt that satellites can be man-made objects and other "natural" objects. I think that in order to apply what I have learnt, I have to be a rocket engineer tasked to build a satellite in the near future and I think that there is nothing to be improved. I wish to learnt about Dyson Spheres the next lesson.
18 May 2022Constellations-Constellations are groups of stars. The constellations that you see in the sky is based on the motion of the Earth and where you are in the Earth. Constellations are useful as it lets the astronomers and stargazers identify and recognise the stars in the night sky. In Ancient times, the constellations are also created to track the calendars. Constellations can also be used to track your location in the Earth. Using the Northern Star(Polaris), you can find out your latitude anywhere in the Earth. Asterisms-Asterisms are patterns of stars with shapes and sizes that can range from the very simple, containing just a few stars, to the larger and more complex — with some of these arrangements of stars covering large regions of the sky. Stars within an asterism are usually of similar brightness to each other and might range from bright and visible to the naked eye or distinguishable with a telescope. The Winter Triangle-The Winter Triangle is a prominent asterism in the night sky in the northern hemisphere during the winter months, from December to March.The three stars that form the Winter Triangle are among the brightest stars in the night sky. The Winter Triangle stars are Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, the red supergiant Betelgeuse, which is the ninth brightest star in the sky, and Procyon, the eighth brightest star in the night sky. Betelgeuse, the star marking the left shoulder of Orion, is just above Alnitak, the easternmost star of the Belt. Sirius can be found by following a line formed by the Belt stars to the southeast, while Procyon lies to the upper left of Sirius. Heart-Shaped Cluster (Messier 50), the Cone Nebula, the Christmas Tree Cluster in Monoceros constellation, Messier 41, the Tau Canis Majoris Cluster, Caroline’s Cluster in Canis Major, or the open clusters Messier 46, Messier 47, Messier 93, in Puppis constellation, and Messier 48 in the constellation of Hydra. Ursa Major and Ursa Minor-Ursa Major represents Callisto who had a child with Zeus, king of the Greek gods. When Zeus’ wife, Hera, found out, she turned Callisto into a bear. Then one day Callisto’s son was out hunting and saw a great bear, not realizing it was his mother. To save them both Zeus threw them into the sky. Callisto became Ursa Major and her son, Arcus, became Ursa Minor. Ursa Major contains seven Messier objects: Messier 40 (M40, Winnecke 4), Messier 81 (M81, NGC 3031, Bode’s Galaxy), Messier 82 (M82, NGC 3034, Cigar Galaxy), Messier 97 (M97, NGC 3587, Owl Nebula), Messier 101 (M101, NGC 5457, Pinwheel Galaxy), Messier 108 (M108, NGC 3556), and Messier 109 (M109, NGC 3992). Ursa Minor, (Latin: “Lesser Bear”) also called the Little Bear, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, at about 15 hours right ascension and 80° north declination, and seven of whose stars outline the Little Dipper. A barred spiral galaxy known as NGC 6217, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy called the Ursa Minor Dwarf, and an active supergiant elliptical radio galaxy known as NGC 6251. These objects are extremely dim and can only be seen in large telescopes.Ophiuchus-Ophiuchus lies between Aquila, Serpens, Scorpius, Sagittarius, and Hercules, northwest of the center of the Milky Way. The southern part lies between Scorpius to the west and Sagittarius to the east. In the northern hemisphere, it is best visible in summer. It is opposite Orion. Ophiuchus is depicted as a man grasping a serpent; the interposition of his body divides the snake constellation Serpens into two parts, Serpens Caput and Serpens Cauda. Ophiuchus contains several star clusters, such as IC 4665, NGC 6633, M9, M10, M12, M14, M19, M62, and M107, as well as the nebula IC 4603-4604. M10 is a fairly close globular cluster, only 20,000 light-years from Earth. It has a magnitude of 6.6 and is a Shapley class VII cluster. Ophiuchus boasts of numerous globular clusters, for example. The two easiest globular clusters to see with ordinary binoculars are M10 and M12. Another big deep-sky favorite is the Pipe Nebula, a vast interstellar cloud of gas and dust sweeping across about 7 degrees of sky. Asclepius killed a snake with his staff. But another snake dropped some herbs on the dead one, bringing it back to life. Asclepius then used those herbs to resurrect the son of King Minos. Business was so good for Asclepius that fewer people were entering the underworld. So Hades, the god of the underworld, complained to Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus then killed Asclepius with a lightning bolt. But that didn’t sit well with Apollo. To appease him, Zeus placed Asclepius in the sky.Orion-Orion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous and recognizable constellations in the night sky. It is named after Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are Rigel (Beta Orionis) and Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). It represents the mythical hunter Orion, who is often depicted in star maps as either facing the charge of Taurus, the bull, pursuing the Pleiades sisters, represented by the famous open cluster, or chasing after the hare (constellation Lepus) with his two hunting dogs, represented by the nearby constellations Canis Major and Canis Minor. The Orion Molecular Cloud Complex contains most of the well-known deep sky objects in Orion: the Orion Nebula, Barnard's Loop, the Flame Nebula, the Horsehead Nebula, Messier 43 and Messier 78.Reflection-I learnt about the different constellations and the mythology behind the different constellations. I also learnt about the reasoning about constellations. I can apply this in my daily life if I somehow end up being a person who is looking at the sky, looking for stars then probably I can apply this in my daily life. I would want to learn about the black hole in the centre of our universe.
