Kwek En Xin, Rissa

Today, we had a talk by Dr Poh Gang Kai, who worked at NASA Goddard space center. He shared about space weather, which is defined as the variations in the space environment and describes the phenomena faced. When the sun "sneezes", there is CME or solar flares, in which CMEs take 2-3 days to reach the earth. I felt the talk was interactive and interesting, and i would like to listen to these talks again in the future.

I came in after tryouts, heard the lecture, here are the notes

• moon

  • • dense, metallic core

      • iron and some nickel, is small

    • mantle is iron rich

    • there is partial melting within the mantle caused by eruption of mare basalts on the lunar surface

    • the crust is thinner facing towards us but thicker fading away

• Lunar surface

  • • moons appearance changes over time as the shadow casted

  • Lunar history

    • 83% of lunar surface made of anorthosites, forming the lunar highlands

    • highlands formed 4.1-4.4 billion years ago and have many craters

    • remaining 17% of the surface is smooth and flat regions called the Maria

    • Maria is mostly made of dark colored basalt, volcanic lava 

    • basalt flows fill impact basins, yongest is mare orientale

    • time line is that 4.5 billion year ago the moon was formed and 4.1 billion years ago moon highlands was formed

  • on the surface

    • meteorites, craters, maria(lava filled some craters and cooled to fomred maria, they are darker and made of iron and are less reflective)

• Impact craters

  • crater counts

    • moon has 9137 craters 

      • no of craters show the age of surface

        • 1km long crater is made every 200k years

        • 10km long crater is made every few million years

    • highlands has 10x more craters

      • highlands --> 4.2 billion years

      • maria--> 3.8 billion years

    • There are more impacts in earlier years

• Theories on how moon was formed

  • capture theories

  • Accretion hypothesis

  • fission theory

  • giant impact hypothesis

•  cca tryouts have taught me to plan in advance

• I feel that i can improve in being more confident

Today, I learnt about elephant toothpaste and their rockets. I also learnt about other different ways 

Today i learnt about stellar evolution and had an activity on the 

Today I learnt orbital mechanics and the different activities that happened in the june holidays, like the astro challenge, the port dickson trip, and the bukit batok outreach. About Orbital mechanics:

1. Hohhmann Transfer

2. Kepler's 3 laws

   1. Kepler’s First Law describes the shape of an orbit

   2. Kepler's Second Law talks about how the speed changes in an ellipse(closer to celestial body move faster)

   3. Kepler’s Third Law compares the motion of objects in orbits of different sizes.

I can apply these when explaining concepts and during competitions. 

(side note: I was very well reminded of math-- major axis into major segment, chords etc)

I was fine with the lecture today as it wasn't that long and boring idk. It can be improved by having more hands on activities. 

Today, i learnt:

 interplanetary stuff

• 6070 number of successful orbital launches, sputnik

Space technologies

Propulsion

• the only way to get to space

solid rocket boosters

• cheap,simple,reliable

• but sucks, sometimes dead

• used for boosters, cannot be throttled

liquid fuel

• use refined jet fuel for kerolox
  
  

• hydrolox can squeeze more stuff inside
  
  

• methalox is much more managable than hydrolox
  
  

• hypergolic is toxic and is reliable
  
  

• use a turbine working on expanded hydrogen
  
  

• accomplished through making hot gas, thru combustion chamber
  
  

• expander cycle
  
  

• combustion chamber, high speed and gas used to do it, gas generator cycle
  
  

• stage combustion cycle, gives highest thrust and specific impulse
  
  

• needs expensive parts as the temp is very high
  
  

• use an injector plate, atomisation, burned effectively with a pryogenic engine, can cause smth smth
  
  

• turbopump controls thru turbine, controlled by a smth
  
  

• thermal insulation
  
  

• challenges
  
  

  • design is unique?

  • diffusion of liq hydrogen

    • special alloys have to be made

• communications
  
  

  • giant space antennas

  • satallites

• power and storage
  
  

  • solar panels

  • fuel cells →hydrogen and smth(electrolysis prob used)

  • Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators

    • for places with little sunlight

• life support
  
  

  • iss thing(insert images)

• Scientific instruments
  
  

  • all the stuff we know alr

• Earth observation
  
  

  • space can be used to help earth thru communications, tv, navigation, satellites, cllimate observations

Reflection: 

I learnt how rockets work and stuff, how we do science in space and how we apply them. This lesson can be improved with more talking while explaining KSP, and less calling people out. I honestly enjoyed the first half of the lesson. 

ok seems like I haven't been doing reflection

Today, i learnt about orbits and relativity. Orbits are usually elliptical and the apoapsis is the longest thingy while the shorter one is the periapsis. I enjoyed the lesson but the video was a little boring and long. I would be ok with the lesson happening again.

