Atmosphere

Under construction

Wind

Surface Air Temperatures

 Impacts of global warming of 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways, 

Simulation of temperature changes from 1850 to 2021 - Video

In climate change studies, temperature anomalies are more important than absolute temperature. A temperature anomaly is the difference from an average, or baseline, temperature. The baseline temperature is typically computed by averaging 30 or more years of temperature data.

Severe Weather


Particulate matter (PM). Particulate matter is the term used to describe particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 micrometres or less. From a p hysico-chemical standpoint, dust is a complex mixture consisting of both directly emitted and secondarily formed components of natural and anthropogenic origin (e.g. soot, geological material, abraded particles and biological material) and has a very diverse composition (heavy metals, sulphates, nitrates, ammonium, organic carbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxins/furans). PM2.5 are particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micrometres or less. They are critical in connection with health effects. PM is formed during industrial production processes, combustion processes, mechanical processes (abrasion of surface materials and generation of fugitive dust) and as a secondary formation (from SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC). Characteristics: solid and liquid particles of varying sizes and composition. Effects: fine particles and soot can cause respiratorya nd cardiovascular disorders, increased mortality and cancer risk; dust deposition can cause

contamination of the soil, plants and also, via the food chain, human exposure to heavy metals and dioxins/furans contained in dust.

Nitrogen oxides (NOx= NO+NO2). Nitrogen oxides is a generic term encompassing nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitrogen monoxide (NO). Because NO rapidly oxidizes to NO2, the emissions are expressed in terms of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) equivalents. Nitrogen oxides are formed during combustion of heating and motor fuels, especially at high temperatures. Characteristics: NO is a colourless gas, converted in the

atmosphere to NO2; NO2 assumes a r eddish colour at higher concentrations. Effects: respiratory disorders, extensive damage to plants and sensitive ecosystems through the combined action of several pollutants (acidification) and overfertilization of ecosystems.



https://www.icao.int/environmental-protection/Documents/Doc%209889.SGAR.WG2.Initial%20Update.pdf

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20231214-how-new-zealand-is-reducing-methane-emissions-from-farming

https://annalsofglobalhealth.org/collections/five-national-academies-call-for-global-compact-on-air-pollution-and-health