29 Jun 202221st-century advancementsGravitational waves-The stretching and squeezing of space-time. General relativity states that anything with mass produces gravity which curses space-time. To detect gravitational waves, LIGO(Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory - the large-scale observatory is used. We can't feel the gravitational waves because they are really far away from Earth and when it reaches Earth, the amount of space-time warbling is 1000 smaller than an atom. Enceladus-Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn(500km in diameter). It is mostly covered by fresh and clean ice, many water-rich plumes can be found there. Cryovolcanoes are found on Enceladus, it shoots geyser-like jets of water vapour and other things.Cryovolcanoes-Volcanoes but with ice, erupts volatiles like water and gases below freezing point. There are hotspots around the geysers/plumes formed by tidal friction. Warm liquid water travels up through cracks and deposits some heat in the surface ice. the rest of the water is sprayed into space.Sound on Mars(Very recently)-Around 540mph compared to Earth, 760 mph, the speed of sound. Mars' atmosphere is 100 times less dense than Earth which affects how sound waves travel to Earth which makes audio a lot lower on Mars. And since Mars is made up of 96% Carbon Dioxide, it would absorb higher pitch sounds and so lower pitch sounds will travel longer distances.Another "Earth"(Kepler-452b)-Using the Kepler Space Telescope, dozens of habitable planets, named exoplanets, have been discovered by astronomers. These planets have characteristics similar to those found on Earth. An example of an exoplanet would be Kepler-452b, which is the closest to any planet found in the solar system. (500 lightyears away.) Kepler-452b is the most similar to Earth because it is the right temperature within the habitable zone, one and half times the diameter of Earth, it is circling its "Sun"(Its start) and it has a good chance of rocky terrain. Kepler-452b is currently the smallest planet in the habitable zone. Kepler-452b is 60% larger in diameter than Earth(Super-Earth-Size), while Kepler-452b is larger than Earth, it only takes 385 days to orbit. Kepler-452b is 6 billion years old which is older than Earth's Sun. It has the same temperature as compared to Earth but it is only 20% brighter and 10% larger. Since Kepler-452b is an "older cousin" of Earth, it can reflect how the Earth's environment is. It has been around long enough for life to inhabit that planet, should everything that is needed is there. twelve of the new planet candidates have diameters between one to two times that of Earth, and orbit in their star's habitable zone.Magnetars-The most magnetic objects in the universe, their magnetic fields are a thousand trillion times stronger than Earth. Like other stars, they emit bursts of radiation. Unlike Pulsars, their burst is not reliable/consistent. they are pretty erratic.The first image of a black hole-The first image of a black hole that humans captured was taken in March-April 2019. Discovered using an international network of radio telescopes called the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT). It is an international collaboration whose support in the U.S includes the National Science Foundation. A black hole is an extremely dense object from which no light can escape. Anything that comes within a black hole's level horizon, its point of no return, will be consumed, never to re-emerge, because of the black hole's unimaginably strong gravity. By its very nature, a black hole cannot be seen. That makes it especially impressive how humans have managed to capture this image. Black holes have also been a large mystery to man so this has helped humans learn more about space, and also intrigued people to find out more.Mapping of Milky Way by Gaia-Gaia is a mission by the European Space Agency made to survey over a billion stars in our galaxy and the local neighbourhood to create a 3D map of the Milky Way. Gaia is expected to be able to capture a precise 3D map of over a billion stars. This will give us data on the Milky Way, such as the structure, luminosity, temperature etc. That provides the answers to many of our questions on how the universe works, our origins, and possibly alien life.Future of Astronomy-Neutron Stars are up to 25 solar masses, formed when a star runs out of fuel and collapses. Core collapse so the atoms are crushed into neutrons. They are some of the smallest and densest objects in the Universe, other than hypothetical objects and black holes. They will no longer radiate heat and will cool down after forming. They have around a surface temperature of almost 600 thousand degrees celsius when it first forms.Reflections-I learnt the advancements of astronomy and the planets that are almost the same as Earth are habitable like Earth. Some things that went well is the new things that I have learnt and what is used to sense the gravitational waves in space think that the lecture is a bit boring and so it can be a bit more interactive and I would want to learn more about Dyson Spheres.
6 Jul 2022Food and Nutrition-Astronauts eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Nutritionists ensure the food astronauts eat provides them with a balanced supply of vitamins and minerals. Requirements depend on gender on gender, size and how active the astronauts is. Calories required increase in outer space, as bone density and mass decreases. The space station stores food in the spacecraft before hand for astronauts to consume during the mission. Most normal foods have to be packaged and stored differently due to the different due to the different conditions in space. The food is loaded on board the shuttle two to three days before launch. The space shuttle carries about 3.8 pounds of food. The meals are stored in locker trays, arranged in the order that the astronauts will eat them.Reflection-I learnt about the food that is on the ISS and that the requirements for the food that can be brought to the ISS. I think that the lesson was okay and some improvements can be that the lesson can overall be more interesting. A topic that I would want to learn more is the Sun.
13 Jul 2022Reflection-I learnt about the aerodynamics like drag force and the different types of drag force and life force. I also learnt about how the aerodynamics apply to rockets and how the wings of the rockets will help stabilize the rocket. I think that the lesson can be improved by have a more interactive lesson and I would like to learn more about dyson spheres in the future.
