Silkworm Pathology
Project No:CSM
Organization: Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title: Field study of the incidence of white muscardine.
Personnel: Samson MV, Sudhakaran M
Project Period: 1973-1974
Objectives: Field study on the incidence of white muscardine in Krishnapuradoddi area.
Results/Recommendations: In Krishnapuradoddi area the loss due to the incidence of white muscardine was as high as 45%. Both bivoltines and multivoltines succumbed to the fungus infection but the rate of infection was to a lesser degree in bivoltine as compared to multivoltines.
Source of Information: Annual Report - 1973-74
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Project No:CSM
Organization: Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title: Studies on the control of white muscardine disease of silkworms-Efficacy of certain fungicides against white muscardine.
Personnel: Narasimhanna MN, Samson MV, Sapru ML
Project Period: 1973-1979
Objectives: To study the efficacy of fungicides against white muscardine.
Results/Recommendations:
· Bavistin and Benlate 1%, 0.05% and 0.01% sprayed leaves were fed to 4th instar larvae of bivoltine hybrid NB4D2 x KA, the larvae of various treatments succumbed to white muscardine.
· Having realized the importance of application of formalin chaff as a pre-treatment against muscardine.
Source of Information: Annual Report-1978-79
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Project No:CSM
Organization: Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title: Field survey of incidence of various silkworm diseases in Channapatna and Kolar areas of Karnataka State.
Personnel: Samson MV, Ganesh NK, Viswanatha Kannantha
Project Period: 1974-1975
Objectives: To find out whether seasonal changes account for any loss due to diseases in the field and also to find out the general loss of rearers due to silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations:
· Channapatna Area: 25 villages in this area were surveyed. Muscardine, Flacherie and Grasserie were prevalent in different seasons but there was no incidence of pebrine
· Kolar Area: A total of 25 villages were sampled for this survey. A total of 84 rearers houses were covered. Of the 84 rearers 38 rearers recorded loss due to muscardine. The loss was highest in winter months when 28 rearers experienced loss due to muscardine. Of the 84 rearers 26 rearers had flacherie in their rearing.
Source of Information: Annual Report-1974-75.
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Project No:CSM
Organization: Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title: Survey of diseases of silkworms and mulberry and control measures.
Personnel: Narasimhanna MN, Kariappa BK, Viswanath K
Project Period:1974-1975
Objectives: - To study the prevalence of diseases of silkworm and mulberry.
- To study the control measures.
Results/Recommendations: The detailed study revealed that this is a case of "hopperburn" disease due to the attack of Jassids. It has been demonstrated in the Institute that Roger, a systemic insecticide is an effective chemical for jassids.
Source of Information: Annual Report-1974-75.
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Project No:CSM
Organization: Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title: Studies on melting of cocoons-Effect of antibiotics in checking melting percentage.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1975-1981
Objectives :To find out whether the antibiotics have any influence on the reduction of pupal mortality while cocoons are preserved in grainage for moth emergence.
Results/Recommendations :The four antibiotics at 0.10% and 0.05% concentrations were found to be ineffective in controlling the disease. However, all the antibiotics have shown a positive effect on the shell weight, while for cocoon weight both Streptomycin sulphate and Chloromycetin have given better values over control.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-81
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of Muscardine-Trials on reducing incidence of muscardine by using Formalin chaff, Paraformaldehyde and Capton 2%.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Narasimhanna MN
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives: To study the control measures for muscardine disease
Results/Recommendations :At a lower concentration paraformaldehyde is completely ineffective. It can be ascertained that formalin chaff is the best to control muscardine.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of Muscardine-Effect of fungicides such as Paraformaldehyde, Dithane Z-78 and Formalin chaff on Muscardine.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Narasimhanna MN
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives: To study the control measures for muscardine disease
Results/Recommendations :Formalin chaff up to 3rd stage and Paraformaldehyde (6%) in the later stages is not as effective as formalin chaff application throughout. Formalin chaff is very effective in controlling muscardine.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Effect of Dithane M-45, Ziride, Bleaching powder, Pafusol and Shinei dust on muscardine.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Narasimhanna MN
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives: To study the control measures for muscardine disease
Results/Recommendations :Formalin chaff is very effective in controlling muscardine. Bleaching powder (1%) mixed with Kaolin is also effective in reducing the incidence.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Effect of fungicides on the health of silkworms and rearing performance.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Narasimhanna MN
Project Period :1975-1977
Objectives: To study the effect of fungicides on rearing performance in silkworms. Results/Recommendations :Capton, Dithane M-45 and Formalin Chaff do not have any deleterious effect on the economic characters of the silkworm.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Residual effects of fungicides on emergence of moth.
Personnel :Samson MV, Baig M, Narasimhanna MN
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives: To study the residual effects of fungicides on moth emergence in silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :Lower concentration of Paraformaldehyde, Dithane Z-78, Formalin Chaff have no residual effect on emergence of moths.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Evolution of breeds resistant to white muscardine.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B
Project Period :1975-1979
Objectives :To find out races resistant to muscardine.
Results/Recommendations :The races studied did not show any resistance.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-79
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field observations-Field demonstration of formalin chaff application in rearers house.
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives: Demonstration of formalin chaff effect on rearing performance.
Results/Recommendations :For more than one year the application of formalin chaff in five rearers houses never resulted in any failure of crop due to muscardine, whereas the rearers suffered heavily due to same disease in the preceding year.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field demonstration of formalin chaff application to prevent muscardine disease in Mallur village.
Personnel : Samson MV, Benchamin KV, Raje Urs S
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives :To demonstrate formalin chaff application in Mallur village to prevent muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations : It was observed that while the crop loss due to muscardine continued in the village, there was no incidence of muscardine in those rearers who followed the technique of formalin chaff. The average yield/100 dfls with these rearers is 30 kgs as against 20 kgs with other sericulturists in Mallur village.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field demonstration of application of formalin chaff to prevent muscardine disease.
