Koen Tan S407 (14) 

Birth of stars uhm they uhm accelerated as the universe left the dark ages. 

Gravity>:( caused other g11alaxies to merge.

Most early large galaxies were spirals, but merging caused them to become more elliptical (gravity again >:(

The sus(accidental and now intentional typo) and the planets formed 46 billion years ago from a cloud for gas.

Many collisions occurred during this process, as debris rained down on larger objects, creating heat.

Stellar black holes can be directly formed due to a large enough star that is undergoing a type || supernova

lol I support all theories on super early super big black holes

Nuclear is one part under the category of Nuclear Chemistry.

It is when two different molecules (hydrogen lol?)

White dwarfs have the volume of the earth but are very hot

Pulsars are the most common types of Neutron stars

april: the big bang insane i know right :0

astro is how to be nerd 101 even an astro exco agress no way

In typical neutron stars, the magnetic field is trillions of times more than that of Earth's magnetic field

In a magnetar, the magnetic field is another 1000 times stronger (insane woah)

When the star collapses, an imaginary surface called the 'event horizon', this is the point where light cannot even escape from the gravity of the black hole.

According to Einstein's big brain 160 IQ theory of relativity, under the influence of strong gravitational forces

time for 3rd lesson notes :)

abcdefghijjklmnnopqrstuvwxyz

galilieo is smart so Hari is 

ian is a crackhead whatever that means

ying xuan is an average exco 

anilyn is a 06 celebrity

I didn't see the remaining :skull:

oxygen can kill us (not part of the notes but who th cares)

The absence of any sign of intelligent life in space would mean that one of the steps is improbable to work

old kurgesagt intro(not the oldest) woooaaa

intelligent life is confusing

270 billion stars in *observable* universe and we have no idea what other universes there are or the other stars in space(non-observable)

dark forest theory

its to be the hunter or be hunted, essentially humans who find aliens may think that they are enemies or, than an alien may think of us as enemies

communication

radio waves:

to find possible life

idk

technosignatures:

if alien life were advanced enough, we would find megastructers, acting as a sort of lighthouse

seager equation

a picture

debate

there may be life in space its just that either they or us humans do not have the technology to reach out into  space and know about them(however it will be interesting/scarey if they knew us/we knew them

there is 4 types of backholes. small, smaller, big, bigger

intermediate: significantly more massive than a stellar black hole. However, it has less mass than a supermassive one. Intermediate black holes range from 100 to a million times more massive than the sun.

supermassive: largest type of blackholes, ranging from millions to billions of times the mass of our sun.

miniature: hypothetical tiny black holes. The size of these black holes may be equal to or above 22.1 micrograms.

stellar-mass: when the center of a very massive star falls in upon itself, or collapses. When this happens, it causes a supernova. A supernova is an exploding star that blasts part of the star into space.

I learnt that stars are insane also the info above me was written 1 year ago LMAO

Stellar evolution is a fascinating process that describes the life cycle of stars, from their formation to their eventual death. It involves complex physical and chemical interactions that take place over millions or even billions of years.

One of the most striking things about stellar evolution is the incredible diversity of stars that exist in the universe. From small, cool, dim red dwarfs to massive, hot, luminous blue giants, each star has its own unique set of characteristics that define its behavior and evolution.

The process of stellar evolution begins with the collapse of a cloud of gas and dust under the force of gravity, which triggers the formation of a protostar. As the protostar grows in size and temperature, it eventually reaches a point where nuclear fusion can occur in its core, releasing vast amounts of energy and giving rise to a stable star.

The life cycle of a star depends largely on its mass, which determines the balance between gravitational collapse and nuclear fusion that occurs within its core. Low-mass stars like red dwarfs can burn hydrogen for billions of years, gradually cooling and shrinking until they become dense, faint white dwarfs. Higher-mass stars, on the other hand, burn through their fuel much more quickly, undergoing a series of complex nuclear reactions that ultimately lead to the production of heavy elements like iron. These stars may end their lives in spectacular supernova explosions, leaving behind exotic remnants like neutron stars or black holes.

Studying stellar evolution can provide us with valuable insights into the origin and evolution of the universe as a whole. By observing the behavior of stars at various stages of their lives, we can learn about the physical processes that drive their evolution, as well as the chemical makeup of the universe itself.

