Project No.:DU
Organization :Department of Plant molecular biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
Project Title :Developing regeneration protocols from cells/protoplasts and standardization of gene delivery methods in mulberry.
Personnel :Paramjit Khurana, Khurana JP
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :
· Developing efficient regeneration protocols from somatic cells and protoplasts of selected elite genotypes in mulberry.
· Developing agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery methods via co-cultivation of various tissues/organs.
· Direct gene transfer by biolistics mediated particle bombardment.
· Screening of transgenics for desirable traits.
Results/Recommendations :
· Regeneration protocols for micropropagation by axillary buds.
· Regeneration protocols from seedling tissues, eg., hypocotyl, cotyledons, leaves etc.
· Mature leaf regeneration from field grown plants.
· Protoplast isolation and culture from leaves and hypocotyls.
· Particle bombardment for direct gene transfer.
· Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation from hypocotyls and cotyledons.
Project outcome :
· Micropropagation protocols for mulberry.
· Regeneration protocols for mulberry.
· Genetic transformation protocols for mulberry.
Source of information : From the project personnel
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Project No.:DU
Organization :Department of plant molecular biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
Project Title :Characterization of abiotic stress responses/tolerance and genetic manipulation in mulberry.
Personnel :Paramjit Khurana, Khurana JP
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :
· Screening of germplasm of abiotic stress tolerance.
· Genetic manipulation of mulberry for abiotic tolerance.
Results/Recommendations :
· In vitro screening of germplasm for abiotic tolerance.
· Plot level screening of germplasm for abiotic tolerance.
· Field level screening of germplasm for abiotic tolerance.
· Genetic manipulation of mulberry with HVA1 gene for abiotic tolerance.
· Physiological evaluation of transgenics for abiotic tolerance.
Project outcome :Transgenic mulberry for salt and drought tolerance isolated by HVA1 gene manipulation.
Source of information : From the project personnel
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Project No.:DU
Organization :Department of plant molecular biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
Project Title :Sequencing of chloroplast genome of mulberry (Morus indica) K2.
Personnel :Ravi V, Khurana JP, Tyagi AR
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :
Objectives :To study the complete chloroplast sequence of mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :
· Sequenced complete chloroplast genome of mulberry.
· Used information for phylogenetic studies.
Source of information : From the project personnel
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Project No.:DU
Organization :Department of Plant molecular biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
Project Title :Developing regeneration protocols from cells/protoplasts and standardization of gene delivery methods in mulberry.
Personnel :Paramjit Khurana, Khurana JP
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :
· Developing efficient regeneration protocols from somatic cells and protoplasts of selected elite genotypes in mulberry.
· Developing agrobacterium-mediated gene delivery methods via co-cultivation of various tissues/organs.
· Direct gene transfer by biolistics mediated particle bombardment.
· Screening of transgenics for desirable traits.
Results/Recommendations :
· Regeneration protocols for micropropagation by axillary buds.
· Regeneration protocols from seedling tissues, eg., hypocotyl, cotyledons, leaves etc.
· Mature leaf regeneration from field grown plants.
· Protoplast isolation and culture from leaves and hypocotyls.
· Particle bombardment for direct gene transfer.
· Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation from hypocotyls and cotyledons.
Project outcome :
· Micropropagation protocols for mulberry.
· Regeneration protocols for mulberry.
· Genetic transformation protocols for mulberry.
Source of information : From the project personnel
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Project No.:DU
Organization :Department of plant molecular biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
Project Title :Characterization of abiotic stress responses/tolerance and genetic manipulation in mulberry.
Personnel :Paramjit Khurana, Khurana JP
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :
· Screening of germplasm of abiotic stress tolerance.
· Genetic manipulation of mulberry for abiotic tolerance.
Results/Recommendations :
· In vitro screening of germplasm for abiotic tolerance.
· Plot level screening of germplasm for abiotic tolerance.
· Field level screening of germplasm for abiotic tolerance.
· Genetic manipulation of mulberry with HVA1 gene for abiotic tolerance.
· Physiological evaluation of transgenics for abiotic tolerance.
Project outcome :Transgenic mulberry for salt and drought tolerance isolated by HVA1 gene manipulation.
Source of information : From the project personnel
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Project No.:DU
Organization :Department of plant molecular biology, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi
Project Title :Sequencing of chloroplast genome of mulberry (Morus indica) K2.
Personnel :Ravi V, Khurana JP, Tyagi AR
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :
Objectives :To study the complete chloroplast sequence of mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :
· Sequenced complete chloroplast genome of mulberry.
· Used information for phylogenetic studies.
Source of information : From the project personnel
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Mulberry Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Evolution and evaluation of drought resistant mulberry varieties for sericulture.
Personnel :Susheelamma BN, Manjeet S Jolly
Project Period :1984-1987
Objectives :
· Evaluation, isolation and propagation of drought resistant/tolerant genotypes.
· Evolution, selection and isolation of drought resistant mulberry genotypes.
· Evaluation of isolated drought resistant/tolerant genotypes of mulberry through bioassay and biochemical studies.
· Evaluation of promising drought resistant/tolerant genotypes by multilocational trial experiment at different agro climatic regions to identify drought resistant genotypes suitable to different agro climatic conditions of South India.
Results/Recommendations :
It revealed that silkworm breeds PM x NB18 and NB18 x NB7 had better economic characters like larval duration, cocoon yield, shell weight, filament length and leaf cocoon ratio when fed with leaves of drought resistant genotypes viz., DRS3, DRS13, DRS14, DRS25, DRS29, DRS34 and DRS61 when compared with check cultivars. Season x variety interaction was highly significant and newly evolved varieties were comparatively better performers even in extreme seasonal conditions. Leaf cocoon ratio was lower in varieties DRS3, DRS13, DRS14 and DRS28 enabling more cocoon crop with leaf quality available from economic point of view. Therefore, based on qualitative assessment ad through bio-assay drought resistance genotypes DRS3, DRS13, DRS14, DRS25, DRS29, DRS34 and DRS61 were considered best performers.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1987
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Qualitative and quantitative improvement of mulberry (Morus sp.) by induction of polyploidy.
Personnel : Sikdar AK, Manjeet S Jolly
Project Period :1984-1990
Objectives :To study:
· Induction of tetraploids.
· Production of triploids.
· Yield evaluation of diploids and polyploids.
· Anatomical studies of diploids and polyploids.
· Cytological studies of triploids.
· Chemical analysis of diploids and triploids.
· Bio-assay of diploids and triploids.
Results/Recommendations :
· It was possible to evolve qualitatively and quantitatively better strains of mulberry by polyploids (triploids) induction. Evolved triploids (G9, G3 and G7) have significantly more number of longer branches with thicker leaves compared to high yielding diploids (S36, S41 and K2) including check varieties. Further, better leaf yield/unit area than existing high yielding diploids varieties including popular variety K2.
· Further, these triploid leaves supported higher cocoon yield with increase values of cocoons economic characters (single cocoon weight, single shell weight, silk percentage and filament length). Besides, triploid leaves constitute more moisture, carbohydrates and protein and less total minerals compared to high yielding diploid varieties including K2.
· Hence by cultivating newly evolved triploids, yield of leaf per unit area can be increased by about 50% more than popular variety K2 in irrigated mulberry cultivation. This quantum jump in leaf yield of newly evolved triploids G9, G3 and G7 over existing variety K2 combined with production of about 20% more cocoon yield by feeding some amount of leaves of these triploids will increase brushing capacity of dfls/unit area of irrigated mulberry cultivation resulting in better quality silkworm cocoon crop production.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1990
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on some improved varieties of mulberry and their influence on the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Giridhar K, Sarkar A
Project Period :1991-1994
Objectives :To evaluate the promising mulberry varieties like S13, S34, S36 and S54 along with K2 (as control) under completely irrigated condition.
Results/Recommendations :
· In the present study, all tested mulberry varieties namely S13, S34, S36 and S54 performed better than control variety (K2) in all parameters studied. Based on selection index values obtained, S34 variety is found superior for vegetative propagation, growth rate and physiology and biochemical parameters. Whereas S36 is superior for moisture content, moisture retention capacity and bioassay parameters. S54 superior for yield and yield contributing parameters only.
· Overall ranking of mulberry varieties based on selection index values for all parameters studied revealed that S34 variety scored first rank followed by S36, S13, S54 and K2. S36 variety got lowest rank for vegetative propagation parameter due to its low rooting which can be tackled by using saplings for plantation.
· Final recommendation from the study is that both S34 and S36 mulberry varieties can be successfully utilized in irrigated zones of South India for cocoon production enhancing.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1996
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Phenotypic plasticity, yield stability and growth pattern in mulberry.
Personnel : Urs MKP, Sarkar A
Project Period :1993-1999
Objectives : To identify promising mulberry genotypes from a large population arisen out of number of crosses through a series of procedures viz., screening under general stress and non-stress condition, evaluation of selected genotypes under optimum condition and finally to screen the selected genotype under specific stresses.