20 Jul 2022Stellar Evolution-Life cycle of a star: Birth-->Main Sequence-->Old Age-->Death-->Remnant. -Protostars are a type of interstellar cloud, its size and density contribute to regular molecular formation, mostly hydrogen. Its molecular formation helps to differentiate it from other interstellar clouds. Examples of molecular clouds: Taurus Molecular Cloud is the nearest star formation and with a telescope, when looking in the sky, you can find it above the Taurus constellation. Protostars are the birth of a young star. It lasts around half a million years. Where common true stars are first made and usually start out as small clumps of gas known as dense cores. After the collapse, it forms a low mass protostar and then a protoplaneary orbiting it. More gas accumulates at the disk and it forms an equilibrium.-Main-sequence is the most common true stars. It is a fully mature star which has homogenous initial composition. G-Type stars are often called yellow dwarves. It has the surface temperature of 5.3k to 6k Kelvins. Example of G-Type stars is the Sun and it is almost halfway into its stage. Brown stars are known as a failed star and it occurs due to the insufficient mass of hydrogen reserves. As a failed star, it is also called dead.-A red giant is the beginning of its late phase. When a Main-sequence star is exhausted of hydrogen, it contracts due to gravity. Fusion continues due to the addition of hydrogen. After which, it continues a "tug of war" with thermal pressure and gravity till it has stopped expanding. The temperature ranges to 3000k to 4000k.ReflectionI learnt what is stellar evolution and what are the different stages of stellar evolution which is the life cycle of a star. I also learnt that the lifespan of a white dwarf is really long and that it might be the last source of light in the universe. The presentation is good because it is informative. The presentation is a little too boring though and it can be improved if there is a more hands-on activities. I would want to learn more about the universe because I don't know what I want to learn.
27 Jul 2022Stellar Evolution Part 2-A supernova is a star at the end of its stellar lifespan. It was observed that stars can be observed that glow up in a burst of energy and then disappear altogether or leave a smaller star than it was before. A type 1a supernova can happen when a white dwarf draws in a lot of material from neighbouring stars and the mass of the white dwarf reaches more than 1.4 solar masses, it will suddenly explode and result in a type 1a supernova. A binary system and both of the stars are white dwarfs, they might collide into a type 1a supernova too. Type II supernovas can occur when a star which is heavier than 8 solar masses go to the end of their life. The burning process will continuously burn till it can no longer be fused. In which gravity tips over its thermal pressure and causes a core collapse causing a supernova. -Neutron stars is a collapsed core of a massive star. It is so compact that its density is equivalent to Mount Everest in a cup of coffee. These stars undergo a process when they rotate. They can undergo a "Star-quake". Currently, there are known to be 2000~ Neutron Stars in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds. -A black hole is a collapsed core of a massive star that has enough gravity that makes anything unescapable.ReflectionI learnt more about stellar evolution. I think that this lesson is really good because it is really informative and has more interesting topics. I think that this presentation can improve by making it more interactive. I would want to learn about the creation of Earth and the Moon in the next lesson.
5 Aug 2022Europa Clipper and Possibilities of life in Ocean Worlds (Using Geophysics to Reveal the Salty Secrets of Icy Ocean Worlds: Focus on magnetic properties) Dr Steven Vance-Galilean satellites of Jupiter: Callisto, Ganymede, Europa, IO. Galileo spacecraft - 1995 to 2003 Callisto, Ganymede and Europa are covered in ice but in contrast, IO is a rocky planet and it is covered in sulfur, etc. Europa"s surface(Ridged Plains) have linear streaks as(theory) the ice might have opened and when it closed, it created the streaks. Europa also have something that is called the Chaos surface and it also have craters etc. Europa's interior has a metallic core, rocky layer, water and ice. Europa has more water(2 times more) than Earth even though it is why smaller than Earth and even smaller that Mars. Europa convection: Ocean-->Warmer Flowing ice-->Cold stiff ice. There is red streaks on Europa and it may be materials that is in Europa. Europa is believed that it has all of the ingredients for life. Water is much more than on Earth. Essential elements are all from formation and impacts. Chemical energy are both on top and below. Stability, 'Simmering' for about 4 billion years. -Europa Clipper Mission's goal is to explore and investigate Europa's habitality.
17 Aug 2022RelativityReflection-I learnt what is general and special relativity and the differences between two of the theories and also where and how they apply. I also learnt something that is interesting and is really new to me that is if someone is travelling at the speed of light and another person is staying still, the person that is travelling at the speed of light will be younger that the person that is staying still will be older because of time dilation. I find that this session can be improved by making the theory much more easier to understand as to me it is a bit hard to understand. I like this session as it is a much more interesting session. I hope that we can learn quantum physics next time.
24 Aug 2022Reflection-I learnt about galaxies, stars, nebulae and the different types of them and what do they do, for example, blocking light from stars, etc. I also learnt how to read a star map and what is a star map. I liked this session as it lets me to learn more about galaxies and about Deep Sky Objects. I would like this session more if it is in an aircon room.
31 Aug 2022Reflection-I feel that this session was fine and after this lesson, I feel that I am more confident in making slides and presenting about the topics I would like to talk about. I would want to have another lesson like this. I feel that I would be interested in presenting or teach to other people. I also would think that making better slides will improve my presentations.
14 Sep 2022Reflection-Today, I learnt more about fox hunting like using different features in order to locate a transmitter much more accurately. I feel that this session can be better if it has more stuff to learn.
8 March 2023Reflection-I learnt that Gravity shows the challenges that come with zero gravity, including the difficulty of moving and the loss of orientation. Gravity shows the vastness of space and the dangers that come with it. The movie depicts the debris fields and meteoroids that orbit around the Earth, which pose a significant threat to the safety of astronauts.
8 May 2024-Learnt about EM waves and radio antennas.
26 Jun 2024-I learnt about orbital mechanics, kepler's laws and also heard about what happened during the june holis regarding astronomy.