Overall, the study of stellar evolution is a fascinating and important area of astrophysics that continues to yield new discoveries and insights into the workings of the universe.

not chatgpt trust

How are black holes created

supermassive: the formation of1 supermassive black holes ar still unconfirmed. Some have suggested that supermassive black holes form out of the collapse of massive clouds of gas during the early stages of the formation of the galaxy.

miniature: a black hole formed soon after the creation of the universe is called a primordial black hole and is the most widely accepted hypothesis for the possible creation of micro black hole

how to photograph black holes why??????????? why photograph them when you don't know what they even do???

event horizon telescope: capture an image of a black hole. The degree of precision makes the EHT capable of resolving objects about 4000 times better than the Hubble Space Telescope (bubble imagine having skill issue l bozo)

very long baseline interferometry: creating an array of smaller telescopes that can be synchronized to focus on the same object at the same time and act as a giant virtual telescope.

PARTS OF A BLACK HOLE

singulariy+event horizon= astronomists wild dreams in a nutshell.

event horizon: infamously known as the ''point of no return''. Once matter is inside it, that matter will fall to the center. With such strong gravity, the matter squishes to just a point- a tiny, tiny volume with a tremendous big density.

singularity: that is the point, It is vanishingly small. so it has essentially an infinite density; which makes it likely that the laws of physics break down at the singularity.

spaghettilfication: the singularity is found at the center of a black hole, and it exerts a strong gravitational force for any object that falls in. The process is called spaghettification. (not pastafication? :trol:)

white holes: the polar opposite to black holes, also contain a singularity, but they operate in reverse to a black hole: nothing can enter the event horizon of a white hole. and any material inside the white hole gets ejected immediately.

time travel: a wormhole could act as a time machine. Special relativity dictates that moving clocks run slowly. In other words, someone racing around at nearly the speed of light would not advance into their own future as quickly as someone standing still.

if scientist could smh smh smh construct a wormhole, initially the two ends would be synchronized in time. But if 1 end were then accelerated to nearly the speed of light, that end would start to lag behind the other end. The two entrances could then be brought together, but then 1 of the entrances could be faster then the other.

hawking radiation

it is the thermal radiation predicted to be spontaneously emitted by black holes. It arises from the steady conversion of quantum vacuum fluctuations into pairs of particles, one of which escapes at infinity while the other is trapped inside the blackhole horizon

EXOPLANETS

Exoplanets refer to planets outside out solar systems.(stars)

They orbit around their own suns. ok

goldilocks zoen

the habitable zoen is the area around a star where it is not too hot or too cold for liquid what er to exist on the surface of surrounding planets

kepler-186f was the first rocky planet to be found within the goldilocks zone. the planet is also very close to earth.

osiris: the first planet to be seen in transit and the first planet to have it light 

51 pegasi b:

the giant exoplanet is about half the mass of jupiter and orbits its star every four days.

kepler-444 system

the oldest known planetary system has five terrestrial-sized planets, all in orbital resonance.

other notable exoplante

kepler 22b the possible wate-world planet unlike any seen in our solar system.

 first exoplanet

after much of Carl Sagan's theory, in 1992, astronomers discovered the first exoplanet, or planet

lmao most of the exoplanets found by transit, so basically L U C K

detection

limitations: the parent star is usually much brighter than the planet, so the light will most likely be blocked by them. planets found through direct sunlight

this technique is premised in general relativity, where the light from a star can be bent by the gravity if an object bettween earth and the source star. 

however, this technique relies on a chance alignment between the source star, the lens star and the observer

use brain and predictions(astrometry): astrometry involves measuring a star's position in the sky accurately, and detecting how that position changes over time.

ROVERS:

what are rovers for?

they are to

determine the geological processes that shaped the terrain of the region.

Study the composition of rock and soil to find evidence of water

How are rovers designed?

Rovers are lander spacecrafts. They have soft landings that keep the machinery functioning.

all the multiple ways:

Employing parachutes to have a low terminal velocity

Firing small rockets before impact

Signals from earth take minutes to reahc mars, therefore rovers here have to be able to autonomously traverse the terrain,

Although Stanford University researchers proposed a design with legs, most rovers still use wheels.

Rovers have various appendages in their design in order to aid them with their mission.