Results/Recommendations :Experiment indicated that all morphological and root characters studied exhibited plastic response when compared in different environments (optimal and sub-optimal condition). As a result, yield of genotypes also exhibited plastic response, in most of the parameters studied, except length of the root, the values were reduced under sub-optimal conditions. Further degree of reduction was not similar in all genotypes. Plasticity effect changed from one character to another suggesting that plasticity in mulberry is specific for that particular character and specific in relation to environmental change.
Genotype No.1138 (Punjab local x Kosen) is recommended in severe water stress condition, in alkaline condition and in saline soil condition and genotype V1 (S30 x Ber776) recommended in optimal and sub-optimal conditions like, mild and severe fertilizer stress, mild water stress and in moderate alkaline and saline stresses.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, 1999
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Screening and evolution of improved varieties of mulberry for irrigated conditions.
Personnel : Mala V Rajan, Dandin SB
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives : To isolate promising mulberry genotypes using 12 elite F1 hybrids and 12 promising germplasm genotypes after their isolation based on systematic screening of germplasm accessions and F1 population derived out of selective hybridization.
Results/Recommendations :The overall assessment involving various parameters indicated superiority of genotypes 13, 10, 3, 11 and 18 (S30 x Acc.119, Thai, Beelad, Acc.161, Philippines and Sujanpur-5 x Philippines), which could be recommended for direct cultivation after large scale field trial at different target/commercial areas.
Correlation among biochemical and bioassay parameters indicated the existence of high correlation of moisture, proteins and carbohydrates with larval growth, cocoon yield and silk output in the selected verities.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the mechanism of adaptation to drought stress in mulberry.
Personnel : Mallikarjuna B, Sarkar A
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :To develop a rapid screen technique based on the critical parameters associated with adoptions of mulberry to drought stress.
Results/Recommendations :Present investigation recommended two genotypes 10 (selection form open pollinated hybrid of local) and 11 (selection form open pollinated hybrid of Kanva-2) for the commercial exploitation in areas of water stress.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1999
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Induction of tetraploidy in selected diploid cultivars and identification of suitable tetraploidy parents to evolve superior triploids in mulberry (Morus sp.)
Personnel :Basavaiah
Funding Source :UGC (Minor research project)
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :
· Induction of tetraploids in ten selected diploid genotypes of mulberry.
· Evaluation of induced tetraploid and identification of superior tetraploids to utilize them as parents in triploidy breeding.
Results/Recommendations :Stable tetraploids of Mysore local, M5, RFS135, S36 and V1 varieties are isolated from the colchicine treated plots. Among these tetraploids of M5, RFS135, S36 and V1 are females with good seed settings and are highly useful in triploid breeding programme. Tetraploid of Mysore local is male with moderate pollen fertility.
Source of Information: Completed project report of DOS, University of Mysore, Mysore
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Agronomy
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Screening of VA-Mycorrhizae and Azotobacter for mulberry cultivation.
Personnel : Hanumantha Gowda M, Das PK
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :
· To isolate and identify VAM fungi and Azotobacter from the rhizosphere soils of different mulberry varieties collected from different localities.
· To study the occurrence and distribution of VAM fungi in different mulberry growing localities of South India.
· To study the effect of various soil factors on the distribution of VAM.
· To multiply the dominant VAM fungi and Azotobacter.
· To study their effect on certain promising mulberry varieties by inoculating plants in pots, nursery and in field conditions.
Results/Recommendations :
· The genus Glomus was found to be dominant VA Mycorrhizal fungi in mulberry rhizosphere.
· Different mulberry varieties (S54, S41, S36, S30, K2 and Local) to Azotobacter biofertilizer application revealed the possibility of curtailing 50% of the recommended dose of nitrogen (150 kg N/ha/yr) with the application of Azotobacter chroococcum biofertilizer in the cultivation of above mulberry varieties without affecting the leaf yield and quality. However, maximum positive response in terms of leaf yield to the application of Azotobacter chroococcum was observed in S54 (43,585 kg leaf/ha/yr) and the minimum response (22,355 kg leaf/ha/yr) was in Local mulberry varieties, which were on par with their respective controls.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis 1996.
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Influence of various agrochemicals and inoculation techniques on VA-Mycorrhizal association in mulberry.
Personnel : Fathima PS, Das PK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :
· To find out a reduced level of cheaper source of phosphorus in association with VA-Mycorrhizal fungi in lieu of costly single super phosphate for cost effective mulberry cultivation without any loss in leaf yield and quality.
· To evaluate the effect of plant protection chemicals which are routinely used in mulberry cultivation on VA-Mycorrhizae so as to formulate a package for their judicious use in harmony with VA-Mycorrhizae.
· To develop a suitable, cost effective VA-Mycorrhizal inoculation technique for established mulberry garden (since mulberry is perennial crop) so as to popularize mycorrhizal technology among sericultural farmers for phosphorus economy.
Results/Recommendations :Study indicated the possibility of saving 75% of phosphorus application in mulberry cultivation through VAM inoculation besides reduction in fertilizer cost input through the use of cheaper Mussorie rock phosphate instead of costly single super phosphate without adverse effect on growth, leaf yield and leaf quality.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on development of an integrated approach for increasing productivity of mulberry in alkali soil through reclamation and by growing tolerant mulberry genotypes.
Personnel : Sathyanarayana K, Sarkar A
Project Period :1995-2001
Objectives :
· To understand the efficacy of different reclaiments on improvement of soil and the initial establishment of selected genotypes of mulberry.
· To understand the variability among different mulberry genotypes in response to reclaimed and unreclaimed alkali soil conditions.
· To study the effect of different mulberry genotypes grown under alkali soil on cocoon crop.
· To understand the association of morpho-physiological parameters of different mulberry genotypes under such alkali soils.
· To recommend an integrated package for raising profitable mulberry culture in alkali soil areas/waste land.
Results/Recommendations :Genotype AR12 integrated with soil reclamation by press mud at 50 MT/ha recommended for marginal farmers for profitable mulberry culture alkali soils of South India.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2002
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the recycling of sericultural farm wastes as biogas and compost and its importance in integrated nutrient management in mulberry cultivation.
Personnel : Bhogesha K, Das PK
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :
· To assess the possibility of recycling sericultural farm wastes as a supplementary feed for a biogas plant for the production of methane rich biogas as domestic fuel and the use of the nutrient rich spent slurry as manure.
· To develop suitable technologies for the production of compost and vermicompost using sericultural farm wastes and to achieve self sufficiency in the production of organic manures for integrated plant nutrient management.
· To study the effect of compost and vermicompost of sericultural origin on mulberry growth, leaf yield and quality as well as to achieve sustainability in mulberry crop production.
Results/Recommendations :The studies indicated possibility of using sericultural farm wastes for effective maintenance of soil fertility following recycling of wastes and integrated plant nutrient management approach.
· Maximum biogas (1.734 M3/day) was produced by charging a 4M3 biogas plant with 42-50 kg of fresh silkworm litter everyday which is double the cow dung used plant.
· The stored litter decreases biogas production by 15.56% of gas production.
· Compost prepared by anaerobic techniques using silkworm rearing waste mixed with spent slurry found to be superior to other combinations of compost and the compost will be ready by 120 days of decomposition.
· Studies on vermicomposting of sericulture farm wastes revealed that all wastes can be recycled into nutrient rich new vermicompost in 50 days using mixed culture of earthworms, viz. Eudrilus euginae, Eisenia foetida and Parionyx escavatus.
· Chemical analysis of leaf and silkworm rearing confirmed superiority of compost and vermicompost prepared out of sericultural farm wastes.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, 2000
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Developing a model for waste recycling in the campus of the University of Mysore by composting and vermicomposting.
Personnel :Basavaiah
Project Period :2001
Objectives :
· Production of enriched compost by waste-recycling.
· Production of vermicompost by waste recycling.
· Comparative studies on in situ composting with indigenous (native) and exotic species of earthworms in mulberry gardens.
· Studies on interaction between native and exotic species of earthworm in relation to their multiplication.
Results/Recommendations :A unit of composting and vermicomposting activity was established in the Department of Studies in Sericulture Science, University of Mysore, Mysore, which is being used for teaching and demonstration of technology to the students and interested farmers. The compost and vermicompost produced in the University is being used to mulberry garden of the department.
Source of Information :Information from the author
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Mulberry Physiology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the nutritional requirement of mulberry under irrigated conditions.
Personnel : Rajanna L, Dandin SB
Project Period :1985-1988
Objectives :
· To evaluate the best source of nitrogen.
· To find out the effect of nitrogen levels on growth and leaf yield of mulberry.
· To find out the right time of application.
· To adopt correct method of application.