The interstellar medium, made up of gas, dust, and cosmic rays found between stars, provides the raw material for star formation and affects astronomical observations and galactic dynamics by absorbing and scattering light and radio waves. Accretion disks, which form from material spiraling around a central body such as a black hole or star, emit significant electromagnetic radiation. These disks can also form when an object crosses the Roche limit.
I learnt about stellar evolution and electronic applied into astronomy.
The Beginning-The universe expands and as it expands the universe cools at a very fast pace, although the universe is cooling down, the quarks still cannot merge.When the universe is cool enough, the electrons, protons, and neutrons to form. Electrons and Nuclei form atoms. The universe became transparent to photons. The Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation is caused by these things.-The stars that are formed after the dark ages were extremely massive between few hundreds to 1000 solar masses and they were extremely bright. (For these stars, the stars cannot live for very long as they use up a lot of gas in their lifespan.)When the age of the universe became longer, the birth of stars accelerated because of a chain reaction. Gravity caused the formation of galaxies and later galaxy clusters.-The planets are formed by small dust and gas clumping together. And the planets collide together to form bigger planets. The gas planets tend to form further than the Sun as gas tend to move away from the Sun due to the heat generated.For smaller planetesimals who failed to be planets were captured by bigger planets to be their moon. But in Earth's case, the moon was created because of an object colliding with Earth billions of years ago.-There are three different black holes (One is a theory): Stellar black holes (It is formed when a neutron star absorbs enough material from a nearby star. Black holes can be formed as long as cores are greater than 5 solar masses.), Supermassive black holes (I support the theory that says the in the early universe, the massive stars died and created supermassive black holes. In the event horizon, an imaginary line where lights cannot escape from the gravity of the black hole. A singular point called the Singularity is so dense that space-time starts to curve.The Beginning of the End-Low mass stars are really small and usually red dwarfs. These stars fuse hydrogen and helium really slowly and hence it has a really long lifespan. Nuclear Fusion: When two different molecules collide together with intense forces, they fuse together=Nuclear Fusion. Stars with more than 25% solar masses become red giants and eventually become white dwarfs. But for stars with less than 25% solar masses, the stars will slowly run out of fuel which will take really long. Intermediate mass stars are like our Sun and they are capable to fuse helium to become carbon and oxygen but as a result of that, they will have a shorter lifespan compared to low mass stars. White dwarfs are the remains of low-intermediate mass stars. High mass stars are the most extreme stars in the universe, they are much bigger than our Sun. When they implode, they can form celestial bodies themselves.-Supernovas: Type II Supernovas: When a star does not have enough nuclear energy to resist gravity, it collapses within itself causing a type II supernova. Type I Supernovas (Type 1a): This supernova needs a white dwarf to orbit the other star. When the white dwarf absorbs the matter from the other star, it leads to the white dwarf exploding, the same explosion can happen when two white dwarfs collide with each other.-Neutron Stars: This is one of the things a huge star becomes after exploding. Pulsars, the most common forms of neutron stars. They emit strong pulses of energy in intervals. Magnetars, it another type of neutron stars. The magnetic pull of the magnetars are 1000 times stronger than normal neutron stars and neutron stars have already a very strong magnetic pull, as a result, they emit a lot of energy.The End-The Death of the Solar System, The Death of White Dwarfs, The Death of Protons (Hypothetical), The Death of Black Holes, Big Crunch, Big Freeze, Big Rip.
Reflection-The topic that I most like is the topic of Neutron Stars. I liked that the presentation is really informative and it is also interesting as it elaborates on the topics and information that I already know and expands on it.
23 Mar 2022Extra-Terresstrial Life Habitability-In all known forms of life require water and sufficient amounts of certain air qualities. Some important elements include Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen.
Reflection-I have learnt that the chances of life is really slim and that there are zones that show the chances of life existing in a star system or a solar system. And I think that since life is really rare in the universe, I will cherish and appreciate life much more from now on. I think that this lesson can be a bit more informative and that I would like to learn a bit of rocket science and learn more about black holes.
30 Mar 2022Black Holes Intro to Black Holes-A black hole is a place in space where gravity is really strong even light cannot escape from a black hole. We can't see a black hole as the strong gravitational force exerted by the black hole pulls all the surrounding light around it. Black holes can be in different sizes but even a black hole, the size of an atom can be as heavy as a huge mountain. There are 4 types of black holes, stellar black holes, intermediate black holes, supermassive black holes and miniature black holes. Intermediate black holes are more massive than stellar black holes but it has less mass than supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes are the largest black holes ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of our sun. Supermassive black holes are the black holes that are at the middle of our galaxy. Stellar black holes: When the centre of a very big star collapses on itself, it creates a supernova which as a result will form a black hole. Intermediate black holes: For an intermediate black hole to be formed, the collapse of a single star is not enough to form a black hole so a theory for it is when stellar black holes are attracted to each other forming an intermediate black hole. Supermassive black holes: A theory for the formation of a supermassive black hole is during the early stages of the universe.
Parts of the Black Hole-There are two parts of the black hole that are imaginary: The singularity and the event horizon. The event horizon is infamously called the point of no return and the singularity has an infinite density so which means that the laws of physics will likely break down at that point. Spaghettification: It is a process in which an object is getting sucked in by a black hole. White Holes-White holes are the opposite of black holes and instead of sucking things in, it ejects matter out of it and nothing can reach the event horizon of a white hole.Worm Holes (Hypothetical)-Wormholes would not be so useful as a wormhole is super unstable. The only way to enter a wormhole is to cross the event horizon of a black hole but once an object crosses the event horizon, it can not escape so objects can enter but not leave a wormhole.