Personnel : Samson MV, Benchamin KV, Raje Urs S
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives :Eradication methods and prophylactic measures for eradication of muscardine.
Results/Recommendations : Demonstration of formalin chaff for muscardine should be taken up at the Village Panchayat level in every taluk of North zone. Releasing the emergency of the situation, the extension center of the Institution fully co-operated with the Dept. of Sericulture in this need of the hour.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field demonstration of formalin chaff application to prevent muscardine with selected rearers in Channapatna division.
Personnel: Viswanatha Kannantha K, Nagraj CS
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives :To demonstrate formalin chaff application against muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations :10 rearers in 5 villages were demonstrated for formalin chaff application as a preventive measure and there was no incidence of muscardine in these rearer's houses. Realizing the benefits of formalin chaff demonstration already conducted for the staff members of the extension center jointly with the staff of the Dept. of Sericulture, played a significant role in the eradication of muscardine in Channapatna division. As directed by the Bivoltine Steering Committee, 151 grama panchayats were covered under this programme by the staff of the extension center.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Demonstration of method to check muscardine disease.
Personnel : Baktavatsalu K
Project Period :1975-1976
Objectives :To demonstrate formalin chaff application against muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations :140 villages were visited and field demonstrations of application of formalin chaff were arranged in number of places in each village. The menace was brought under control as evidenced by subsequent successful harvests in the villages.
Source of Information :Annual Report-1975-76.
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Fundamental studies on Beauveria bassiana (Bals) vuillemin causing muscardine in silkworms-Evaluation of suitable semi synthetic media for rapid growth of Beauveria bassiana.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: To develop suitable media for culturing muscardine spores.
Results/Recommendations :The size of the colonies even after 5 days of inoculation was very small and also the number of colonies on the petriplates therefore, the enriched semi-synthetic media cannot be used either for the culture of the pathogen or for screening fungicides.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Fundamental studies on Beauveria bassiana (Bals) vuillemin causing muscardine in silkworms-Evaluation of suitable synthetic media for rapid growth of Beauveria bassiana (Bals) vuillemin.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: To develop suitable media for culturing muscardine spores
Results/Recommendations :Among the different broth studied depending upon weight and sporulation, ‘d’ (rich growth which almost filled the surface of the broth) was found to be superior to others and so it can be effectively used for culturing Beauveria bassiana than the usually practiced broth like ‘a’, ‘b’ and ‘c’.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Screening of chemicals effective against white muscardine, Beauveria bassiana.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: Screening of chemicals for controlling muscardine.
Results/Recommendations :Inorganic acid namely Boric acid was tested and found to be effective, except 0.5% in completely inhibiting the fungal growth.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Trials on reducing incidence of muscardine by using Capton, Dithane M-45, Formalin chaff, Bleaching powder and Bavistin.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: To study of the effect of chemicals in controlling muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Along with Capton, Dithane M-45 and Formalin chaff, Bleaching powder with Kaolin also gave encouraging result. However, when bleaching powder was used with lime it was comparatively ineffective.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Effect of fungicides like Capton, Dithane M-45, Capton+Dithane M-45, Formalin chaff, Bleaching powder in preventing white muscardine.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: To study of the effect of fungicides and chemicals in controlling muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Besides Capton, Dithane M-45, formalin chaff, combination of Capton + Dithane of equal quantity, other fungicide are ineffectiveness against white muscardine. Bleaching powder though effective in the earlier season is ineffective and as such cannot be used in different seasons for preventing white muscardine.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Effect of fungicides like Captan, Dithane M-45, Formalin chaff and Thirum in preventing white muscardine disease of silkworms.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: To study of the effect of fungicides and chemicals in controlling muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Thirum an in vitro screened fungicide failed to give protection used as dust on the body of the silkworm larvae even at 2% level. But there is a gradual degree of suppression by this fungicide when used from 0.5% to 2%.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the control of muscardine-Effect of fungicides like Captan, Dithane M45, Formalin chaff and other chemicals in preventing white muscardine disease of silkworm.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1976-1977
Objectives: To study of the effect of fungicides and chemicals in controlling muscardine disease.
Results/Recommendations :From the various fungicides and chemicals of fungicidal action experimented, Captan, Dithane M-45 and Formalin chaff have constantly given encouraging results irrespective of the season though they vary among themselves in effectiveness.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1976-77
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Investigations on the effect of different thuricides toxic to silkworms.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1977-1980
Objectives :To find out the effects of different thuricides toxic to silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :Statistical analysis showed that Bactospeine was significantly more toxic than Dipel. Prolonged weathering reduced the mortality significantly up to 15 days of weathering. Mortality increased significantly with increase in concentration of thuricides.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1977-80
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Investigations on the different sources of contamination of viral and bacterial diseases of silkworms.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1977-1978
Objectives :To trace the different sources of contamination responsible for the viral and bacterial diseases of silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :Contaminated room, tray and laying were the main source of such infections and by adhering to proper prophylactic measures, the contamination can be avoided.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1977-78
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Determining the load of polyhedra required to cause infection of Nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1977-1978
Objectives: Determination of polyhedral load to induce grasserie disease.
Results/Recommendations :1,00,000 and 50,000 Polyhedra/ml were sufficient to cause Nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworms in the earlier stages, whereas the same loads of polyhedra failed to create induce disease in the later instar larvae. So if later instar larvae are taken for experimentation, a load above 1,00,000 Polyhedra/ml should be taken into consideration.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1977-78
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of starvation on cocoon crop and incidence of loss due to diseases.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1977-1978
Objectives: To study the effect of starvation of rearing performance in silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :Repeated starvation resulted in a higher mortality than a single starvation irrespective of all durations. Repeated starvation of 12 and 24 hrs did not vary between them. However, a very high mortality due to disease was affected when larvae were starved repeatedly for 36 and 48 hrs resulting in 55.44% and 77.75% loss due to diseases. Starvation has a direct effect in causing flacherie than grasserie.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1977-78
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Preliminary studies on heat treatment of late instar larvae.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1977-1978
Objectives: To study the effect of heat treatment on late instar larvae
Results/Recommendations :The range of fluctuation of temperature during the course of rearing in the fifth stage is critical and larval susceptibility to diseases especially flacherie is more when compared to that of control.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1977-78
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of pre-treatment of mulberry leaves on larval health, cocoon crop and incidence of loss due to diseases.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M
Project Period :1978-1980
Objectives: To study the effect of pre-treatment of mulberry leaves on rearing performance.