Today i learnt about the cults of astronomy

1. for example, planets are MOSTLY named after roman gods or goddess 

2. there are also cults like the heavens gate

3. stars and constellations are usually greek gods

The lesson today was okay. The lesson could be improved with less videos and more funny stuff. I wouldnt like this lesson again ig.

Today, i learnt about super structures.

• Skyhooks are

1. Concept: It is a continuously moving hook to accelerate spacecraft out of earth's orbit for faster transportation

2. Flaws: Very hard to look out for and hard to catch onto, need to make it continuously move forever (have enough kinetic energy)

• A dyson sphere is a theoretical mega-engineeering projecct that encircles a star with plat from orbiting in tight formation. It is the intended to provide for living space and energy production and provides the creators the ability to capture every bit of solar radiation.

• The ISV is one of 10 interstellar starships that are part of a looping supply chain for the transport of supplies, equipment, personnel, refined ore and data between planet Earth and the distant earth.

I enjoyed this lesson and it could be improved with less wordy slides. Other than that, this lesson was enjoyable and interesting and i would hope for lessons like this in the future.

Today, we did ksp

i learnt how to fly planes and build them. idk idk idk...

Today, we learnt about exoplanets:

• exoplanets are planets outside our solar system

•  how to calculate with kepler's 3rd law

• direct imaging

Today I learnt:

• The 3 types of Earth-based observations are:

1.  Telescopic observation

2. Radio astronomy

3. Radar astronomy

• there were 5 surveyors launched

• 382kg of rock and soil to samples were brought back on apollo missions

• if u go to space, don't get a backache or you will be in so much pain u cant walk and then  life will be sad

I enjoyed this lesson as it was easy to understand. This lesson can be improved with more interesting video as many of us had watched the video before. 

I can use this in my life if I go to space cos I will know I shouldn't get sick before the flight or I will be unable to walk in the space.

Today i learnt

Today i learnt:

Rockets

Reflection

Today I learnt:

1. History of rockets

2. Solid fuel rocket

3. Liquid fuel rocket

This lesson was very interesting and insightful

NOTES(SLIDES)

NOTES(DOCS)

REFLECTION

Today I learnt;

1. Information on the planets in our solar system

2. The scale of things

3. Why pluto isn’t considered a planet

I enjoyed this lesson as it was not boring ,and the presenter was engaging. The lesson content was also not that confusing and easy to understand. This lesson can be improved with more context. Overall, I would like to have a more in-depth lesson like this in the future. 

The movie shows sacrifice and courage and that we should not give up in a hard time. It also encourages problem-solving skills.

I learnt from the movie that space is a tough place and needs a lot of physical and mental strength, from loneliness to being able to open heavy doors.

I would like this session as it has a lighter load than the usual lessons.

Aliens

• extraterrestrial life

1. life outside of this world

we look for extraterrestrial life because we want to find out answers to questions

we cannot be 100 percent sure that what we get is correct or true

celestial sphere

• Dfined as a hypotheratical sphere

Instrument name--> Sextant

1. Determines the position of a ship or aircraft by measuring the angle  between the horizon and a celestial object

2. 60-degree graduated arc mounted on an adjustable frame

3. on a graduated arc, the obsever

Star chart

• Night sky map/diagram displaying the relative positions and brightness of stars and other celestial objects

• celestial navigation, astronomy and astrophotography are all possible apllications

• typically depicts stars and other visible in the night sky, with lines representing the 

star wheel

https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-resources/make-a-star-wheel/ 

Reflection

Today I learnt:

• how to make a star chart

• what a celestial sphere is

• what a star chart is 

• the instrument called sextant

• what a star wheel is

I enjoyed the lesson as i learnt what the star chart and wheel is and how they are different.The lesson can be improved by

Today, my group 

today, my ld died from trying ksp and it was living off a powerbank.i am surprisingky able to type with 1%

Today, We did sfs and i managed to fly the rocket. I enjoyed the lesson as i managed to learn while making the rocket and flying it. The lesson can be improved by having us download the epic game launcher in advance so as to save more time. I look forward to learning more next lesson.