Reflection: From this lecture, I learnt more about black holes and the different types of black holes. I also learnt that time travel might be possible with a wormhole. And a wormhole is made when there is a black hole and a white hole that is connected to each other. I think that the lesson is good enough. I would want to do different things instead of a lecture like hands-on activities etc.
6 Apr 2022Exoplanets-Exoplanets refer to planets outside our solar system. (stars) They orbit around their own stars, forming their own solar system. Most orbit other stars, but there are some that are freely floating planets(Rogue planets). There are different methods to detect exoplanets. Goldilocks' zone is the habitable zone which is just right for liquid water to exist but not ice and the area where the planet is not too hold or too cold. Kelper-186f was the first rocky planet that was found within the Goldilocks' zone. 51 Pegasi b is a giant exoplanet that is half the mass of Jupiter. Kelper-444 is the oldest known planetary system that has five terrestrial-sized planets, all in orbital resonance. Kelper-22b, Kelper-69c, Kelper-452b and Kelper-62f are examples of exoplanets.History of exoplanets-Carl Sagan best known scientific contribution is his research on extraterrestrial life. The first exoplanet was discovered by Carl Sagan's theory. It was discovered when it was detected by pulsars. -To detect a planet, we can detect if a star and an exoplanet are wobbling because of the gravity. Since the mass of the star is larger than the exoplanet, the centre of gravity is inside the star so it causes the wobbling. The next method is to use transit-timing variation, this method is really sensitive. The next method is detecting pulsars. Pulsars are really rare, and planets orbiting these pulsars are even rarer so it is really hard to use this to detect exoplanets. The next method is direct imaging. This method uses light that cannot be seen(beyond the visible spectrum). The next method is microlensing. The limitations of this method, the technique relies on a chance alignment between the source star which takes really long. The next method is astrometry. It involves measuring a star's position in the sky accurately and detecting how that position changes over time.
Reflection-I learnt about exoplanets and how to search or detect them using different methods and that some methods are really hard to use to detect exoplanets. I think that this lesson can be improved by letting us have more time to type and note down the notes. I can apply this in my life if I ever become someone that needs to find exoplanets for a living. I would like to learn about Mars in the future.
20 Apr 2022 What are rovers-They are exploration devices How are rovers designed?-Rovers are lander spacecraft and they have multiple ways to land: Deploying airbags to cushion the landing, Firing small rockets before impact, deploying parachutes, etc. After landing, the rovers usually move around with wheels and in a recent competition, a team designed a rover with legs that can hop around rather than moving with wheels. Rovers have appendages in their design to aid them with their mission. They have "hands" to hold rock samples, to hold tools, and drills in order to study fresh, unweathered rock samples. They need energy in order to move and work so they have solar panels for energy. They also can use nuclear energy. The plutonium they carry is protected by a case, they generate heat and they will in turn generate electricity that will power the rover and charge the batteries on the rover. Special parts of rovers-The moxie: It is used to produce oxygen from the carbon dioxide from Mars' atmosphere.-The Rock Abrasion Tool: It is used to break open rocks that were various Mars rovers.-The Radiation Assessment Detector: is used to characterise the broad spectrum of radiation.Reflection-I learnt the different parts of the rover and the rovers that had been to Mars.Reflection-I learnt how to get into orbit and other things, I also learnt the different parts of a rocket to get into orbit and back to Earth. I think that I can apply these things in the future if I somehow become someone who designs rockets. I enjoyed this lesson. I would want to play KSP as soon as possible.
4 May 2022What are satellites?-Satellites refer to any object orbiting a planet, it can be man-made objects or natural objects like the Moon. There can also be space junk in space that is orbiting around Earth.Types of satellites-Planetary observation, communication, navigation, space telescopes and space stations. Planetary observation: Take pictures and record data about the planet they are orbiting. For Earth, it is for environmental monitoring, meteorology, etc. Communication: Relays information across the curvature of Earth through radio signals. Multiple satellites work together as transponders. They use antennas to send and receive signals continuously. Navigation: Provide autonomous geo-spatial data and super accurate time synchronization. Telescopes: Observe distant astronomical objects. Astronomical Survey, Maps the whole sky and focused survey, focuses on certain objects and parts of the sky. Space Stations: Support human crew for an extended period of time.Dubious Satellites-The ISS, is a modular space station that is in low earth orbit. It was intended to be a laboratory and etc but not all of the uses envisioned in the initial memorandum have been realised. The New Horizons is a NASA mission to study the dwarf planet Pluto, its moons, and other objects in the Kuiper Belt. Sputnik 1, was launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957 as part of the Soviet space program. SMAP is the Soil Moisture Active Passive a NASA environmental monitoring satellite that was launched on 31 January 2015.Disposal-Earth have two types of satellites, low Earth orbit and high Earth orbit. Satellites outside Earth. Deorbiting is similar to a graveyard orbit. Controlled entry, launch the satellite to the atmosphere of the planet for them to burn up, like in the LEO for Earth satellites.Reflection-I learnt the different "well known" satellites and what is the definition of a satellite. I also learnt that satellites can be man-made objects and other "natural" objects. I think that in order to apply what I have learnt, I have to be a rocket engineer tasked to build a satellite in the near future and I think that there is nothing to be improved. I wish to learnt about Dyson Spheres the next lesson.