Results/Recommendations :Maximum larval weight was recorded in bleaching powder (0.2%) while other economic characters like yield/10,000 larvae, single cocoon weight and single shell weight were higher in formalin (0.6%).
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1978-80
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of varied high temperature incubation in relation to crop performance and incidence of loss due to diseases.
Personnel : Krishnaswami S, Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B
Project Period :1978-1979
Objectives: To study the effect of high temperature incubation on rearing performance.
Results/Recommendations :In spite of the various temperature treatments mortality due to diseases was negligible. The overall mortality rate between the treatments varied from 0.929-3.001%. This reduction in mortality was mainly due to the adoption of improved technology of silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1978-79
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Feed trials with different strains of mulberry in relation to crop performance and incidence of diseases.
Personnel :Nataraju B, Rajagopalan Raju
Project Period :1978-1980
Objectives: To study the effect of feed trials on different starins of mulberry on rearing performance.
Results/Recommendations :It may be concluded that yield for 10,000 larvae by number and weight was maximum in Ab x Philippines whereas S30, S54 gave highest single cocoon weight. Total loss due to diseases was minimum in Ab x Philippines.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1978-79, 1979-80
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on pebrine disease of silkworms-Efect of two/some antisporozoan drugs on pebrine disease in silkworms.
Personnel : Jolly MS, Samson MV, Nataraju B
Project Period :1978-1984
Objectives :To find out the feasibility of using the available antisporozoan drugs to control the pebrine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Alloxan was found to be toxic at 100 ppm concentration when given either everyday or once in each stage, the percentage of mortality recorded in the two schedules being 80.66 and 75.33 respectively. Clean-up was found to be least toxic in all the concentrations and in both schedules with mortality percentage ranging between 15.33-32.33. Mortality recorded in control batches was 17%.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1980-84
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Neo pps fumigation against various pathogens of silkworms.
Project Period :1979-1980
Objectives: To study the effect of Neo-pps on various pathogens of silkworms. Results/Recommendations :It is evident that Neo pps fumigation reduces the mortality caused due to polyhedra and thuricides studied.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1979 -80
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of Bavistin and Benlate on transovarially infected layings of Bombyx mori L.
Project Period :1979-80
Objectives: To study the effect of bavistin and benlate on transovarially infected layings
Results/Recommendations :A reduction in mortality was observed in all Bavistin and many of the Benlate treated batches in both races (HM and NB4D2) in comparison with control.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1979-80
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Disease control (Attibele).
Project Period :1979-1980
Objectives: To study the prevalence of silkworm diseases in Attibele area.
Results/Recommendations :Constant surveys were made on the silkworm diseases in the field and proper preventive measures were keenly advocated to the rearers.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1979 -80
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on bacterial and viral diseases in silkworms-Induction of nuclear polyhedrosis by cold treatment and starvation.
Personnel : Jolly MS, Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B
Project Period :1980-1982
Objectives :To assess the effect of cold treatment, cold treatment followed by starvation stress and the reciprocal for different durations during 4th age of silkworm on the occurrence of nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :The experiment on the induction of nuclear polyhedrosis during the 4th stage indicate that the cold treatment of 5°C for 18 hrs and 24 hrs and cold treatment followed by starvation (24 hrs) results in induction of grasserie to an extent of 64.00, 40.00 and 39.5% respectively. The economic characters of cocoons viz., cocoon and shell weight have displayed a negative trends due to cold and starvation stress. However, with increase in the duration of cold treatment or cold treatment followed by starvation stress or its reciprocal, there is an increase in the mortality rate.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1980-81, 1981-82
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Viral diseases of silkworm-Induction of nuclear polyhedrosis by dry treatment and starvation.
Personnel : Jolly MS, Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B
Project Period :1980-1982
Objectives :To assess the effect of dry heat treatment, in combination with starvation stress for different durations during 4th age of silkworm on the occurrence of nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :A significant difference in mortality rate was observed between 10 minutes and 20 minutes heat treatments. A similar trend is observed with introducing the starvation stress factor. Further, initial starvation followed by heat treatment had a more pronounced effect over the reciprocal.
24 hrs starvation stress followed by heat treatment (45°C for 20 minutes), heat treatment (45°C) for 20 minutes followed by starvation for 24 hrs and heat treatment of 45°C alone for 30 minutes induced nuclear polyhedrosis in 4th instar silkworm to an extent of 42.5%, 25.5% and 22.00%. The above treatments resulted in decrease in larval weight significantly. Results also show that heat treatment followed by starvation resulted in high incidence of disease.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1980-82
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Pathogenicity of isolated soil bacteria on silkworms.
Personnel : Jolly MS, Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B
Project Period :1980-1982
Objectives :To determine the pathogenicity of bacteria isolated from different soils of mulberry garden on the silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Fifteen different types of bacteria were isolated from soil samples collected from Chamarajanagar and Kollegal. Total number of colonies were counted and estimated for one gram of soil. The total number of bacterial cells per gram of soil ranged from 4.7x105 to 1.3x106. From the samples, 15 types of bacteria were isolated of which seven were spore formers and remaining non-spore formers. The pathogenicity test showed that none of the spore forming isolates was harmful to silkworm even after 5 days of feeding.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1980-82
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Incidence of silkworm diseases during August-December in Karnataka-Sampling of flimsy cocoons for recording the incidence of diseases in Karnataka.
Personnel :Jolly MS, Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B, Viswanatha Kannantha, Chandrashekaraiah, Kshama Rani BA
Project Period :1980-1981
Objectives :To record the occurrence of disease pattern month wise in Karnataka.