REFLECTION 

Today, i did not attend much of the session as I was helping with the video. I saw how the telescope and stand were kept and i really enjoyed knowing how to use the stand and keep the telescope and what screw on the telescope does what. There was also some ksp which was shown at the end and Mr tan talked about the trips and activities for the Sec 3 and 4 next year and the upcoming competitions.

REFLECTION

I learnt about

• presentations and ways to do them

• add memes, jokes 

• use PVLEGS

I feel that I could improve by looking less on my screen and I feel kind of awkward to stand there as the table is kind of high for my height.

i would like this lesson to be repeated

Deep sky objects 

glossary?

• NGC-- New general catalogue

• M-- messier a 

what are deep sky objects

• outside solar system

• star clusters, nebulae etc

nebulae

--Emission nebulae

• clouds of ionised gas

• emit their own light and at optical wavelength

• mass = 100- 10000 solar masses 

• volume= less than light year to several hundred light years

--planetary nebula

- when stars wth intermediate gas dies 

- expand to form red giants

- expel gas continuosly

remaining core will radiate energy and cause expelled gas to ionise

atoms and molecules in the gas become charged and begin emitting light

supernova remnants (SNR)

• SNR is the structure resulting from the explosion of a star in a supernova

• bounded by a shock wave

• consists of ejected material and interstellar material it sweeps up shocks it along the way

Galaxies

Spiral galaxies

• mostly contain a central bulge surrounded by a flat, rotating disk of stars

• spiral arms contain a wealth of gas and dust and younger stars shine brightly b4 their quick demise

• examples are milky way, sunflower galaxy and andromeda galaxy

Elliptical galaxies

• usually seem like a round, fuzzy patch of light against the background of the night skies

• are very old

• no longer create new stars

• stars are amongst the oldest in the universe 

• hold on tightly to ancient star that have lived for billions of years

• in the deep centre contain a supermassive blackhole

Irregular galaxies

• type 1 and type 2

• type 1 are usually single galaxies, contain a large fraction of young  stars 

• irregular galaxy is M82, cigar galaxy, 5x brighter than milky way

how to read a star map

• stars are black dots 

•  the size of the dot shows the brightness of the star 

•  the bigger the dot the brighter the star

• reference frames are equivalent to the longitude and latitude used on maps on earth

• called right ascension and declination respectively

• outer edge of the circular map represents the horizon

• zenith is the centre point

• meridian is the diameter

REFLECTION

I learnt about

1. elliptical galaxies are very old and unable to create new stars

2. stars which are represented by dots on a star map vary according to their brightness, brighter stars being a larger dot

3. Deep sky objects are things outside our solar system like nebulae, star clusters

4. spiral arms contain a wealth of gas and dust and younger stars shine brightly before their quick demise

5. an emission nebulae are clouds of ionised gas

6. a planetary nebula is when stars wth intermediate gas dies 

This lesson can be improved by having kahoot and i enjoyed the video and the topic today.

i can apply  this by ...errr

relativity

• Special relativity

1. simple and covers less of the universe

2. does not work in gravity

3. published by Albert Einstein in 1905

4. made because of the failure of newton mechanics and electromagnetism equations of maxwell and Michelson Morley null result of the experiment

5. Isaac newton proposed studied the universe and proposed 3 laws of the universe b4 Einstein

6. Einstein replaced newtons constants of space and time with the constant,c, the speed of light

• general relativity

1. complex and covers most of the universe

2. works in gravity

3. by Albert Einstein, published in 1915

4. explains that space and time are the same but with different characteristics

5. time dilation--> DST triangle

 REFLECTION

Today I learnt about

• special relativity being unable to work in gravity

• special relativity being less complex than general reliability 

• the fastest way is a curved line

• time dilation

• the constants of space and time with the constant, c, the speed of light

This lesson can be improved by having less monotonous videos that people can dose off to.

I enjoyed the quizziz and the logic is easier to understand.