18 May 2022Constellations-Constellations are groups of stars. The constellations that you see in the sky is based on the motion of the Earth and where you are in the Earth. Constellations are useful as it lets the astronomers and stargazers identify and recognise the stars in the night sky. In Ancient times, the constellations are also created to track the calendars. Constellations can also be used to track your location in the Earth. Using the Northern Star(Polaris), you can find out your latitude anywhere in the Earth. Asterisms-Asterisms are patterns of stars with shapes and sizes that can range from the very simple, containing just a few stars, to the larger and more complex — with some of these arrangements of stars covering large regions of the sky. Stars within an asterism are usually of similar brightness to each other and might range from bright and visible to the naked eye or distinguishable with a telescope. The Winter Triangle-The Winter Triangle is a prominent asterism in the night sky in the northern hemisphere during the winter months, from December to March.The three stars that form the Winter Triangle are among the brightest stars in the night sky. The Winter Triangle stars are Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, the red supergiant Betelgeuse, which is the ninth brightest star in the sky, and Procyon, the eighth brightest star in the night sky. Betelgeuse, the star marking the left shoulder of Orion, is just above Alnitak, the easternmost star of the Belt. Sirius can be found by following a line formed by the Belt stars to the southeast, while Procyon lies to the upper left of Sirius. Heart-Shaped Cluster (Messier 50), the Cone Nebula, the Christmas Tree Cluster in Monoceros constellation, Messier 41, the Tau Canis Majoris Cluster, Caroline’s Cluster in Canis Major, or the open clusters Messier 46, Messier 47, Messier 93, in Puppis constellation, and Messier 48 in the constellation of Hydra. Ursa Major and Ursa Minor-Ursa Major represents Callisto who had a child with Zeus, king of the Greek gods. When Zeus’ wife, Hera, found out, she turned Callisto into a bear. Then one day Callisto’s son was out hunting and saw a great bear, not realizing it was his mother. To save them both Zeus threw them into the sky. Callisto became Ursa Major and her son, Arcus, became Ursa Minor. Ursa Major contains seven Messier objects: Messier 40 (M40, Winnecke 4), Messier 81 (M81, NGC 3031, Bode’s Galaxy), Messier 82 (M82, NGC 3034, Cigar Galaxy), Messier 97 (M97, NGC 3587, Owl Nebula), Messier 101 (M101, NGC 5457, Pinwheel Galaxy), Messier 108 (M108, NGC 3556), and Messier 109 (M109, NGC 3992). Ursa Minor, (Latin: “Lesser Bear”) also called the Little Bear, in astronomy, a constellation of the northern sky, at about 15 hours right ascension and 80° north declination, and seven of whose stars outline the Little Dipper. A barred spiral galaxy known as NGC 6217, a dwarf spheroidal galaxy called the Ursa Minor Dwarf, and an active supergiant elliptical radio galaxy known as NGC 6251. These objects are extremely dim and can only be seen in large telescopes.Ophiuchus-Ophiuchus lies between Aquila, Serpens, Scorpius, Sagittarius, and Hercules, northwest of the center of the Milky Way. The southern part lies between Scorpius to the west and Sagittarius to the east. In the northern hemisphere, it is best visible in summer. It is opposite Orion. Ophiuchus is depicted as a man grasping a serpent; the interposition of his body divides the snake constellation Serpens into two parts, Serpens Caput and Serpens Cauda. Ophiuchus contains several star clusters, such as IC 4665, NGC 6633, M9, M10, M12, M14, M19, M62, and M107, as well as the nebula IC 4603-4604. M10 is a fairly close globular cluster, only 20,000 light-years from Earth. It has a magnitude of 6.6 and is a Shapley class VII cluster. Ophiuchus boasts of numerous globular clusters, for example. The two easiest globular clusters to see with ordinary binoculars are M10 and M12. Another big deep-sky favorite is the Pipe Nebula, a vast interstellar cloud of gas and dust sweeping across about 7 degrees of sky. Asclepius killed a snake with his staff. But another snake dropped some herbs on the dead one, bringing it back to life. Asclepius then used those herbs to resurrect the son of King Minos. Business was so good for Asclepius that fewer people were entering the underworld. So Hades, the god of the underworld, complained to Zeus, the king of the gods. Zeus then killed Asclepius with a lightning bolt. But that didn’t sit well with Apollo. To appease him, Zeus placed Asclepius in the sky.Orion-Orion is a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator and visible throughout the world. It is one of the most conspicuous and recognizable constellations in the night sky. It is named after Orion, a hunter in Greek mythology. Its brightest stars are Rigel (Beta Orionis) and Betelgeuse (Alpha Orionis). It represents the mythical hunter Orion, who is often depicted in star maps as either facing the charge of Taurus, the bull, pursuing the Pleiades sisters, represented by the famous open cluster, or chasing after the hare (constellation Lepus) with his two hunting dogs, represented by the nearby constellations Canis Major and Canis Minor. The Orion Molecular Cloud Complex contains most of the well-known deep sky objects in Orion: the Orion Nebula, Barnard's Loop, the Flame Nebula, the Horsehead Nebula, Messier 43 and Messier 78.Reflection-I learnt about the different constellations and the mythology behind the different constellations. I also learnt about the reasoning about constellations. I can apply this in my daily life if I somehow end up being a person who is looking at the sky, looking for stars then probably I can apply this in my daily life. I would want to learn about the black hole in the centre of our universe.