Results/Recommendations :The cocoon samples collected from 8 different cocoon markets located in different regions of Karnataka State during different months were subjected to analysis, to record the incidence of different disease. The mean value for 6 months has indicated that maximum incidence of diseases (17.8%) in samples from Ramanagaram market during the month of December. Further, both grasserie and flacherie were recorded for over 18% of samples and the least of 4.4% was recorded for muscardine.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1980-81
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Disease control (Anekal).
Personnel : Biram Saheb NM
Project Period :1980-1981
Objectives :To control and reduce the incidence of diseases/pests.
Results/Recommendations :The common diseases that have been affected by this seed area are pebrine and grasserie. Further, uzifly infestation was also noticed. Preventive methods and control measures were advocated by the staff of this Extension center to control and reduce the incidence of these diseases/pests.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1980-81
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Studies on pebrine disease of silkworm-Effect of two antisprozoan drugs on pebrine disease in silkworm.
Personnel :Jolly MS, Samson MV, Nataraju B, Baig M, Kshama Rani BA
Project Period :1980-1981
Objectives : To study the effect of antisporozoan drugs on pebrine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Anti microsporidians drugs such as Fumidil-B (1500 ppm) and Bavistin (2000 ppm) fed to Nosema infected silkworm resulted in mortality of 58.6 and 76.1% as against untreated infected control where the mortality was 78.3%.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Residual toxicity of weedicides on silkworms-Effect of different weedicides treated plot leaves on silkworm rearing.
Personnel :Jolly MS, Samson MV, Nataraju B, Baig M, Sikdar AK, Bharathi A, Giridhar K, Kshama Rani BA
Project Period :1980-1981
Objectives : To study the effect of weedicides on silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :Feeding silkworms with leaf obtained from mulberry plots sprayed with the weedicides, Gramaxone, Ansar 529, Weedex and Fernoxone had no adverse effects on the silkworm. The disease recorded for different treatments though displayed higher values (4.6 to 11.5%) over control (4.3%) are not significantly higher. Further, higher incidence of grasserie is recorded for almost all the treatments over the control compared to flacherie. The characters of cocoon were also adversely affected.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Collection of data on melting (PPC Dharmapura).
Project Period :1981-1982
Objectives: Survey the melting in cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :Season wise data on melting was collected both during harvest and post harvest periods.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1981-82
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Personnel : Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD
Project Title :Studies on pebrine disease of silkworm Bombyx mori-Survey on the incidence of pebrine.
Personnel :Baig M, Sasidhran TO, Sharma DD
Project Period :1982-1983
Objectives :To collect information on the incidence of pebrine in the bivoltine seed area.
Results/Recommendations :
· The incidence was maximum in Attibele area during September month, while it was minimum during the month of October.
· In Sarjapura area, the incidence of pebrine was maximum during the month of December. and no pebrine incidence could be recorded during the month of February.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1982-83
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on pebrine disease of silkworm Bombyx mori-Screening of Lepidopteran pests of mulberry for pebrine, polyhedra and Bacilli.
Personnel : Sharma SD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Samson MV
Project Period :1982-1983
Objectives :To find out the natural occurrence of pebrine, polyhedrosis and bacterial diseases in some Lepidopteran pests of mulberry.
Results/Recommendations : Three different species of lepidopteran larvae viz., Diacrisia obliqua, Eupterote mollifera, Prodenia litura of different stages were collected from the mulberry fields and were tested for the presence of different pathogens. Microsporidian spores could not be detected in any of the samples tested whereas polyhedra were observed in all the species. In Diacrisia obliqua, 20.5% of the caterpillars in the 3rd stage were found infected with viral polyhedra followed by 17.33% infections in the second stage caterpillars. The percentage of polyhedra infection was 11.33% in Eupterote mollifera and 4% in case of Prodenia litura. The percentage of Bacilli infection was relatively less in all the three species of caterpillars in comparison to viral infection.
The incidence of polyhedrosis is more in comparison to bacterial and protozoan infections.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1982-83
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on diseases of silkworm Bombyx mori - Comparative susceptibility of different breeds of silkworm against grasserie.
Personnel : Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD
Project Period :1982-1983
Objectives :To screen different silkworm races for their comparative susceptibility to nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations : The different races screened were susceptible to grasserie in varying degrees ranging from 37.75% in 2C1SS to an extent of 67.87% in case of NB2D1.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1982-83
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on diseases of silkworm Bombyx mori -Susceptibility of different silkworm races to disease under natural conditions.
Personnel : Singh BD, Baig M, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sharma SD, Sasidharan TO, Sivaramireddy N, Sengupta K
Project Period :1982-1983
Objectives :To study the comparative susceptibility of different silkworm races to diseases under natural conditions.
Results/Recommendations :15 races viz., KA, NB4D2, NB2D1, NB3C1, NB2C1, NB4D1, DF, EC, EG x CA, DF x CB, EG, M5. CB (2C1SS x NB3C1), M8 x NB4D1 and CA x EG were reared under natural conditions to study the incidence of diseases. Except four races, viz., NB4D2, EG x CA, CB and M8 x NB4D1, all the races showed grasserie incidence with a maximum of 14% in the race DF and minimum of 0.5% in EG. Incidence of flacherie was more compared to grasserie. A maximum incidence of 35% flacherie was observed in case of NB4D1 followed by NB3D1 (31.1%) and minimum of 4.5% in DF x CB.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1982-83
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on diseases of silkworm Bombyx mori-Efficacy of certain bed disinfectants against nuclear polyhedrosis of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD
Project Period :1982-1984
Objectives :To study the effect of certain bed disinfectants on the incidence of Nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations: Bed disinfectant formulation containing paraformaldehyde, benzoic acid and lime (2:1:97) was found most effective against nuclear polyhedrosis. This treatment resulted in highest ERR percentage. High incidence of grasserie was recorded in the bleaching powder (2%) solution sprayed batches. The paraformaldehyde in combination with lime alone could bring down the incidence of grasserie to 39% from 79.75% in control.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1982-84
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on diseases of silkworm Bombyx mori-Effect of different frequencies of application of bed disinfectants.