· To work out the cost of production of leaf by different sources and levels of nitrogen.
· To work out the economics of cocoon production by different source and levels of nitrogen.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicated that nitrogen supplied through urea super granule showed better growth of mulberry, resulting maximum foliage of 36, 875 kg/ha/yr. Soil application of nitrogen in five splits gave higher leaf yield of 29,717 kg/ha/yr. Nitrogen at 450 kg N/ha/yr recorded leaf yield of 36,985 kg/ha/yr irrespective of the source. Neither the source nor the nitrogen levels, have much influence on the cocoon characters as reflected in the rearing studies.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1989
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the effect of foliar application of micronutrients on yield and quality of mulberry (Morus sp.)
Personnel : Thippeswamy T, Chakrabarti S.
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To study the effect of foliar application of micronutrients viz., zinc, iron, manganese, copper, boron and molybdenum on the growth, yield and quality of mulberry and their effect on larval development and cocoon characters.
Results/Recommendations: From the results it can be concluded that foliar application of micronutrients significantly improved the morphological characters of mulberry - number of shoots, shoot length, number of leaves/plant, leaf area and leaf yield attributing to growth and yield of mulberry. There was significant increase in biochemical constituents of mulberry leaves - crude protein, total sugar, reducing sugar, starch, chlorophyll and moisture content contributing to nutritive value of mulberry leaves. There was significant improvement in larval development and cocoon characters -weight of 10 mature larvae, ERR by number, ERR by weight, single cocoon weight, single shell weight, shell ratio (%) and filament length attributing to production of quality cocoons.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis 1998
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on physiology and biochemistry of hunger signs in mulberry (Morus spp.).
Personnel : Subrahmanyam MR, Chakrabarti S
Project Period :1993-1996
Objectives :To evaluate the role of nutrient deficiency (hunger sign) with regard to morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters under green house conditions
Results/Recommendations :
· Radiotracer studies confirmed partitioning of photosynthetically fixed 14C into alcohol soluble fraction, which decreased in almost all the treatments. However, increased rate of incorporation was found in alcohol insoluble fraction.
· Analysis of sugar (reducing, non-reducing and total sugars), fibre and protein were found to be greatly decreased in all deficiencies. Estimation of different elements in leaf, shoot, root and base cutting (cuttings after development of plant) recorded decrease in all treatments except in K content in base cuttings of Mn deficiency.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1998
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the genetic variation in some physiological components of leaf yield in mulberry and association with morphological characters and yield.
Personnel : Jalaja SK, Sarkar A
Project Period :1997-2002
Objectives : To determine the physiological components causing varietal differences in leaf yield of mulberry and usefulness in breeding high yielding varieties with the fallowing objectives:
· To discuss the physiological traits that have been implicated in controlling yield in mulberry.
· To integrate many aspects of mulberry growth and development and to discuss their interaction on yield.
· To understand the physiological markers and to explain their possible effects for breeding programme.
· To prepare an effective modal including morphological and physiological characters in selection of genotypes from segregated population.
Results/Recommendations: LAD (Leaf area duration), BMD (Biomass duration), LAI (Leaf area index) and CGR (Crop growth rate) had direct bearing on leaf yield.
· Relationship between leaf weight and stem weight (studied to understand the nature of partitioning of photosynthetate in stem and leaf) was found to be non-linear (second degree polynomial). But precision found not to be very high as R2 values were of moderate order. Relationship between foliage weight and biological weight with time (worked out for all genotypes) found non-linear (polynomial) and relationship found in perfect order with R2 being very high.
· Study indicated that LAD and BMD at any stage of growth and LAI and CGR at later stage could be utilized for predicting leaf yield and thereby increasing the efficiency of breeding and selection programme.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis 2002
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Mulberry Pathology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the phylloplane microflora of mulberry (Morus indica L)
Personnel : Sukumar J, Ramalingam A
Project Period :1979-1982
Objectives :To study:
· Phylloplane microflora on healthy leaves of mulberry.
· Influence of yeasts on silk yield.
· Epidemiology of leaf spot disease of mulberry.
· Phylloplane microflora of diseased leaves of mulberry.
· Interaction of phylloplane microbes and Cercospora moricola.
Results/Recommendations :Phylloplane microbe populations increased with the age of leaves. Few microbes colonized in freshly unfolded leaves and senescent leaves recorded highest numbers. Microbe populations were two times greater on adaxial surfaces of leaves than abaxial surfaces. Highest microbes best populations were noticed in Cl. Cladosporioidaes by 795, 709 times, Cr. laurentii 289, 717 and Er. herbicola 7,028. Actinomycetes recorded only on senescent leaves. In addition to cumulative deposition from air, growth and multiplication are accounted for the tremendous increases (in geometric proportions) noticed in microbes and classified as residents. Microbes showing arithmetic increase designated as casuals.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1983
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita infesting mulberry.
Personnel : Govindaiah, Dandin SB
Project Period :1985-1990
Objectives :
· To study the survey on distribution of root-knot nematode. Meloidogyne incognita in certain mulberry growing districts of Karnataka.
· Effect of various inoculum levels of root-knot nematode on the growth and development of mulberry.
· Assessment of crop loss due to Meloidogyne incognita.
· Management of the root-knot nematode by cultural, chemical and host resistance methods.
Results/Recommendations :
· Revealed that percentage reduction in plant height and leaf yield in first year (1988) and second year (1989) was 10.5 and 12.1% and 9.2 and 14.4% in the untreated plot respectively due to nematode. Considerable reduction in galls number and larval population was 51.7 and 54.9 and 20.5 and 49.6 in first and second year respectively was noticed in the treated plot respectively. However, percentages increase in galls number (46.1 and 79.6) and larval population (38.5 and 41.1) in first and second year in untreated plot. Disease reduced the leaf yield by 11.8% amounting a loss of 4500 kg leaf/ha/year.
· Recommended the application of neem cake at 2-3 tons/ha or Carbofuran at 4-6 kg/ha in four equal split doses is to be used for control of root-knot disease.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1990
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Investigations on the fusarial diseases of mulberry in Karnataka.
Personnel : Srikantaswamy K, Raveesha KA
Project Period :1993-2000
Objectives :
· To survey the incidence and the spread of foliar diseases of mulberry in South India with special reference to Fusarial leaf blight.
· To isolate and identify the Fusarial species associated with leaf blight.
· To understand the importance of environmental factors in the disease development and disease spread.
· To understand the effect of disease incidence on leaf yield and leaf quality the consequential effects of rearing silkworm with diseased leaves.
· To identify suitable management practices to overcome disease caused by Fusarium species.
Results/Recommendations : The study revealed heterogenous Fusarium distribution at varying intensity throughout Karnataka and Fusarial leaf blight was more prevalent in Rainy season.
Effect of disease incidence on leaf yield revealed maximum leaf loss in MR2 variety followed by K2 and local and it effects on rearing silkworm revealed significant loss in larval and reeling characters. Among the fungicides like Benlate (Benomil), Bavistin (Carbendazim), Blitox-50 (Copper Oxychloride), Dithane M-45 and Foltof, Bavistin is highly effective in controlling the Fusarium infection.
Project outcome: Bavistin (Carbendazim) recommended for effective management of Fusarial disease at farmer's field.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2000
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Silkworm Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Ecogenetic approach for the determination of high yielding breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Subrahmanya G, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1982-1985
Objectives : To understand and evaluate genetic potential of different strains and to improve economic qualities by mutation breeding and extraction of new sub lines through inbreeding of the hybrids (between selected races and bivoltine race NB18) based on:
· Ecogenetic differences in the five regional strains (i.e., Kudur, Hebbur, Santhemavathur, Kunigal and Veeregowdanadoddi) of polyvoltine Mysore race of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
· Induction of mutation by X-rays and the isolation of a mutant line with shorter larval duration in polyvoltine Mysore race of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
· Evolution of superior polyvoltine strains of silkworm Bombyx mori L for tropical climates.
Results/Recommendations :Results revealed that inbreeding hybrids/backcrossing is a convenient method to breed fixed races in silkworm. Improvement of cocoon weight by 30-40%, shell weight by 60-68%, silk percentage by 28-29% filament length by 65-80% and renditta by 20-25% are some distinctive features of the lines evolved.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1985
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the genetic effects of chemical growth regulators and their utility in the improvement of races of silkworm Bombyx mori .
Personnel : Krishnananda Pai I, Hegde SN
Project Period :1985-1988
Objectives : To study the effect of three chemical growth regulators like PABA, IAA and Super Spin on economic traits of Pure Mysore (MV) race and Kalimpong (BV) race of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Results/Recommendations : 8 characters found to improve when topical application in a concentration of 250 mg/100 larvae of PABA made. In KA when 100 ppm of PABA administered to larvae, 9 characters showed improvement. Also 10% super spin administration response to improvement.