IO has a rocky surface--> most volcanic active in the solar system 

Europa

•  has breaking ice

• has very few craters

• 3-30km thick ice crust

• hydrosphere is 900km thick

• when closes to Jupiter, will flex out

• the radiation is very intense

• Europa clipper-- rocket used is falcon heavy(space x)

• weight->

• space craft might crash into gallini

• map entire surface

• data sent every 2 weeks

• if unsuccessful, means 3 instruments fail

• if there is a plume, will fly pass the plume

• magnetic sounding--> requires forward models and lab data to predict the induced field

• global induced field, induced field opposes the change applied field

• magnetic sounding can constrain habitability

• more hydrogen on right less on left(ph)

• organic materials can enable or inhibit life

• predicted CO2 and NH3 from water-rock interactions strongly increase electrical conductivity

• planet profile

• https://github.com/vancesteven

• electrical conductivity 

• model density is different

• induct-o-gram plots and model degeneracy--useful as a map in Dipple inversion method

• data inversion-->one contour for that period

• atmosphere-- 10^-10

REFLECTION

i learnt about:

stellar evolution (part 2)

• supernova

1. end of a star's lifespan/ death of a star

2. first documented supernova was discovered by Walter Baade

3. type 1a supernova (binary systems) 

4. Supernova remnant SNR 0454-67.2 

5. type 2 supernova(high mass star)

6. The burning process will continuously burn till it can no longer be fused. 

7. Then, gravity tips over its thermal...

8. higher density--higher gravity--more force

9. supernova SN1993J

10. 
    

• neutron stars

1. a collapsed core of a massive star

2. It is so compact that its density is equivalent to Mount Everest in a cup of coffee

3. if you touch it you will instantly melt

4. neutron stars have subtypes

5. they are magnetars, pulsars, both types combined( rarest kind to find-only 8-10 found so far)

6. undergo a process where they rotate ( spin up, spin down)

7. Can also undergo a "star-quake"(earthquake but on stars and as fast as walking speed)

8. There are 2000 known neutron stars in the milky way and Magellanic clouds(there are more but not found)

9. Black widow pulsar-- radioactive beam that shoots out every few milliseconds

10. Some of the first ideas of a neutron star was discovered by Walter Baade and Fritz Zwiicky

11. first documented one was found by Jocelyn Bell 

12. mass is 1 mill times more than the earth ,size of a sugar cube

13. surface a mill degrees celcius

• black holes

1. A collapsed core of a massive star that has enough gravity to...

2. cannot form out of small to medium size stars

3. black holes are known to be invisible

4. however we can see that things getting sucked in

5. They can also be detected and proven to exist

6. High mass stars tend to go through a more violent evolution ...

REFLECTION

I learnt about

1. Supernovas are the end of a star's lifespan

2. first documented by walter badde 

3. a black hole cannot be formed out of small to medium stars 

4. we can see black holes through radio waves ect.

5. there are 3 types of neutron stars, magnetars, pulsars and a combination of magnetars and pulsars

6. a neutron star's density is equivalent to Mount Everest in a cup of coffee

7. there are type 1a binary supernova and type 2 supernova

This lesson can be improved by more activities and i enjoyed the lesson as the kahoot was very interesting.I would like to learn more about supernovas next time.

stellar evolution

• a process where a star evolves?

• https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Star_Life_Cycle_Chart.jpg/300px-Star_Life_Cycle_Chart.jpg

• protostars (birth)

1. a type of interstellar cloud

2. size and density contribute to regular molecule formation, mostly in hydrogen

3. its molecular formation help differentiate it from other interstellar clouds *(eg planetary nebula)

4. Taurus molecular cloud--nearest largest star formation in the region( 5.http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-413XGkNA780/VbEB4ONZ1AI/AAAAAAAAAoE/Uia1RE7_UHs/w1200-h630-p-k-no-nu/Taurus_constellation_David_Malin.jpg

• Protostars formation

• the birth of a young star

• lasts around half a million years

• after the collapse of a protostar

• forms a low mass protostar, and the protoplanetary disk orbiting it

• more gas accumulates at the disk

• forms an equilibrium 

• HOPS 383

• one of the few known to have an outburst

• Main sequence

• most common true stars

• a fully mature star which has homogenous initial composition, 76%hydrogen,28% helium, 2% heavier elements

• often fuses hydrogen into helium to create energy

• different main sequence stars are classified by their nuclear------

• g type stars-- yellow  dwarves

• often have a life span of 10 billion years

• more luminous and hard to find 

• temperature=5000k-6000k (k= kelvin)

• example of g type star

• our own sun

• is almost halfway into its stage

• Brown Dwarves

• known as a fallen star

• due to an insufficient amount of hydrogen reserve

• unless given hydrogen, it will remain "dead"

• red giants

• signifies the beginning of its late phrase

• when a main sequence star is exhausted off hydrogen, it contracts because of gravity

• fusion continues due to the addition of hydrogen

• afterwards, it continues a '' tug of war'' with thermal pressure and gravity till it stops expanding