Project Period :1982-1983
Objectives :To study the effect of different frequencies of application of the bed disinfectants, viz., paraformaldehyde, benzoic acid and lime.
Results/Recommendations :The incidence of grasserie was less in everyday dusted batches except in the case of paraformaldehyde+lime treatment. Benzoic acid+lime everyday dusting resulted in the lowest incidence of grasserie followed by paraformaldehyde+benzoic acid+lime (everyday dusting).
Source of Information :Annual Report:1982-83
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on silkworm diseases with major emphasis on control and preventive measures-Survey on the incidence of silkworm diseases in suspected silkworms.
Project Period :1983-1986
Objectives :To evaluate seasonal and annual fluctuation in the silkworm diseases in Karnataka.
Results/Recommendations :During 36 months of survey a total of 3,032 rearers were surveyed and nearly 30,286 diseased worms were microscopically tested on an average, bacterial flacherie accounted for nearly 57% of the total disease occurrence followed by Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis (28%), nuclear polyhedrosis (5%) pebrine (2.3%) and Muscardine (0.5%). Due to some seasonal variation, the incidence of different diseases was noticed but this pattern varied from year to year.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1983-86
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on silkworm diseases with major emphasis on control and preventive measures-Cross infectivity of Nosema bombycis to the lepidopteran pests of mulberry.
Personnel :Samson MV, Baig M, Sharma SD, Sasidharan TO, Balavenkatasubbaiah M,
Project Period :1983-1984
Objectives :To study the possible cross infectivity of Nosema bombycis isolated from silkworm, to Lepidopteran pests of mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :
· It was observed that in Diacrisia obliqua and Prodenia litura mortality due to pebrine occurred after 10 days of infection and 100% mortality was recorded by 16th day of infection whereas in Euproctis fraterna only 20% infection was recorded.
· The present study indicated that the Nosema bombycis is infective to all the caterpillars studied.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1983-84
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Survey on the incidence of silkworm diseases in Karnataka-
Personnel :Samson MV, Baig M, Sharma SD, Sasidharan TO, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1983-1986
Objectives : To Survey on the incidence of silkworm diseases in Karnataka
Results/Recommendations :During 36 months of survey, a total of 3032 rearers were surveyed and 330286 diseased silkworms were microscopically examined. On an average, bacterial flacherie accounted for 57% of the total disease incidence followed by Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis (28%), Nuclear polyhedrosis (5%), Pebrine (2.3%) and Muscardine (0.5%). Some seasonal variation in the incidence of different diseases was noticed but the pattern varied from year to year. The incidence of muscardine disease was high during winter and rainy season and Grasserie disease was high in summer.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Comparative susceptibility of silkworm races to nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Personnel :Singh BD, Sharma SD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Samson MV, Sasidharan TO, Noamani MKR
Project Period :1984-1987
Objectives :To screen the silkworm races to study their relative susceptibility to nuclear polyhedrosis under natural and induced conditions.
Results/Recommendations :21 silkworm races (Pure, foundation stock of polyploids and their hybrids of silkworm viz., NB7, NB4D2, NB3C, NB3D, KA, M5, PM, EG, DF, CA, NB18 x NB7, NB7 x NB18, CA x EG, PM x NB7, PM x NB18, PM x CA, PM x EG, PM x CB and PM x DF were screened for their relative susceptibility to nuclear polyhedrosis under natural and induced conditions. Results showed that bivoltine races were comparatively more susceptible than the multivoltines. However, in induced conditions, all the races were susceptible for grasserie but the degree of susceptibility varied considerably. Under natural conditions, high incidence of grasserie (6.33) was recorded in DF and nil in PM x NB18. Under induced condition, the most susceptible race was NB4D2 with 68.67% grasserie and the lowest in PM with 18.5% incidence. The hybrids of even susceptible parents showed improvement in their resistance to nuclear polyhedrosis.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1984-87
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Pebrine disease of silkworm-Studies on the spread of pebrine disease and efficiency of certain bed disinfectants against pebrine when transovarially infected larvae were introduced in a colony of healthy worms.
Personnel : Baig M, Samson MV, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Jolly MS
Project Period :1984-1986
Objectives :To evaluate the efficacy of certain bed disinfectants against pebrine infection from transovarially infected in the rearing bed.
Results/Recommendations :1, 3, 6, 12 & 15 transovarially infected larvae were introduced in a colony of 200 healthy silkworms just after 3rd moult. The extent of infection was directly proportional to the number of infected larvae introduced in the rearing bed. The infection was 45.4%, 48.8%, 71.89%, 83.28 % & 91.74% respectively in the batches where 1, 3, 6, 12 & 15 larvae were introduced. In control, only 3.41% pebrine was recorded during moth stage, which may possibly be due to secondary contamination. Hilite a bed disinfectant compared to the other disinfectants were found to be effective in preventing secondary contamination.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1985-86
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Viral diseases of silkworm-Efficacy of certain bed disinfectants against cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.
Project Period :1984-1985
Objectives :To evaluate the efficacy of certain disinfectants against cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :Lime water at lower concentrations was found to be relatively more effective against cytoplasmic polyhedrosis when compared with other concentrations and treatments.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1984-85
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field trials of dust formulation consisting of Captan, Paraformaldehyde, Benzoic acid and Lime (1:1:2:96) against viral and fungal diseases of silkworm/Efficacy of certain disinfectants in combination with a fungicide against nuclear polyhedrosis.