Isozymes analysis in different generations showed that the growth regulators are effective as long as they are associated with tissue and loose their efficacy as soon as they are withdrawn and hence have no genetic effect to posterity.
Recommended usage of PABA at low concentrations (50 and 100 ppm) by egg treatment method for Pure Mysore. Further, oral feeding of 100ppm of PABA to Kalimpong-A race from III instar to spinning is beneficial for silkworm rearer. Oral administration of super spin at 10% concentration to both Pure Mysore and Kalimpong-A is also recommended for commercial rearing of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1988
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the hybridization and synthesis of new breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Raju PJ, Krishnamurthy NB
Project Period :1986-1990
Objectives :To evolve new silkworm races by combining better economical traits of both multivoltine (PM) and bivoltines (KA, NB7, NB18 and NB4D2) to suit the tropical agro climatic conditions.
Results/Recommendations : Results revealed that majority of new multivoltine breeds were superior over Pure Mysore in terms of general combining ability. Additionally, new multi x bi hybrids of MG508 x KA, MG508 x NB18, MG519 x KA, MG519 x NB7, MG509 x KA, MG509 x NB18, MG509 x NB4D2, MG520 x NB7 and MG520 x NB4D2 exhibited positive combining abilities.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1990
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Evolution of suitable bivoltine races of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. for tropics.
Personnel : Rajanna GS, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives :To synthesize bivoltine races suitable to tropical condition by utilizing known genotypes of polyvoltine and bivoltine races employing both conventional and mutation breeding.
Results/Recommendations :Isolated MU404, MU499, MU807, and MU488 lines by selection breeding method and the lines exhibited stability in the expression of economic traits and commercial exploitation of the evolved lines in different seasons of the year is highlighted.
Line MU809 isolated through irradiation, showed improvement over NB4D2 and NB18.
Similarities in the specific activity of 3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase in the newly evolved races indicated productivity potential over parent bivoltine races and NB18. Additionally, the quantification of specific activity of 3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase enzyme in different races of silkworm can be used to productivity characters.
The results revealed that resemblances in the micropylar cavity of newly evolved races with one of the respective parent indicated its genetic determination.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1989
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Evolution of superior bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L. for tropics.
Personnel : Maribashetty VG, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1987-1991
Objectives : To evolve superior bivoltine breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori by combining better performing economically important characters of both multivoltine and bivoltines.
Results/Recommendations :Isolated MU716, MU718, MU720, MU723 and MU756 using selection breeding method.
These lines exhibited stability in the expression of economic traits leading to consistency in cocoon yield even in the unfavorable pre-monsoon season with the mean values close to overall mean of three seasons.
Further, the evolved races revealed marked improvement over NB18 and NB4D2 control in overall mean of pupation rate, cocoon yield by number, cocoon yield by weight and single cocoon weight and consistent performance during all seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post monsoon) indicating its adaptability to fluctuating environment prevailing in tropical climates.
Apart from higher viability of newly evolved bivoltine races i.e., MU716, MU718, MU720, MU723 and MU756, the similarities in the specific activity of the enzyme 3-Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase among themselves indicated productivity potential of these races.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1991
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the genetics of quantitative traits in a few multivoltine and bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Chandrashekharaiah, Krishnamurthy NB
Project Period :1989-1992
Objectives :To identify promising hybrids from selected silkworm races to employ in cross breeding programmes for commercial exploitation.
Results/Recommendations :
· Findings revealed that neither all parents nor hybrids exhibited best performance, significant heterosis, over dominance, GCA (general combining ability) and SCA (specific combining ability) effects for all eleven traits studied.
· Present findings on the performance of parental races, heterotic effects of the hybrids, overdominance and combining ability effects analysed through line x tester analysis recommended HM (Hosa Mysore) as superior line, M10 and NB4D2 as good testers for both seasons. While HM x KA and PM x M10 as promising hybrids for both seasons for commercial exploitation.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1992
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the performance and adaptation of bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L of Kashmir and evaluation of heterosis in their hybrids under temperate and subtropical climates.
Personnel :. Manzoor Ahmed Malik, Krishnamurthy NB
Project period:1989-1992
Objectives :To evaluate the performance and adaptation of four bivoltine races Pampore-1, Skuast-1 and NB4D2 of silkworm Bombyx mori L. in addition to evaluation of heterosis in their hybrid genotypes.
Results/Recommendations :Based on the performance parameters, Pampore-1 was found to be well adapted for all seasons under temperate conditions, Skuast-1 for summer and NB4D2 for autumn only.
· Under sub-tropical conditions, Pampore-1 was best adapted to pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons and Pampore-3 to post-monsoon. Additionally, Skuast-1 was well suited for pre-monsoon and NB4D2 for monsoon.
· Hybrids of Pampore-3 x Pampore-1, Skuast-1 x NB4D2 and its reciprocal for commercial exploitation during spring season in temperate climatic conditions. Hybrids of Pampore-1 x Pampore-3 and its reciprocal and Pampore-1 x NB4D2 for summer while Pampore-3 x Skuast-1, Pampore-3 x NB4D2 and its reciprocal to be reared during autumn season in temperate belt.
· Hybrids of Pampore-1 x Pampore-3, its reciprocal, Pampore-3 x Skuast-1, Pampore-3 x NB4D2, NB4D2 x Pampore-1 to be reared for commercial utility in all seasons (throughout the year) under sub-tropical conditions.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1992
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the synthesis of appropriate silkworm breeds (Bombyx mori L) for tropics.
Personnel : Nirmal Kumar S, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1991-1995
Objectives : To evolve bivoltine silkworm races for commercial exploitation favourable to tropical climate using conventional methods of breeding.
Results/Recommendations:
· Isolated line SNK1 to SNK6 (I, IA, II, IIA, III and IV) indicated degree of improvement in both viability and productivity over initial parent NB4D2 exhibiting overall superiority. Isolated lines have plain larvae spinning white dumbbell cocoons with mild constriction.
· On the basis of performance of new hybrids, degree of manifestation of heterosis and over-dominance, general and specific combining ability of lines and hybrids and index value obtained by multiple traits evaluation, four hybrids SNK2 x NB7, SNK3 x CC1, SNK5 x NB7, SNK6 x CC1 adjudicated as promising hybrids for commercial exploitation.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1995
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the biochemical genetics of isozymes to understand racial differences relevant to voltinism and economic traits in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Umakanth RS, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives : To study biochemical genetics of iso-enzymes to understand racial differences relevant to voltinism and economic traits in selected six races of silkworm Bombyx mori L. viz., univoltines Haulak and B38P; bivoltines KA and NB18; multivoltine Nistari and C-Nichi.
Results/Recommendations:
· Present findings revealed that the banding differences of mated females and males compared to unmated ones clearly showed certain bands found in the unmated males get incorporated into females after mating. This authenticates that certain esterase components are transferred by male into female during mating.
· Present findings revealed higher alpha esterase activity than beta esterase in moths especially in races spinning dumbell shaped cocoons than in races spinning oval shaped cocoons which is also true for β-esterase but contrasts with the results of ontogeny.
· Present findings revealed that Xanthine dehydrogenase activity is higher in fat body than malpighian tubules of late 5th instar larvae where uric acid is synthesized. It has also been found as per the zymogram patterns that there is higher Xanthine dehydrogenase activity in both fat body and malpighian tubules of multivoltines than those of uni and multivoltine, which has established the genetic basis for soiling of cocoons exist.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1996
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the combining ability of bivoltine races and physiological evaluation of quantitative characters in the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Chandrakanth KS, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period :1992-1998
Objectives :To evolve new strategies to breed superior and resistant breeds to meet the diverse needs of the Indian sericultural industry.
Results/Recommendations :Selection for cocoon weight showed marked fluctuations in control and selected lines over generations. Average response per generation expressed as regression co-efficient showed response greater in high line than low lines of both the races NB4D2 and Pure Mysore. Divergence observed between high and low (H-L) and medium and low (M-L) significant in both races. Further, asymmetry response (H+M+L/3-C) revealed significant differences in both races.
Role of quantum (Q1 and Q2) in association with method of practice (M1 and M2) and water source (W1 and W2) on selected lines revealed that the performance of selected trait single cocoon weight is affected significantly in high line of Pure Mysore and control, high and medium lines of NB4D2 when sub-optimal feed is given in all the combinations of treatments studied.
Filament response was significantly correlated to leaf moisture and fertilizer inputs, filament length decrease was noticed in all lines and control of both races. The decrease was significant in M2Q1 signifying importance of both fertilizer and water for realization of optimal genetic potential of the race.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1998
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the isolation and evaluation of high yielding multivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Kalappa HK, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To evolve superior multivoltine races suitable to tropical conditions by utilizing the potential genotypes of multivoltine and bivoltine races and recognizing the genetic material by employing conventional breeding methods.