29 Jun 202221st-century advancementsGravitational waves-The stretching and squeezing of space-time. General relativity states that anything with mass produces gravity which curses space-time. To detect gravitational waves, LIGO(Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory - the large-scale observatory is used. We can't feel the gravitational waves because they are really far away from Earth and when it reaches Earth, the amount of space-time warbling is 1000 smaller than an atom. Enceladus-Enceladus is the sixth-largest moon of Saturn(500km in diameter). It is mostly covered by fresh and clean ice, many water-rich plumes can be found there. Cryovolcanoes are found on Enceladus, it shoots geyser-like jets of water vapour and other things.Cryovolcanoes-Volcanoes but with ice, erupts volatiles like water and gases below freezing point. There are hotspots around the geysers/plumes formed by tidal friction. Warm liquid water travels up through cracks and deposits some heat in the surface ice. the rest of the water is sprayed into space.Sound on Mars(Very recently)-Around 540mph compared to Earth, 760 mph, the speed of sound. Mars' atmosphere is 100 times less dense than Earth which affects how sound waves travel to Earth which makes audio a lot lower on Mars. And since Mars is made up of 96% Carbon Dioxide, it would absorb higher pitch sounds and so lower pitch sounds will travel longer distances.Another "Earth"(Kepler-452b)-Using the Kepler Space Telescope, dozens of habitable planets, named exoplanets, have been discovered by astronomers. These planets have characteristics similar to those found on Earth. An example of an exoplanet would be Kepler-452b, which is the closest to any planet found in the solar system. (500 lightyears away.) Kepler-452b is the most similar to Earth because it is the right temperature within the habitable zone, one and half times the diameter of Earth, it is circling its "Sun"(Its start) and it has a good chance of rocky terrain. Kepler-452b is currently the smallest planet in the habitable zone. Kepler-452b is 60% larger in diameter than Earth(Super-Earth-Size), while Kepler-452b is larger than Earth, it only takes 385 days to orbit. Kepler-452b is 6 billion years old which is older than Earth's Sun. It has the same temperature as compared to Earth but it is only 20% brighter and 10% larger. Since Kepler-452b is an "older cousin" of Earth, it can reflect how the Earth's environment is. It has been around long enough for life to inhabit that planet, should everything that is needed is there. twelve of the new planet candidates have diameters between one to two times that of Earth, and orbit in their star's habitable zone.Magnetars-The most magnetic objects in the universe, their magnetic fields are a thousand trillion times stronger than Earth. Like other stars, they emit bursts of radiation. Unlike Pulsars, their burst is not reliable/consistent. they are pretty erratic.The first image of a black hole-The first image of a black hole that humans captured was taken in March-April 2019. Discovered using an international network of radio telescopes called the Event Horizon Telescope(EHT). It is an international collaboration whose support in the U.S includes the National Science Foundation. A black hole is an extremely dense object from which no light can escape. Anything that comes within a black hole's level horizon, its point of no return, will be consumed, never to re-emerge, because of the black hole's unimaginably strong gravity. By its very nature, a black hole cannot be seen. That makes it especially impressive how humans have managed to capture this image. Black holes have also been a large mystery to man so this has helped humans learn more about space, and also intrigued people to find out more.Mapping of Milky Way by Gaia-Gaia is a mission by the European Space Agency made to survey over a billion stars in our galaxy and the local neighbourhood to create a 3D map of the Milky Way. Gaia is expected to be able to capture a precise 3D map of over a billion stars. This will give us data on the Milky Way, such as the structure, luminosity, temperature etc. That provides the answers to many of our questions on how the universe works, our origins, and possibly alien life.Future of Astronomy-Neutron Stars are up to 25 solar masses, formed when a star runs out of fuel and collapses. Core collapse so the atoms are crushed into neutrons. They are some of the smallest and densest objects in the Universe, other than hypothetical objects and black holes. They will no longer radiate heat and will cool down after forming. They have around a surface temperature of almost 600 thousand degrees celsius when it first forms.Reflections-I learnt the advancements of astronomy and the planets that are almost the same as Earth are habitable like Earth. Some things that went well is the new things that I have learnt and what is used to sense the gravitational waves in space think that the lecture is a bit boring and so it can be a bit more interactive and I would want to learn more about Dyson Spheres.
6 Jul 2022Food and Nutrition-Astronauts eat three meals a day: breakfast, lunch and dinner. Nutritionists ensure the food astronauts eat provides them with a balanced supply of vitamins and minerals. Requirements depend on gender on gender, size and how active the astronauts is. Calories required increase in outer space, as bone density and mass decreases. The space station stores food in the spacecraft before hand for astronauts to consume during the mission. Most normal foods have to be packaged and stored differently due to the different due to the different conditions in space. The food is loaded on board the shuttle two to three days before launch. The space shuttle carries about 3.8 pounds of food. The meals are stored in locker trays, arranged in the order that the astronauts will eat them.Reflection-I learnt about the food that is on the ISS and that the requirements for the food that can be brought to the ISS. I think that the lesson was okay and some improvements can be that the lesson can overall be more interesting. A topic that I would want to learn more is the Sun.
13 Jul 2022Reflection-I learnt about the aerodynamics like drag force and the different types of drag force and life force. I also learnt about how the aerodynamics apply to rockets and how the wings of the rockets will help stabilize the rocket. I think that the lesson can be improved by have a more interactive lesson and I would like to learn more about dyson spheres in the future.