Personnel :Samson MV, Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sen SK, Jolly MS
Project Period :1984-1986
Objectives :To evolve a suitable common dust formulation for controlling viral and fungal diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Bed disinfectant formulation with fungicide Paraformaldehyde, Benzoic acid and Lime in the ratio of 1:1:2:96 was found to be as effective as a combination of Paraformaldehyde, Benzoic acid and Lime (2:1:97) in preventing the incidence of nuclear polyhedrosis. Cocoon characters were not affected by the application of any of the treatments. On an average decrease of 7.56% grasserie and 2.39% flacherie was observed in treated batches when compared to control. With regard to yield there was an increase of 7.75 kg of cocoons/100 dfls in treated batches over control. No muscardine was noticed both in control and treated crops.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1985-86
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Efficacy of certain disinfectants against the spread of pebrine in surface contaminated layings with the spores of Nosema bombycis.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Sharma SD, Sasidharan TO, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Jolly MS
Project Period :1985-1986
Objectives :To assess the relative efficacy of some commonly used disinfectants against pebrine in surface contaminated layings.
Results/Recommendations :Hilite (0.5%), Sodium hypochlorite (1%), bleaching powder (2%) and formalin (1.5%) were tried as surface sterilants against surface contaminated layings with Nosema bombycis spores. Results indicated that the percent incidence of pebrine during moth stage was significantly low (1.34-4.11%) in treated batches when compared with the controls (53.44% in inoculated control dipped in distilled water and 62.74% in inoculated control). Lowest incidence (1.34%) of pebrine was recorded in 2% formalin followed by 1.5% formalin (1.69%) and 1.5% Hilite (1.74%). Observations on larval weight, single shell weight and percent loss due to disease were also recorded.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1985-86
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Feeding trials with different varieties of mulberry-Studies on the feeding trials of different varieties of mulberry to silkworm with special reference to incidence of silkworm diseases.
Personnel : Samson MV, Baig M, Sharma SD, Sasidharan TO, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Nataraju B, Rajagopalan Raju, Krishnaswamy S
Project Period :1985-1986
Objectives :To screen different varieties of mulberry for their possible relationship with silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Minimum incidence of diseases (2%) was recorded in silkworm batches fed with Cuckpilla mulberry variety followed by Sujanpur-5 (2.33%), Bilidevalaya and Acc.155 (each 3%) other varieties which resulted in low disease incidence were local female (3.67%), Assambola (4.33%), Ber776 (7.37%), Ber779 (5.76%), Acc.165 (6%) and S54 (6%). No significant difference was observed in post cocoon characters.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1985-86
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on fungal diseases of silkworms-Use of certain fungicides in different combinations with bed disinfectants against white muscardine.
Personnel :Samson MV, Baig M, Sharma SD, Sasidharan TO, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sapru L, Narasimhanna MN
Project Period :1985-1986
Objectives :To formulate a common dust formulation of disinfectants against muscardine and nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :Captan a fungicide in different combinations with Paraformaldehyde, Benzoic acid and Lime was tested against muscardine. All the treatments have shown significant preventive effect against muscardine over inoculated control where muscardine was 70.33%. Best performance was achieved by using a dust formulation of Captan, Paraformaldehyde, Benzoic acid and Lime (1:1:2:96) which was almost equal in performance of 1-2% Captan (6.72%).
Source of Information :Annual Report:1985-86
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Large scale field trial for control of grasserie. (RSRS, Chamarajanagar)
Personnel :Parthasarathy BS, Dandin SB, Gururaj R, Thripati PM, Ashwath SK, Shiva Reddy, Raghavendra MR, Raje Urs
Project Period :1985-1990
Objectives : To popularize RKO at large scale for control of grasserie.
Results/Recommendations :Control through RKO dusting at field levels recorded cocoon yield at 38.3 kg/100 dfls compared to untreated batches recording 23.3 kg/100 dfls.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the diseases of silkworm with major emphasis on control and prevention-Field trials on the efficacy of Reshamkeet oushadh and its large scale production.
Personnel :Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD
Project Period :1986-1988
Objectives :To assess the efficacy of Reshamkeet Oushadh against Grasserie and muscardine disease of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations : In different dust treatment grasserie incidence ranged between 8.77 and 15.87% whereas in inoculated control the incidence was 38.25%. In second set, muscardine incidence ranged between 7.62 and 13.50% in different dust treatments whereas in inoculated control 100% muscardine was recorded. Both set of experiments suggested that the products tested are effective against both grasserie and white muscardine diseases.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-88
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the diseases of silkworm with major emphases on control and prevention-Production and supply of Reshamkeet Oushadh to different Central Silk Board organizations, State Government Departments and Private Sericulturists.
Personnel :Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives :To popularize the product among sericulturists.
Results/Recommendations :A total of 40,000 kg of Reshamkeet oushadh was prepared. Out of this 27,745 kg has been supplied to various Regional Sericultural Research Station, Research Extension centers of CSRTI, Mysore, NSSPs, State Government Departments and Private Sericulturists, States of Tamilnadu, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh were supplied with 12,392, 11,158 and 3,499 kg of Reshamkeet oushadh respectively. Other states were given with 696 kg of Reshamkeet Oushadh. 1098 kg Reshamkeet Oushadh was supplied free of cost for demonstration, field trials and for internal use by different rearing sections of CSRTI, Mysore. 11,157 kg of Reshamkeet Oushadh was available in stock.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-87
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Studies on viral diseases of silkworm-Surface sterilization effect of certain chemicals against surface contamination of layings with NPV.
Personnel :Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Sharma SD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Reddy SV, Awasthi VK, Sasidharan TO
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives :To test the efficacy of chemicals/disinfectants with a view of evolve a disinfectant particularly studied for surface sterilization of eggs contaminated with NPV.
Results/Recommendations :Layings in blue egg stage were experimentally surface contaminated with fixed load of Nuclear polyhedra (0.2 ml of Nuclear polyhedra 7x106/ml/laying) and air dried. These layings were then dipped in different concentrations of disinfectants viz., Chloramphenicol (50 and 100 ppm), formalin (1 and 2%), bleaching powder (2 and 5%), Sodium hypochlorite (1, 2, 5 and 10%) and slaked lime water (1 and 2%) for 10 minutes, dried and incubated at 25°C. These different types of control were also maintained for comparison of results. After hatching the larvae were reared under normal conditions. All the disinfectants tested were found to be effective against nuclear polyhedrosis. The incidence of grasserie ranged between 20 and 52.50% in different treatments. Highest (52.50%) incidence of grasserie was recorded in 1% lime water treated batches and lowest in 50ppm chloramphenicol batches.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on viral diseases of silkworm-Studies on the efficacy of complete and partial disinfection coupled with artificial contamination with NPV on the incidence of silkworm diseases.