Results/Recommendations :
· Overall superiority of the isolated multivoltine lines with higher productivity and viability over their respective multivoltine parents in three seasons (pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) of the year indicated their superiority. Among five isolated lines K1 and K4 were comparatively better in expressing ten economic traits.
· On the basis of new hybrids’ performance, degree of manifestation of heterosis and over dominance, general and specific combining abilities of line and hybrids and overall percentage increment/decrement, the two hybrids K3 x NB4D2 and K4 x NB4D2 adjudicated as most promising multivoltine x bivoltine hybrids for commercial exploitation.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1996
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Mutation breeding and evolution of new breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Vijayalakshmi Rao, Krishnamurthy NB
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To study mutation breeding and evolution of new silkworm Bombyx mori L breeds by utilizing radio mimetic alkylating chemical mutagen EMS (Ethyl Methane Sulphonate).
Results/Recommendations :
· Significant effect was recorded for complete mutation at ’re’ locus in KA race. Further, dose interaction revealed that dose did not influence mutation rate at 'pi' and 're' loci.
· Line x Tester analysis revealed that NPM x NB4D2 is a good specific combiner for hatching %, effective rate of rearing, single cocoon weight and filament length suggesting role of non-additive genes. NPM x KA qualified as best specific combiner for fecundity and shell ratio while, NPM x NB18 for pupation rate and denier.
· NPM can be utilized as potent breeding material for improving indigenous multivoltine race and also can be used for hybridization programs with the bivoltines presently used in the field.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Development of hardy bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Subramanya G, Ramesha CK
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To evolve superior bivoltine breeds suitable to tropical conditions as well as to identify superior hybrid combinations for commercial exploitation.
Results/Recommendations :On the basis of performance over control hybrids, degree of manifestation of heterosis, over dominance, general and specific combining abilities, percentage of increment/decrement observed with respect to economic traits and MST analysis, the combining ability of the isolated lines viz., MG405, MG406, MG408 and MG414 along with bivolitne races viz., KA, NB7, NB18, and NB4D2 (in which sixteen hybrid combinations were made) identified/suggested five new hybrids MG414 x KA, MG408 x NB4D2, MG414 x NB4D2, MG406 x KA and for commercial exploitation.
Oxygen consumption level was significantly higher in NB4D2 acid treated eggs than non- diapausing PM and diapausing NB4D2 eggs.
Activation energy values higher in PM than NB4D2.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1996
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on combining ability in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Nanjundaswamy L, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1994-1998
Objectives : To identify promising F1 hybrids from selected silkworm races determining combining ability and heterosis magnitude for commercial exploitation.
Results/Recommendations :Index value obtained from 8 economical character identified 10 hybrid combinations like NB7 x MU852 (2.31), MG580 x MG405 (2.32), NB18 x CC1 (2.71), KA x MU297 (3.70), MG580 x CC1 (3.73), NB7 x MG414 (3.75), MG580 x MG414 (3.84), MU285 x CC1 (4.39), NB4D2 x MU807 (6.22) and NB7 x CC1 (6.46) placed in descending order of merit and adjudicated as most promising over control hybrids NB4D2 x KA and KA x NB4D2 thus establishing superiority.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1998
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Genetic analysis of Bombyx mori using Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers.
Personnel : Nagaraja GM, Nagaraju J
Project Period :1996-1999
Objectives :
· To profile diverse silkworm strains by using RAPD technique and to investigate their genetic relationships.
· To compare RAPD marker assay with multilocus RFLPs and other PCR based assays such as SSR (Simple sequence repeat) and ISSR-PCR (inter simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction).
· To identify silkworm Z chromosome specific DNA markers and construction of genetic map of Z chromosome using appropriate mapping population.
· To identify cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight linked DNA maker if any, using bulked segregant analysis.
Results/Recommendations :The result showed that distinct cluster of diapausing and non-diapausing silkworm strains reflects the geographical origin and morphological qualitative and quantitative traits associated with these two sets strains. The dendrogram also reflected the pedigree history of strains used. High degree of polymorphism, Mendelian inheritance, strain specific profile and reliable genetic distance and relationships revealed by RAPD markers underline their use in genetic mapping, DNA fingerprinting and marker tagged breeding in silkworm.
Two divergent strains NB1 and Nistari chosen for the experiment showed that 560 random primers and 20 ISSR primers failed to detect polymorphism between high and low cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight bulks.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1999
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Genetic approach for the synthesis of new bivoltine breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Umashankara ML, Subramanya G
Project Period :1998-2003
Objectives :To evolve superior bivoltine breeds suitable to tropical conditions as well as to identify superior hybrid combinations using two bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori C108 and J115 and two multivoltine races, viz., pnd and npnd with known genetic background for commercial exploitation based on conventional breeding, seasonal studies and combining ability.
Results/Recommendations :From the Line x Tester analysis utilizing isolated lines (MU51, MU52, MU53 and MU54) and four known testers KA, MG408 (Mysore University race), NB18 and NB4D2 in which sixteen combining ability tests made (on the performance of new hybrids over control) determining degree of heterosis manifestation, over dominance, general and specific combining abilities, percentage of increment/decrement observed with respect to economic traits revealed ten new hybrids viz., MU51 x KA, MU51 x NB18, MU51 x NB4D2, MU52 x NB18, MU52 x NB4D2, MU53 x KA, MU53 x NB4D2, MU54 x KA, MU54 x NB18 and MU54 x NB4D2 for commercial exploitation.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2004
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :Department of Zoology, University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on genotoxic effects of some pesticides and growth regulators in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Pai IK, Hegde SN
Funding Source: CSIR, New Delhi
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives : Evaluation of toxicity of pesticides/growth regulators.
Results/Recommendations :Usage of pesticides brings down cocoon characters (pre and post cocoon trials tested) in some cases.
Source of Information :Information from the authors
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Chemical investigations of lipids and proteins from the desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori L.)
Personnel : Srikantaswamy HS, Siddalingaiah KS
Project Period :1977-1981
Objectives :To study lipids and proteins in different groups of neutral, glyco and phospholipid fractions from the desilked silkworm pupae and mulberry leaves (local variety).
Results/Recommendations :
· The neutral lipids fraction, which accounts 88% of the total oil, is more easily amenable for the decolourisation and deodourification. The oil can be one of the major sources of Oleic and Palmitic acids. From the academic point of view, it is necessary to separate each lipid and identify the same from each of the lipids fractions i.e., neutral, glyco and phospholipid fractions. This helps better understanding of the role played by different fatty acids in different lipids form.
· Further, to get a deeper insight into the role played by different amino acids and their origin, it is necessary to go into detailed investigations with regard to,
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, 1981
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Isolation, purification and characterization of cocoonase from few races of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Parthasarathy BA, Honnaiah S
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives : To study the applications of cocoonase from the selected bivoltine races KA and NB4D2 and multivoltine races Nistari and C.Nichi of Bombyx mori based on collection, concentration and characterization.
Results/Recommendations :Purified cocoonase fraction exhibited similarity in structure and function regardless of voltine character of different races suggesting that active principle in cocoonase is identical.
Applying cocoonase in place of trypsin inducing G-banding in mammalian metaphase chromosomes showed similarity in both indicating that cocoonase acts as trypsin during chromosomal protein digestion.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1993
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Biochemical toxicology of dimethoate (Organophosphorus pesticide) in silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Dayananda Reddy R, Jagannatha Rao KS
Project Period :1989-1994
Objectives :
· Evaluation of LD50 values of different races of silkworm, i.e., Pure Mysore, NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2 of 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae.
· In vivo time dependent inhibition of AchE; mechanism of AchE, inhibition under in vitro conditions, screening of antidotes to neutralize the AchE inhibition.
· Modulations in enzymes namely, monoamine oxidase, glutathione-s-transferase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate amino transferase and alanine amino transferase, substrates namely, uric acid, total bilirubin, creatinine, phosphorus, total proteins, albumin and cholesterol levels; and inorganic ions namely, Na+, K+, Ca++ and Mg++ in the haemolymph at different time intervals under lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of dimethoate.
· Dimethoate-silk gland DNA interactions.
Results/Recommendations :
· Molecular mechanism studies indicated that Dimethoate might interfere with silk synthesis at DNA level. Biochemical studies on AChE indicated that monitoring of this enzyme in silkworm population provided an insight on the extent of pesticide poisoning. Other parameters namely, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase superoxide dismutase, creatine kinase, creatinine, cholesterol, phosphorus, albumin bilirubin and ions could be used as monitors to find out extent of cellular damage caused by pesticide and also cell efficiency in neutralizing toxicity.