• radii of tens of thousands than the sun

• super massive, super bright, weighs a lot more than Jupiter

• temp 3000k- 4000k 

• its envelope is lower in density despite its volume

• leads to a lack of defined photosphere

• the body transitions into a corona

• Aldebaran

• located in the constellation of Taurus

•  brightest star of Taurus

white dwarves

• can be formed in 2 ways

• signifies the death of a star

• is an emission shell of ionised gas

• is signified as the end of a star's life cycle

• short-lived phenomenon

• dumbbell nebula-- in the constellation Vulpecula

• first discovered nebula by Charles messier

• was noted to have a prolate spheroid shape

• has been expanding for a couple of thousand years

• also known as a degenerate dwarf-- a star that no longer generates energy in its core

• cos it cannot generate energy, it will lose its cool and turn redder over time

• is made out of plasma with unbound nuclei& electrons

• compression of the electrons increases the kinetic energy of the electrons

• is only dependent on the density

• though its mass, it is as dense as earth

• Sirius B

• closest white dwarf

• became a white dwarf for over 120 million years

• black dwarfs

• theoretical stellar remnant

• if it exists it will be hard to detect

• emits little to no radiation

REFLECTION

I learnt about 

• stellar evolution and its parts. 

• there are protostars, which lasts around half a million years

• there are main sequence stars which are the most common true stars

This lesson can be improved by less technical difficulties on this google site.

reflection learnt about lift , drag and centre of gravity, centre of pressure , how to download ksp, how to use ksp, how does lift and drag affect something

i can use it in ksp as i can fly and create a rocket that is efficient

 Gravitational waves

• the stretching and squeezing of spacetime 

• general relativity states that anything with mass produces gravity which curves space time

• produced by cataclysmic events like black holes

• how to detect

1. lasers are sent and if there are waves, there will be a curve.

Enceladus

1. 6th largest moon of Saturn (500km in diameter)

2. takes 33h to orbit saturn once

3. 
   

Cryovolcanoes

• volcanos but ice that erupts volatiles like water like water and gases below freezing point

• formed by

1. hotspots around the geyser/plumes

sounds on mars

• speed of sound --> around 540 mph compared to 760 mph on earth

• not very noticeable up close

• why is it lower on mars?

1. mars atmosphere is 100x less dense than Earth

2. affects how sound waves travel to earth.

• Quality --> since mars' air is 96% co2, 

Finding another earth-- Kepler-452b)

1. has the right temperature within the habitable zone

2. one and a half times the diameter of earth

3. circling an earth--its a sun

4. it is 6 billion years old, older than our sun

5. it is located 1400 light years away in the constellation cygnus

6. it is long enough for life to inhabit the planet (if everything needed for life is there)

7. it only takes 385 years to orbit (despite being 60% larger than earth)

magnetars

• the most magnetic objects in the universe

• magnetic fields are thousand trillion times stronger than earth

• classified into 2 types

• SGR and AXP

• SGR is the first 100,000 years of a magnetar

Black holes

1. the first image was captured in march- April 2019

2. discovered by an international network of radio telescopes

3. why was the black hole discovery that huge

• a  black hole is an extremely dense object from which no light can escape

• by its nature, a black hole cannot be seen which makes it especially impressive that the image was captured

Gaia

• a mission by the ESA made to survey over a billion stars in our galaxy

• It is expected to capture 3d precise images and maps of the stars

• will give data on the milky way eg its structure, temperature ect

• provides answer to our questions on the milky way

things to look out for in the future

neutron stars

1. 10 to 25 solar masses

2. when a star runs out of fuel and collapses 

3. have a surface temp of almost 600 thousand degrees celsius when first formed

4. no longer radiate heat and will cool down after forming

5. electrons and protons are squeezed tgt

6. there will be a supernova explosion before becoming a nuclear star

7. are celestial 'balerinas' 

8. are once magnetars

Reflection

I learnt about gravitational waves and how people detect them. I also learnt about neutron stars, exoplanets, black holes, magnetars and Gaia. A neutron star has 10-25 solar masses, a magnetar is the most magnetic object in the universe, laser beams are used to detect gravitational waves and Enceladus is 60% bigger than the earth. I feel that the lesson was interesting but some of the videos were long and boring.