They are used as:

A mast for the sensors to give the rover a human-scale view

Equipment in order to study samples:

"hands" to hold rock samples

it was too fast i couldnt see the remaining

rovers have 2 sources of power:

SOLAR ENERGY: 

Rovers have solar panels that use energy from the sun to power lithium batteries. They only work during the daytime and when the skies are clear

NUCLEAR ENERGY: 

Recent rovers, namely the preserverance, use a power source called "multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator" or MMRTG for short. With this, the rovers receive a dependable flow od electricity using heat from a piece of plutonium they carry. They use this to change batteries similar to solar panels.

now... the tools of a rover

MOXIE: The Mars Oxygen ISRU experiment, or MOXIE, is a tool which was brought with the perserverance rover to test it on 

Rock Abrasion Tool(RAT): the RAT is used to break open rocks. It was equipped onto the Spirit and Oppurtunity Rovers.

Significant rovers

SPIRIT: The spirit rover uses a different landingmethod from the Curiousity and Perserverance. It uses airbags to land

PERSERVERANCE: It is fully powered by nuclear power. uses rockets and parachutes in combination to descent safely(7 minutes of terror). has 2 movable arms, one under the rover and one on the outside

OPPORTUNITY: it was powered by 2 rechargeble lithium batteries in combination with something the presentation too fast reee

CURIOUSITY: it uses nuclear power; although not sustainable, lasts long enough for the objective to be completed.

INGENUITY: basically a camera with propellers lol xd

May 2023:  

good reflection, astro approved (white text is real reflection trust)

July 2023:
REAL KSP and slides :(
we are the real1111111!!!
anyways we learnt about BIG THINGIES RELATED TO SPACE today no way

we learnt about gods in astronomy insane.

we actually learnt about planets but who cares It's the same ngl

Auguest 2023:

We learnt how to volcano
ACTIVE VOCANIC (mines)
anyways active volcanoes in other moons like Io and other jupiter moons I forgot
also learnt about the type of volcanic activities such as HYPERSPACE AAEEEEEE

Yes gravity and space and physics and einstein and newtons law and ball

jan 2024: everything sucks gg
and s2 get to travel overseas

feb: 2024 - general relativity and albert einstein are cool and all, also kahoot yeah. kahoot was good, we need more basically special relativity  black holes light etcc etc particles
waves light

t2w2: nuclear theory and nuclear fission and fusion yay

t2w6: how rockets are made, how rockets work, the history and evolution of rockets, why rockets are the way they are, rocket sciences without the hard part i suppose. presentation was clear and videos and insightful comments and pictures were good. nothing went bad.

t3w1: i learnt about the multiple kepler laws, about the many skills for competitions, learnt about overseas experiences from others, how orbits work. its good because i was able to study the orbits like in physics. its bad that i was told not to do my homework even though nothing was happening

t3w3: Accretion, the gradual accumulation of matter, mirrors how small efforts can lead to significant outcomes over time. Whether it’s the formation of celestial bodies or the slow buildup of knowledge, accretion teaches us that persistence and patience are crucial for achieving long-term goals. This natural process reminds us that progress often occurs incrementally rather than instantaneously. Reflecting on accretion can inspire us to appreciate the value of steady, consistent growth in our own lives.

t3w4: The solar system consists of the Sun and the objects bound to it by gravity, including eight planets—Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune—along with their moons, dwarf planets like Pluto, and various small bodies such as asteroids and comets. Formed about 4.6 billion years ago from a giant molecular cloud, the solar system extends from the Sun's core to the outer edges of the Oort Cloud. What was good was that the articulation of the presenters was clear. What could have improved was that the presenters could be louder

t3w5: 2

t3w7: Reflecting on the presentation about the Sun and the Milky Way, we covered key aspects of each topic. The Sun’s structure, including its core and nuclear fusion processes, was explored, emphasizing its role in supporting life on Earth. We also examined the Milky Way’s structure, including its spiral arms, central bulge, and the concept of dark matter. Visual aids and models helped clarify these complex concepts. The positive feedback indicated that our communication effectively conveyed the vast scale and intricate details of both the Sun and our galaxy. Overall, the presentation enhanced our understanding of these fundamental astronomical elements. The bad points were that the concepts were occasionally difficult to understand

The solar system consists of the Sun, eight planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Scientists explore planets and moons to understand their formation, search for extraterrestrial life, and learn about Earth's past and future. Studying them helps us uncover potential resources, improve space technology, and prepare for future space missions. Moons like Europa and Enceladus intrigue researchers due to their subsurface oceans, which may harbor life. Exploring Mars aids in understanding habitability and human colonization. Each discovery deepens our knowledge of the universe and our place in it.