· Biocomponents like pyridoxine, histidine and zinc could neutralize dimethoate toxicity in silkworm. Spraying of above antidotes on mulberry leaves may also neutralize toxicity in vivo. This spraying is economical for the farmers.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis 1994
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the influence of nutrition on fecundity in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Himantharaj MT, Sreerama Reddy G
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives To study the influence of nutrition on fecundity in two bivoltine races of NB4D2 and KA (Kalimpong-A) based on:
· Effect of feeding different types of leaves, quantum of feed and frequency of feeding on seed crop rearing
· Effect of fortification of mulberry leaves with nutrients and antibiotics on seed crop rearing.
Results/Recommendations :
· Results revealed that regulation of the quantum of feed during fifth age will help in the production of quality cocoons with robust pupae and healthy moths in seed crop rearing without sacrificing other economic traits.
· Vitamins B and C improved economic traits and related to increased protein synthesis consequent upon the enhanced enzymatic activities.
· Results also confirmed the role of antibiotics and application practices with reference to control of bacterial diseases and to improve commercial characters as a results of nitrogen utilization during the process of absorption and assimilation.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1994
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the evaluation of nutritive components of mulberry leaf and their influence on the expression of economic traits in the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Geetha KN, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period :1993-1998
Objectives :
To investigate the role of nutrition on the growth and development of the silkworm based on .
Effect of water and fertilizer inputs into the soil on leaf quality in mulberry.
Quantitative analysis of certain selected biochemical constituents and digestive enzymes in the larva of Pure Mysore and NB4D2.
Studies on growth parameters in Pure Mysore and NB4D2 in relation to leaf quality.
Manifestation of economic traits in Pure Mysore and NB4D2 in relation to leaf quality.
Results/Recommendations :
· The moisture and biochemical constituents of mulberry have shown improvement with water and fertilizer input.
· Perusal of the results shows that the levels of glycogen are relatively high during first instar when the values are represented per unit dry weight of the tissue. The larvae of 5th instar have significantly less glycogen than the larvae of the first instar.
· Present study reveals that the ECI% and ECD% of Pure Mysore, NB4D2 are somewhat dependent on their digestibility. Though NB4D2 had the less approximate digestibility, the efficiency of conversion of the ingested and digested food is in the higher levels.
· The results show that the cocoon weight, shell %, length of the filament are significantly affected in different plots and different season.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1998
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Genotoxic effects of two pesticides, Capton and Methylparathion on silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Deepak SA, Subramanya G
Project Period :1994-1998
Objectives :To evaluate the genotoxic effects of Capton and Methylparathion in silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Results/Recommendations :It is concluded that that Capton is non-mutagenic to silkworm Bombyx mori by dominant lethal test and specific locus test while, Methylparathion has the potential to induce dominant lethal mutations giving a clue to genotoxic effects and is non-mutagenic through specific locus test.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1998
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Genotoxicity studies with two carbamate pesticides on silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Hiriyanna, Subramanya G
Project Period :1994-1998
Objectives : To evaluate the genotoxicity of two important carbamate pesticide compounds viz., Dithane M-45 and Benlate on silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations : Among the two chemicals treated Dithane M-45 indicated more pronounced effect on all the six economic traits treated. Among the four races NB4D2 exhibited highest larval and pupal mortality followed by C108, Nistari and PM.
From the above result, it is indicated that these two carbamates should not be used indiscriminately in moriculture and sericulture to avoid consequential hazards and so such lower concentrations alone should be employed with caution.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Food utilization budget and reproductive performance of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L., on different mulberry varieties.
Personnel : Bhat DV, Prakash R Naik
Project Period :1996-2000
Objectives :To understand food utilization pattern and resource allocation with special reference to fecundity.
Results/Recommendation : Important observations from a detailed energy budget (in mg dry wt.) indicating allocation of the assimilated food to various life history parameters, from hatching to death are
· Better quality leaf supports better body conversion and allocation of greater percentage of the assimilated food to body structures and functions in silkworm larvae.
· Poor quality of the leaf taxes heavily on the energy budget of the larva.
· Allocation to silk can be modulated to our interest by improving the mulberry leaf quality by selecting better variety or by increasing organic content of the soil and
· Allocation to eggs is influenced by the quality of the food consumed by the larva.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2000
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Endocrine control of nitrogen metabolism in the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Ramesh A, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period :1996-2002
Objectives :To study growth, development and economic trait expression in Pure Mysore (MV) and NB4D2 (BV) using M5 and S54 mulberry leaf.
Results/Recommendations :
· The differences in moisture content, nitrogen, protein and total free amino acid content between seasons, leaf variety, leaf position and interaction between them are highly significant whereas differences in nitrogen and protein content between season and leaf variety, between leaf variety and leaf position are not significant.
· The level of leaf and nitrogen consumption and digestion is significantly increased with increase in number of feeding schedules from 1 feeding/day to 6 feeding/day in all seasons in two races (PM and NB4D2) studied.
· Water content level, nitrogen, total protein, total free amino acid and uric acid in the excreta of 5th instar larvae increases significantly with larval growth during this instar.
· Midgut and haemolymph amylase activity was higher in Pure Mysore than NB4D2.
· Amylase activity level, proteolytic enzymes, transferases and dehydrogenases were significantly higher in juvenile hormone treated batches in all tissues studied.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2002
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the physiological interaction of insect hormone mimics on the growth and development of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Sashindran Nair K, Vijayan VA
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To screen 24 Juvenile hormone mimicking compounds for its positive effect on silkworm, in terms of increase in production and short list them with respective treatment regime for its wide use in future.
Results/Recommendations : The juvenile hormone (NL24, BK, BPE, R394) mimic treatments induces an enhancement in total proteins, amino acids, RNA contents in its target tissues.
Improvement in cocoon and cocoon shell weight is a concerted effort of enhanced feeding period and a direct stimulatory effect of JH on the target organ i.e., the silk gland.
From the study, it is clear that JH mimics used for the control of many insect pests can be judiciously used in sericulture in extremely minute concentration for improvement of yield parameters.;
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2001
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Silkworm Seed Technology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on some aspects of egg production in silkworm Bombyx mori L. in tropics.
Personnel : Puttaswamy Gowda, Manjeet S Jolly
Project Period :1985-1988
Objectives :
· Influence of temperature and relative humidity on seed cocoons in relation to egg production and hatchability.
· Effect of cold storage of pupae and moths on egg production and hatchability.
· Impact of mode and frequency of mating on egg yield and hatchability, and
· Hatching response of diapausing eggs of bivoltine races to varying specific gravities of HCl under differing temperatures and durations of treatments.
Results/Recommendations :
· Cold storage of pupae has an adverse effect on the emergence of male and female moths and latter are more susceptible than the former. Increase in duration of cold storage of pupae reduces the percentage of hatching in all races (multivoltines more affected than bivoltine races). Correspondingly, there is an elevation in the incidence of unhatched fertilized eggs and unfertilized eggs. It is believed that both sperms and ova are affected by cold storage.
· It is recommended that moths of bivoltine races alone should be cold stored when necessary. Under inevitable circumstances males of HM can be cold stored. Cold storing the individuals of either of sexes of PM race should be avoided.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1988
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on bivoltine x multivoltine hybrid seed production in silkworm Bombyx mori L and its handling techniques.
Personnel :Datta RK, Geethadevi RG
Project Period :1991-1994
Objectives :To study the
· Performance of silkworm hybrids and parents (6 silkworm races, 2 MV viz., Pure Mysore and MY1 and 4 BV (KA, NB7, NB18 and NB4D2) as parental breeds and 16 hybrids evaluated during different seasons of the year understanding genotypes x environment interactions and their performance in fluctuating climatic conditions of tropics and analysis of 6 economic characters like number of eggs/laying, hatching percentage, cocoon yield/10,000 larvae by number and by weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight).
· Cold storage effects on hatching of the bivoltine x multivoltine hybrid silkworm eggs and parents.
· Field evaluation of bivoltine x multivoltine hybrids along with multivoltine x bivoltine hybrids.
Results/Recommendations :
· Heterosis studies revealed that there were no significant differences between bi x multi and multi x bi hybrids. MY1 hybrids showed superiority over pure mysore among multi x bi crossbreeds for all the traits.
· Superiority of MY1 hybrids over Pure Mysore hybrids has been recommended for the exploitation of commercial purpose.
· Bi x multi hybrids recommended for the exploitation in all locations and seasons.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis 1994
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on some aspects of industrial egg production in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Srinivasababu GK, Subramanya G
Project Period :1991-1994
Objectives :To study on silkworm egg production (grainage operations) by adopting suitable methods to ensure the quality disease free layings.
Results/Recommendations :
· Results revealed that in response to continuous type after 1st mating none of the performance traits were significantly affected but these traits were affected only after II mating onwards. In discontinuous type of mating no discernible consequential effects on performance parameters upto 2nd mating were noticed, but from III mating onwards various economic traits were affected.
· Recommended that males could be used only once for continuous type of multiple mating and twice for the discontinuous type of multiple mating in the interest of sericulture industry.