CONSTELLATIONS

1. What are constellations

• a group of stars

• those that you see depend on where you are

• Astronomers today still use constellations to name stars and meteor showers

• useful as they help to recognise the way

• used for navigation (sailors travelling the ocean)

• people use constellations to tell the difference in the colours

• used to group stars

2. Asterism

• patterns of stars with shapes and sizes

• can range from very simple stars to larger and more complex ones

• some of them cover large regions of the sky

• stars within the same asterism are usually of similar brightness to each other 

• range from bright and visible to the naked eye or visible using a telescope

• The winter triangle asterism is known as the great southern triangle

• formed by Sirius, Betelgeuse and Procyon, the primary stars of Canis Major, Orion and Canis minor

• a prominent asterism in the night sky

• in the northern hemisphere during the winter months from Dec to march

• formed by the brightest stars in the night sky 

• Betelgeuse is just above the Alnitak, the easternmost star of the Belt

• Sirius can be found by following a line formed by the belt stars to the southeastern

• some others found in the winter triangle

• Heart-shaped cluster

• cone nebula 

• Ursa Major and minor

• Ursa minor is 15 hours right ascension and 80 degrees north declination and seven of whose stars outline it. 

• Ophiuchus 

• lies between Aquila,Scorpius, Saggitarius and hercules, northwest of the centre of the milky way

• southern part lies between Scorpius to the west and saggitarius to the east

• depicted as a man grasping a serpent, the interposition of his body divides the snake constellatipn serpiens 

• contains several star clusters

• magnitude of 6.6

• a sharply class VII cluster

• boats of numerous globular clusters

• Orion

• a prominent constellation located on the celestial equator

• visible throughout the earth most conspicious and recognisable constellation in the night sky

• contains the most well known deep sky objects in the orion

REFLECTION

I learnt about different constellations and asterism that exist. A constellation is a group of stars that you see depending on where you are. I can use it when i decide to go stargazing with my family( which will never happen) . I would like to learn how to survive in space. This lesson can be improved by having less boring videos.

REFLECTION 

I learnt how to drive things on KSP and the keys to control it. I can use it when  I am playing KSP in the future and when I plan to crash something in KSP.
I would like to learn

Reflection

I learnt about orbiting earth and how to orbit it. I can use it when i am playing sfs and i can use it while trying to fly a rocket into another country.I would like to learn about how to fly out of the universe in the future and  the lesson can be improved by giving more time to complete the rocket.

Satellites

• Came from Latin word

• refers to any abject that orbits a planet

TYPES

• Planetary communication

1. Take pictures and record data about the planet they are orbiting

2. for Earth

• environment 

• metrology

• communication

1. Relays info across curvature of earth thru radio signals

• navigation

1. Provide automatous geo-spatial data and super accurate time syncronisation 

2. common used--- GPS, GLONASS

• space telescopes

1. Astronomical survey--maps whole sky

2. focused survey--focuses on certain objects and parts of the sky

• space stations and spacecraft

1. Support human crew for extended period of time

CORE SYSTEMS

• communication

1. antennas--to send and recieve signals continuosly,applies to satellites

DUBIOUS SATELLITES

• ISS

1. The ISS is a modular space station in low Earth orbit

2. multinational collaboration with NASA, Roscosmos, JAXA, ESA, CSA

3. was intended to be a laboratory, observatory and factory while providing transportation maintenance

• NEW HORIZONS

1. a NASA mission to study dwarf planet PLUTO, its moon n other obj in the kuiper belt

2. first spacecraft to encounter pluto

3. carries a cylindrical raidioscope thermoelectric generator that provided abt 250 watts

• Sputnik

1. launched into an elliptical low Earth orbit on October 4 1957, part of the soviet space program

• SMAP

1. Soil moisture Active Passive is a NASA environmental  monitoring satellite launched on 31jan2015

2. detects soil moisture

3. coolest satellite

• CASSINI-HUYGENS

1. a space research mission

2. collab among NASA,ESA,ASI to send a space probe to study saturn n its systems

3. including rings and its natural satellite

4. to determine the 3D structure and dynamic behaviour of the rings of saturn

LAUNCH OF SATELLITES

TRAJECTORY

• The satellites uses gravity from other planet's gravity as well as the sun  to slingshot to the targeted location

DISPOSAL

• earth satellites

1. HEO

• Burning satellite in the earth's atmosphere

2. LEO

• Graveyard orbit

• Outside earth

1. controlled entry like LEO

2. deorbit using the Graveyard orbit

REFLECTION

I learnt the definition of a satellite, some of the satellites that exist, how to launch and dispose a satellite. I can use this when I earn/ save enough money to build and launch one.The lesson can be improved by giving more time to copy the first few slides.I would like to learn how to orbit the sun in the future.