Personnel : Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sharma SD, Baig M, Singh BD, Reddy SV, Nataraju B, Awasthi VK
Project Period :1986-1988
Objectives :To assess the impact of partial and complete disinfection coupled with artificial contamination with NPV on the incidence of diseases.
Results/Recommendations :22 schedules of disinfection of rearing house, rearing appliances and artificial contamination of trays and seat paper with Nuclear polyhedra coupled with exposure of contaminated appliances to sunlight were studied for their effect on the incidence of diseases in silkworm during 3 seasons viz., winter, summer and rainy. Results indicated that rearing room, tray, stand and seat paper played major role as a source of contamination and their effective disinfection resulted in significantly lowering the incidence of diseases (30.5%). Exposure of contaminated rearing appliances to sunlight resulted in lowering the disease indicating its efficacy in activating the pathogens.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1987-88
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on viral diseases of silkworm-Studies on the efficacy of different disinfectants and their combinations-Effect of Asiphor disinfection for the incidence of silkworm disease.
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives :To test the relative efficacy of various disinfectants and their combinations.
Results/Recommendations :The efficacy of the Asiphor disinfection was tested against silkworm pathogens. The suspension of various silkworm pathogens viz., Nosema bombycis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and BmNPV were taken in a petridish and exposed 0.5, 1.0 1.5 and 2.0 Asiphor disinfectant in different rooms. After 24 hrs the pathogens were collected and per orally inoculated to the silkworm. Two controls, one inoculated with pathogen but not disinfected (inoculated control) and another without pathogens (normal control). 2% Asiphor was effective against all silkworm pathogens except Nosema bombycis.
2% Asiphor disinfection is significantly effective against all types of pathogens of silkworm. 1% was equally effective for all pathogens except pebrine spores. Results suggest that Asiphor can be safely used as a disinfectant against silkworm diseases.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on bacterial diseases of silkworm-Screening of chemicals as surface sterilants against surface contamination of layings with bacteria.
Personnel : Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Rao SN, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Reddy SV, Awasthi VK
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives :To evolve a suitable sterilants effective for surface disinfection of layings contaminated with bacteria with special reference to flacherie infection.
Results/Recommendations : Layings in blue egg stage were experimentally surface contaminated with fixed load of Nuclear polyhedra (0.2 ml of bacterial suspension of 3.3 x 105 cocci/ml of each laying) and air dried. These layings were then dipped in different concentrations of disinfectants viz., Chloramphenicol (50 and 100 ppm), formalin (1 and 2%), bleaching powder (2 and 5%), Sodium hypochlorite (1, 2, 5 and 10%) and slaked lime water (1 and 2%) for 10 minutes, dried and incubated at 25°C. These different types of control were also maintained for comparison of results.
All the disinfectants were found to be effective against bacteria. Lowest incidence of flacherie was recorded in 2% formalin (11.08%) followed by 1% formalin and 5% bleaching powder (14.58%). Lime water (1 & 2%) recorded highest incidence of flacherie when compared to other disinfectants.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on bacterial diseases of silkworm-Induction of resistance of silkworms against bacterial infections.
Personnel : Singh BD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sharma SD, Baig M,
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives :To raise the resistant population of silkworm after repeatedly exposing the worms to sub-lethal doses of pathogenic cocci (bacteria) and allowing survivors to prepare cocoon and moths to lays eggs.
Results/Recommendations :To induce resistance in silkworms against bacterial infection sub-lethal dose of pathogenic cocci was fed to silkworm (NB7 race) just after 3rd moult. Survivors are allowed to emerge as moths from resultant cocoons. Next generation was also fed with similar dose of pathogenic cocci and the process of induction of bacterial disease was repeated in each generation and observations on 3 generations were recorded. First generation rearing resulted in 54.75% bacterial flacherie, whereas in control, this incidence was only 12.75%. In 2nd generation, the incidence of flacherie was remarkably low (37%). In 3rd generation, the incidence further reduced to 32.17%. It is thus clear that a relatively resistant population to bacterial flacherie is being developed gradually by exposing each subsequent generation to sub-lethal dose of pathogenic cocci, followed by selection of fittest among the survivors.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-87
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on bacterial diseases of silkworm-Screening of silkworm races for their relative susceptibility to different diseases.
Personnel : Baig M, Sasidharan TO, Sharma SD
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives : General screening of races of silkworm to study their relative susceptibility to different diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Data indicated that multivoltine races viz., PM, C-Nichi and MY1 are comparatively resistant to both grasserie and flacherie with total disease incidence ranged between 8 and 10.67%. In bivoltine races the range is between 18.33% and 25.50%. Among bivoltine races minimum incidence of 18.33% was recorded in NB18 race.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-87
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of normal bed dusting and dusting on leaf with Reshamkeet Oushadh on rearing performance of silkworm.
Personnel : Singh BD, Baig M, Vekatareddy S
Project Period :1986-1988
Objectives :To find out the effect of Reshamkeet Oushadh if ingested along with the mulberry leaf on the rearing performance of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Feeding of RKO dusted leaves resulted in overall increase in the incidence of disease (30.33%) when compared to normal schedule of dusting (17.00%). It shows that oral consumption of RKO is not desirable and it is therefore, recommended that before dusting of RKO either bed should be completely dry or should be thoroughly cleaned so that no consumable leaf is available in the bed.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1987-88
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the bacterial disease of silkworm-Survey on the distribution of Bacillus thuringiensis in Karnataka.