· Recommended hot water treatment at 55°C for 6 seconds duration to terminate diapause in bivoltine silkworm eggs as a substitute to HCl treatment, since it is simple, efficient and economical and can be exploited.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1993
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on physiology of embryonic diapause in the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Kulkarni SP, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period :1993-1998
Objectives : To study diapause development manipulation by imposed environmental conditions like photoperiod and temperature and linkage between diapause development and expression of productivity traits on selected races of PM (MV) and NB4D2 (BV).
Results/Recommendations :
· PM eggs exposed to longer regimes of photoperiods with higher temperature (25±1°C) improves eggs laid, (fecundity) hatching %. larval weight, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell%, filament length and filament weight.
· NB4D2 female eggs exposing to short day LD at lower temperature (15±1°C) showed decline in fecundity, hatching %, larval weight, larval duration cocoon weight, shell weight, shell %, filament length and filament weight.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1998
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Silkworm Pathology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Contributions to pathobiology of silkworm Bombyx mori L. infected with endoparasite uzifly, Exorista sorbillans (Weid).
Personnel : Prasad NR, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period :1986-1990
Objectives :To study the factors governing uzi infection, nature of damage and host parasite interrelation in terms of physiological adaptations centralizing on
· Oviposition behaviour of Uzifly and factors influencing oviposition like host and physical environment.
· Damage evaluation to silkworms and economic characteristics of uzi-infected cocoons, racial differences in response to uzi infection.
· Respiratory metabolism of uzi maggots and uzi infected silkworms.
· Biochemical constituents changes of haemolymph in uzi-infected silkworm races.
Results/Recommendations :
· 'Host factors' and 'Host food factors' attracted uzifly and helped in 'host finding'.
· Uzifly showed no 'oviposition site selection preference' with respect to segmental and inter-segmental region. Eggs fixed in pre-existing gaps between bristles (setae). 96.94% eggs laid in most convenient vertical axis of the egg (antero-posterial axis).
· Protein level decreased at advanced stage of uzi-infection, increased in free amino acid levels in haemolymph of infected silkworms, and additional protein bands in haemolymph of infected silkworms suggested protein release from fat body into haemolymph.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1990
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on Nosema bombycis N - A pathogen of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Murthuza Baig, Datta RK
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives :
· To assess the extent of silkworm crops infected with Nosema bombycis in different seasons in different sericultural tracts of Karnataka.
· To test the pathogencity of Nosema bombycis to different races of silkworms and to find out comparatively less susceptible races which can be exploited in the field for cocoon crop production, to study the effect of transovarial transmission on the progeny population and also to test the cross infectivity of the pathogen to mulberry lepidopterans.
· To diagnose the pebrine pathogen at an early stage of infection utilizing different immunological methods and
· To evolve suitable preventive/control measures to contain the disease in the field.
Results/Recommendations :
· Among 1,140 crops surveyed, 873 crops were pebrinised (60-62%). The maximum crops were pebrinised (71.11%) in Charamarajanagar, followed by Ramanagar (62.50%), Kunigal (57.50%) and Anekal (51.39%).
· Pebrine infection prevalent throughout Oct.1990 to Sep.1992 and level of incidence varied. The seasonal and environmental factors influences pebrine incidence.
· In multivoltine, lower levels of pebrine infection was recorded compared to bivoltine silkworms. Among multivoltines, Pure Mysore recorded with minimum 56.89% and maximum 75.75% and maximum in JSV2 (88.11%). Total pebrine infection ranged 71.11-74.5% in multivoltine and 75.33-81.5% in bivoltine.
· Bleaching powder (5%) and formalin (2%) were 100% effective in inactivation of Nosema bombycis (even after 6 hr exposure) and stand as a control measures. Additionally, as a prophylactic measure during silkworm rearings, the use of Hilite/bleaching powder as bed disinfectant and Fumidil-B as chemotherapeautic agent can be adopted to decrease crop losses due to pebrine.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1994
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Toxicity, sublethal effects and biochemical mode of action of insecticides in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Naseema Begum A, Shivanandappa T
Project Period :1990-1993
Objectives :
· To study the acute toxicity of some insecticides to the multivoltine and bivoltine Indian races of the mulberry silkworm.
· To assess the sub acute and sub chronic toxicity in order to determine the no effect level of the insecticide exposure on the silkworm reproduction and development.
· To study the biochemical mode of action of a selected organophosphorus chemical (Bromophos) on the silkworm as a model system.
Results/Recommendations :Insecticides belonging to Organochlorine, Organophosphorus and Carbamate group when applied in single doses topically to both races viz., multivoltine (Pure Mysore) and bivoltine (KA), by recording effect of toxicity, mortality and LD50, revealed that insecticides induced characteristic neurotoxic symptoms like excitation, head swaying, vomiting of gastric juices, spasms, paralysis moribund and death. The rapidity and time course of the symptoms was a function of the applied dose. Symptoms vary for organochlorine, organophosphorus and Carbamate insecticides. Organochlorine insecticides are fast acting. Based on LD50 profile, insecticide toxicity to multivoltine race (Pure Mysore) could be graded as
Gamma HCH > Endosulfan > Propoxur > Gardona > Sevin > HCH(tech) > Bromophos > Ethyl Bromophos >Heptachlor > Delta HCH > alpha HCH.
For the bivoltine race (Kalimpong A) order of toxicity was slightly different.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1993
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Cytogenetics and biochemical studies in a few races of Bombyx mori L. treated with CPV and mutagens.
Personnel : Mahesh HB, Honnaiah S
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :To study the effect of BmCPV infection and mutagens on quality and quantity in selected races of PM (MV) and NB4D2 (BV) based on cytogenetic, pathological and biochemical studies.
Results/Recommendations :EMS treated batches showed low level blood glucose, more protein content, increased rate of digestive and oxidizing enzymes helping more food utilization, efficient conversion of digested food material leading to more production may be due to genotype alteration on influencing factor transmitted from parent progeny, whereas CPV inoculated worms showed low blood glucose level, less protein content, reduced enzymes activity reflecting less food utilization, reduced conversion rate and metabolism resulting less production.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on cause and prevention of flacherie in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Selvakumar T, Datta RK
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :
· Isolation and identification of pathogens causing flacherie disease in mulberry silkworm.
· Studies on the factors influencing the causes of flacherie disease in mulberry silkworm.
· Studies on the prevention/control of flacherie disease in mulberry silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :It can be concluded that bacterial pathogens like Streptococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Streptococcus marcescens and Bacillus thuringiensis and viral pathogens like BmIFV and BmDNV1 cause flacherie in silkworm. Environmental factors such as fluctuating temperature and humidity and high temperature and low humidity are congenial for disease development. Disease could be prevented by disinfection of rearing house using Triple 100 and Domex (disinfectant) and can be suppressed by oral administration of plant extracts like A. sativum and C. longa and antibiotics (chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid and erythromycin).
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2003
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Entomology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Contribution to our knowledge on Tricholyga bombycis Beck– A serious parasite of Bombyx mori L and its control.
Personnel : Pradip Kumar, Manjeet S Jolly
Project Period :1984-1987
Objectives :
· To study biology of Tricholyga bombycis, its abundance and persistence in the field during different seasons.
· To develop chemical control for Tricholyga bombycis management.
Results/Recommendations :
· Ovicidal effect of benzoic acid - acetone combination in the form of dust is equally effective to benzoic acid - Propionic acid combination against different ages of uzifly eggs. However, benzoic - acetone combination at the concentration of 1.0% in spray form more effective than 4.0% of dust form.
· Spray of 1.0% benzoic acid prepared in 12.5% acetone is highly effective against different ages of Tricholyga bombycis eggs. This formulation was found to have no adverse effect on silkworm rearing performance. Hence, the combination can be adopted by the sericulturists for effective control of uzifly, Tricholyga bombycis.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1987
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Contribution to our knowledge on biology and management of dermestid beetles infesting Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Shekar MA, Manjunath D
Project Period :1994-2002
Objectives :To gather systematic and detailed information on
· Species composition of dermestid beetles and infestation and extent of damage due to them in grainages and reeling establishments.
· Biology of the most predominant species of dermestid beetles.
· Management of dermestid beetles in grainages and reeling establishments.
Results/Recommendations :The estimated loss in egg production in commercial cross grainages in Karnataka is 6000 dfls/every lakh layings produced, which works out to be the loss of Rs.15 lakhs (at the cost of Rs.250/100 dfls.)
The implementation of the IPM package in grainages is expected to bring about effective suppression of dermestid beetles thereby the economic loss occurring in grainages can be obviated/minimized.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2002
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Silk Technology
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on wide angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) by silk fibres.
Personnel : Gopala Krishne Urs R, Somashekar R
Project Period :1989-1993
Objectives :To determine the distribution of crystal sizes and lattice disorder from the profile of a single, reflection in the case of silk fibres from five different types of silk fibres viz., Pure Mysore silk, Nistari silk, univoltine silk, bivoltine silk and crossbreed silk.