20 Jul 2022Stellar Evolution-Life cycle of a star: Birth-->Main Sequence-->Old Age-->Death-->Remnant. -Protostars are a type of interstellar cloud, its size and density contribute to regular molecular formation, mostly hydrogen. Its molecular formation helps to differentiate it from other interstellar clouds. Examples of molecular clouds: Taurus Molecular Cloud is the nearest star formation and with a telescope, when looking in the sky, you can find it above the Taurus constellation. Protostars are the birth of a young star. It lasts around half a million years. Where common true stars are first made and usually start out as small clumps of gas known as dense cores. After the collapse, it forms a low mass protostar and then a protoplaneary orbiting it. More gas accumulates at the disk and it forms an equilibrium.-Main-sequence is the most common true stars. It is a fully mature star which has homogenous initial composition. G-Type stars are often called yellow dwarves. It has the surface temperature of 5.3k to 6k Kelvins. Example of G-Type stars is the Sun and it is almost halfway into its stage. Brown stars are known as a failed star and it occurs due to the insufficient mass of hydrogen reserves. As a failed star, it is also called dead.-A red giant is the beginning of its late phase. When a Main-sequence star is exhausted of hydrogen, it contracts due to gravity. Fusion continues due to the addition of hydrogen. After which, it continues a "tug of war" with thermal pressure and gravity till it has stopped expanding. The temperature ranges to 3000k to 4000k.ReflectionI learnt what is stellar evolution and what are the different stages of stellar evolution which is the life cycle of a star. I also learnt that the lifespan of a white dwarf is really long and that it might be the last source of light in the universe. The presentation is good because it is informative. The presentation is a little too boring though and it can be improved if there is a more hands-on activities. I would want to learn more about the universe because I don't know what I want to learn.
27 Jul 2022Stellar Evolution Part 2-A supernova is a star at the end of its stellar lifespan. It was observed that stars can be observed that glow up in a burst of energy and then disappear altogether or leave a smaller star than it was before. A type 1a supernova can happen when a white dwarf draws in a lot of material from neighbouring stars and the mass of the white dwarf reaches more than 1.4 solar masses, it will suddenly explode and result in a type 1a supernova. A binary system and both of the stars are white dwarfs, they might collide into a type 1a supernova too. Type II supernovas can occur when a star which is heavier than 8 solar masses go to the end of their life. The burning process will continuously burn till it can no longer be fused. In which gravity tips over its thermal pressure and causes a core collapse causing a supernova. -Neutron stars is a collapsed core of a massive star. It is so compact that its density is equivalent to Mount Everest in a cup of coffee. These stars undergo a process when they rotate. They can undergo a "Star-quake". Currently, there are known to be 2000~ Neutron Stars in the Milky Way and Magellanic Clouds. -A black hole is a collapsed core of a massive star that has enough gravity that makes anything unescapable.ReflectionI learnt more about stellar evolution. I think that this lesson is really good because it is really informative and has more interesting topics. I think that this presentation can improve by making it more interactive. I would want to learn about the creation of Earth and the Moon in the next lesson.
5 Aug 2022Europa Clipper and Possibilities of life in Ocean Worlds (Using Geophysics to Reveal the Salty Secrets of Icy Ocean Worlds: Focus on magnetic properties) Dr Steven Vance-Galilean satellites of Jupiter: Callisto, Ganymede, Europa, IO. Galileo spacecraft - 1995 to 2003 Callisto, Ganymede and Europa are covered in ice but in contrast, IO is a rocky planet and it is covered in sulfur, etc. Europa"s surface(Ridged Plains) have linear streaks as(theory) the ice might have opened and when it closed, it created the streaks. Europa also have something that is called the Chaos surface and it also have craters etc. Europa's interior has a metallic core, rocky layer, water and ice. Europa has more water(2 times more) than Earth even though it is why smaller than Earth and even smaller that Mars. Europa convection: Ocean-->Warmer Flowing ice-->Cold stiff ice. There is red streaks on Europa and it may be materials that is in Europa. Europa is believed that it has all of the ingredients for life. Water is much more than on Earth. Essential elements are all from formation and impacts. Chemical energy are both on top and below. Stability, 'Simmering' for about 4 billion years. -Europa Clipper Mission's goal is to explore and investigate Europa's habitality.
17 Aug 2022RelativityReflection-I learnt what is general and special relativity and the differences between two of the theories and also where and how they apply. I also learnt something that is interesting and is really new to me that is if someone is travelling at the speed of light and another person is staying still, the person that is travelling at the speed of light will be younger that the person that is staying still will be older because of time dilation. I find that this session can be improved by making the theory much more easier to understand as to me it is a bit hard to understand. I like this session as it is a much more interesting session. I hope that we can learn quantum physics next time.
24 Aug 2022Reflection-I learnt about galaxies, stars, nebulae and the different types of them and what do they do, for example, blocking light from stars, etc. I also learnt how to read a star map and what is a star map. I liked this session as it lets me to learn more about galaxies and about Deep Sky Objects. I would like this session more if it is in an aircon room.
31 Aug 2022Reflection-I feel that this session was fine and after this lesson, I feel that I am more confident in making slides and presenting about the topics I would like to talk about. I would want to have another lesson like this. I feel that I would be interested in presenting or teach to other people. I also would think that making better slides will improve my presentations.
14 Sep 2022Reflection-Today, I learnt more about fox hunting like using different features in order to locate a transmitter much more accurately. I feel that this session can be better if it has more stuff to learn.
8 March 2023Reflection-I learnt that Gravity shows the challenges that come with zero gravity, including the difficulty of moving and the loss of orientation. Gravity shows the vastness of space and the dangers that come with it. The movie depicts the debris fields and meteoroids that orbit around the Earth, which pose a significant threat to the safety of astronauts.
8 May 2024-Learnt about EM waves and radio antennas.
26 Jun 2024-I learnt about orbital mechanics, kepler's laws and also heard about what happened during the june holis regarding astronomy.
The interstellar medium, made up of gas, dust, and cosmic rays found between stars, provides the raw material for star formation and affects astronomical observations and galactic dynamics by absorbing and scattering light and radio waves. Accretion disks, which form from material spiraling around a central body such as a black hole or star, emit significant electromagnetic radiation. These disks can also form when an object crosses the Roche limit.
I learnt about stellar evolution and electronic applied into astronomy.
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