Results/Recommendations :Microcrystalline parameter for various races of silk fibres revealed that crystal size values differ for different races. Crystal size value for Nistari silk fibre was larger compared to Pure Mysore silk fibre eventhough they belong to multivoltine race. In general, it is evident that the univoltine race has lower crystal size value compared to multivoltine, bivoltine and cross breed races eventhough univoltine race fibre reveals higher denier showing univoltine silk fibre has less strength compared to other races. Comparison of crystal size in various fibres with man made fibres indicated that crystal sizes in silk fibres are smaller.
Comparative studies of paracrystalline parameters in various annealed silk fibres showed that the strength of fibre depends on annealing temperature. This annealing temperature differs for the races. Increase in crystal size with annealing temperature in silk fiber showed re-arrangement of protein molecules while retaining all other features of fiber. In some cases disorders reduced at higher temperatures. This is due to reorientation of Ser-Ala-Gly labille groups with the crystal.
Stimulated X-ray pattern from I-D paracrystal for various crystal sizes and lattice disorder values obtained from silk fibers which extended the model of 3-dimension revealed that this pattern agrees with the Laue pattern that on enormally obtains with silk fibers. This is more helpful in understanding silk fibre.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1993.
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Extension
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Sericulture in the Mysore State – a survey.
Personnel : Giriyappa, Saloor Masood M
Project Period :1993-1996
Objectives :To give a geographical orientation to all the problems relating to sericulture in Mysore State and thereby bringing about a balanced co-ordination among various aspects of agricultural, industrial and those pertaining to marketing.
Results/Recommendations :
· In respect of relief, soil and climate, present mulberry cultivation distribution appears indiscrimated as it is cultivated regardless of physical conditions suitability, required for healthy and optimum mulberry leaves production. Therefore, only suitable lands should be cultivated for mulberry leaves. Further, evolving special mulberry plants for healthy and disease free leaves for bulk production.
· Silkworm rearing has its own limitations-subjecting to many changes. Therefore, temperature and humidity should be regulated; supply of fresh and healthy mulberry leaves at proper intervals for healthy worm growth and hygienic accessories and methods should be employed. Further, worms to be reared near mulberry lands and in house or yards, which are airy and direct sunlight protected. Expert advice and facilities should be available always enabling worms rearing on scientific, healthy and productive lines. Suitable houses for this purpose may be built and provided on hire purchase system.
· Marketing of silk and silk cloth required effective propaganda in foreign countries in order to increase exports. Above steps though involves financial implications also requires (solutions) starting co-operative societies, advancing loans on short term basis and carefully to promote a healthy growth in branches of this industry.
Source of Information : Dissertation, 1996
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Economics of silk reeling with reference to production and marketing in Karnataka.
Personnel : Mohamed Khaiser Ahmed, Abdul Aziz
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :
· To analyze and review the growth of silk industry in India in general and Karnataka in particular.
· To examine the level of production of raw silk in Karnataka.
· To evaluate the role of government in the development of silk industry with special reference to the various research institutions as well as input and output marketing institutions which primarily cater to reelers viz., Government Cocoon Markets, Silk Exchanges, Karnataka Silk Marketing Board, Enforcement cell and Price Stabilization Fund Authority.
· To study the socio-economic conditions of silk reelers.
· To evaluate the impact of cocoon and raw silk price fluctuations on the economic conditions of the reelers.
· To examine how far the facilities extended by the government have been made use of by different category of reelers.
Results/Recommendations :
· Silk industry received royal patronage under the Princely States and British rule during pre-independence period. The industry made remarkable progress during Five years plans, more so since the implementation of National Sericulture Project (NSP). The industry has shown signs of rapid expansion in the pilot states besides registering phenomenal progress in the traditional silk states. This is reflected in terms of increase in area under mulberry cultivation, cocoon and raw silk production increase in productivity/ha, considerable decrease in renditta rate and a big jump in export earning.
· Rationalization of the present institutional structure in such a way that there is no overlapping in the functioning of these institutions.
· Increasing efforts have to be made to popularize developed technology and make it available at affordable prices.
· More emphasis to be laid on establishment of filature basin units in the coming years as it ensures better economic status to the reelers compared to other reeling processes.
· Encouragement to be given to filature reeling units in our country to meet challenges of the future in the international market.
· Reelers should be given full autonomy to purchase cocoons for use in any part of the country without any bureaucratic hassles.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Sericulture and the process of change : A socio-cultural study of a Tamil Nadu village.
Personnel : Gregory S, Karanth GK
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :
· To identify the pattern of occupational and agricultural diversification in the context of sericulture and of its impact upon labour relations.
· To assess the impact of sericulture upon family and its internally dynamic and gender relations.
· To study the impact of sericulture on different sections of rural population and assess the mobility status with special reference to the weaker sections.
· To study the type of changes in the mutually interdependent traditional relations and the nature of social networks in the interdependent sericulture.
Results/Recommendations: This investigation revealed that Mulberry, the land base of sericulture, occupies just six percent of the total cropped area. Yet, Sericulture demonstrated its high potentiality not only for its commercial potential, but also for its change processed in every aspect of socio cultural life of the rural households. Sericulture has expanded the economic base of the village and enhanced process of commercialization.
Sericulture confined to the irrigated landholders alone, is a major source of income for about 22% of the households, constituting about three fourths of sericulture families. Though adopted by different castes, its predominant presence is obvious among dominant caste as evidenced in Seripura and other villages studied. The performance is also better among the dominant caste than among other communities. Sericulture more successful in complex nuclear family types and among the medium-size land holders. Contrary to general assumption, the proportion of hired and male labour is higher than the family and female labour among the higher performers while the reverse is true among lower performers.
Sericulture makes the best use of the permanent and the crop contract labour plus assured casual labour providing assured supply of labour, along with family and exchange labour. Skilled labour is another emerging phenomenon in sericulture.
In labour relations there are caste and class variations. Engaging a particular labour type reflects the class whereas assuming a particular labour type reflects the caste variations, both implying status values. Large land holders engage permanent contract labour as well as permanent and assured casual labour, ensuring uninterrupted labour supply. Whereas small land holders confine to unattached casual labour. Exchange labour type prominent among land owners of the same caste, especially among close relatives and smaller land holders. Majority of landless and hired labourers are from scheduled caste population.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1997
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Evaluation of adoption of new technologies in sericulture with special reference to drought prone areas.
Personnel :Thiagarajan V, Datta RK
Project Period :1999-2002
Objectives :
· To study the cost and return of sericulture under drought prone condition.
· To compare the economics of sericulture with that of other major rain-fed crops in the study area.
· To study the extent of adoption of new technologies by farmers.
· To analyse the existence of yield gaps in the production of mulberry and cocoon yield and major causes for such yield.
· To formulate suitable strategies for the development of sericulture in drought prone areas.
Results/Recommendations : Results revealed that plant spacing provided for mulberry, the pruning method, silkworm hybrid, hygiene maintenance, bed disinfectant (Vijetha), mounting method and time of cocoon harvest influenced the potential yield realization in rainfed sericulture. Silkworm hybrid, mounting method and time of cocoon harvest exert more influence in yield gap creation.
The challenge of bringing yield gap largely depends upon professional competence of extension workers in educating farmers through intensive extension work and convincing farmers on importance of adopting recommended practices to get maximum benefit of improving the yield and income from sericulture in rainfed areas.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 2002
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Projects with incomplete information:
Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the genetics of cross breeding strategies in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Subramanya G
Project Period: 2002
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Improvement of cocoon characters in selected approved silkworm breeds.
Personnel :Ramya, Srinivasa Reddy Y
Project Period: 2004
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Evaluation of certain synthetic and botanical insecticides against the leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis a serious pest of mulberry.
Personnel : Manjunath D
Project Period : 2001
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Project No.:UOM
Organization :University of Mysore, Mysore
Project Title :Studies on the development aspects of an endopupal diaprid parasitoid (Trichopria sp.) in Uzi fly E. bombycis and other dipterans.
Personnel :Veena, Manjunath D
Project Period :2004
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Project No.:VBU
Organization :Viswa Bharati University, Shanthinikethan
Project Title :Field evaluation of acaciasides against root-knot and a few important foliar diseases of mulberry.
Personnel :Sukul NC, Sinhababu SP
Funding Source :CSB, Bangalore
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :
· To establish the efficacy of acaciasides as a safe pesticide by field trials.
· To develop a new method of mulberry disease control by plant product.
Results/Recommendations :The plant product proved effective at farmers fields against root-knot and tukra diseases of mulberry and also increased leaf yield significantly.
Acaciasides are quite effective and recommended for field level application.
Project outcome :Control of mulberry diseases
Source of Information :Information collected from the authors
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