Personnel :Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Baig M, Singh BD, Sengupta K
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives :To survey the sericultural areas of Karnataka for the occurrence of Bacillus thuringiensis.
Results/Recommendations :Ten representative sericultural areas of Karnataka viz., Chamarajanagar, K.P. Doddi, Attibele, Kunigal, Dharmapura, Chitradurga, Koppal, Bidar, Sirsi and Kolar were selected for the detailed survey for distribution of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. The faecal matters collected from these areas were analysed. Two spore forming pathogenic bacteria from Chamarajanagar and Bidaraguppe area and six spore forming but non-pathogenic strains were isolated from other areas of Karnataka.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the pathogenicity of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis to silkworm and calculation of infectivity titer.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Baig M, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Reddy SV, Singh BD, Noamani MKR
Project Period :1986-1989
Objectives :To compare the pathogenicity of different strains of Bacillus thuringiensis to different instars of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Four strains of Bacillus thuringiensis viz., Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Sotto, Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies aizawai, Bacillus thuringiensis, subsp. isradensis and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.darmastadiensis were found to be non-toxic to silkworm even at higher concentration (Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis=4.5x107 spores/ml Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. darmastadiensis=5.0x107 spores/ml) Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.Sotto and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.aizawai were found to be highly toxic. The LD 50/24h indicates that Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. Sotto was found to be most toxic to silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Relative susceptibility of silkworm races to diseases under Tamil Nadu climatic conditions. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel :Thangavelu K, Nagaraja, Gangwar SK, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives : To evaluate relative susceptibility of silkworm races to diseases under Tamil Nadu climatic conditions.
Results/Recommendations : Grasserie and flacherie were noted in all the seasons. Maximum incidence was observed in bivoltine followed by CB and the least by Pure Mysore. Uzi infestation was more during November-March.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Relative susceptibility of different silkworm races to diseases under Tamil Nadu climatic conditions.
Personnel : Vindya GS, Hiriyanna, Bipin Kumar
Project Period :1986-1986
Objectives: To study the susceptibility of silkworm races to diseases in Tamil Nadu.
Results/Recommendations :Grasserie and flacherie were noted in all the seasons. Bivoltine showed maximum incidence followed by cross breed and least by Pure Mysore. Infestation of uzifly appeared to be more between November to March.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the viral diseases of silkworm-Efficacy of formalin, bleaching powder and lime powder as disinfectants and their combination against the incidence of diseases of silkworm.
Personnel :Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Sharma SD, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Reddy SV, Awasthi AK
Project Period :1986-1988
Objectives :To find out the effect of disinfectants on rearing performance and incidence of silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Sixteen schedules of formalin, bleaching powder and lime powder in different concentration and their combinations were tested for disinfection of rearing room and rearing appliances and to find out their effect on rearing performance and incidence of silkworm diseases. After 3rd moult the larvae were replicated in 3 batches for each treatment and observations were recorded. Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title: Effect of Bavistin and Derosol against per os pebrine infection.
Personnel : Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Sharma SD, Awasthi AK, Reddy SV
Project Period :1987-1988
Objectives :To assess the efficacy Bavistin and Derosol against pebrine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Silkworms were inoculated per orally with 3 spore load viz., 1x106, 1x107 and 1x108 spores/ml and quantity of suspension fed was 0.5 ml/100 larvae immediately after 3rd moult. Batches were treated with 1 and 4% of Bavistin and Derosol each in 2 schedules viz., i) First chemical treatment after 2 hrs of pathogen inoculation and ii) First chemical treatment after 24 hrs of pathogen inoculation.
For schedule one, low percent mortality due to pebrine was recorded as compared with second schedule. In the first schedule no pebrine infection was found in all the treatments at a spore load of 106 spore/ml whereas at subsequent loads (107 & 108 spore/ml) pebrine infection was higher. When the infection rate at both schedules are compared with control, it is observed that the infection is comparatively less in all the treatments at both concentrations than control at similar spore load levels.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1987-88
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of Bavistin (a broad spectrum systematic fungicide) on transovarially transmitted pebrine infected layings.
Personnel : Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Sharma SD, Awasthi AK, Reddy SV
Project Period :1987-1988
Objectives :To study the preventive effectiveness of Bavistin on transovarially transmitted pebrine infected layings.
Results/Recommendations :Transovarially infected layings of 4 races viz., MY1, PM, Nistari and Tamil Nadu white were used in the study. Results showed that per-os feeding of 1 and 4% Bavistin solution smeared leaves on transovarially infected larvae has no effect in controlling the pebrine disease and all the worms died by the end of 4th stage.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1987-88
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on viral and fungal diseases of silkworm-Testing of Reshamkeet oushadh samples.
Personnel : Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Awasthi AK, Reddy SV, Rao SN
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :To test the quality and efficacy of Reshamkeet oushadh samples received from different licensed private manufactures against grasserie and white muscardine.
Results/Recommendations : Quality analysis of different bed disinfectants available in the field were conducted by bio-assay. The bed disinfectants available in the field were tested against nuclear polyhedrosis and muscardine. The incidence of nuclear polyhedrosis ranged from 8.77 to 15.87% in the treated batches against 38.25% in inoculated control. In second set, muscardine incidence ranged from 7.62 to 13.50% in different dust treatments whereas in inoculated control 100% muscardine was recorded. The commercially available products were affective against NPV and muscardine and their quality was satisfactory.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Studies on the spread of grasserie in a healthy colony of silkworm through introduction of grasserie affected larvae.
Personnel :Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Rao SN, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sharma SD, Reddy SV, Awasthi AK, Samson MV
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :To find out the extent of spread of disease after introduction of the grasserie affected larvae in a healthy colony.
Results/Recommendations :1, 3, 5, 10, 25 and 50 grasserie affected larvae were introduced in a colony of 200 healthy larvae after 3rd moult. Data shows that grasserie incidence increase with the increase in the number of affected larvae introduced in the bed. In one larva introduced batch, grasserie was 32.50%.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the occurrence of silkworm diseases by treating with different chemicals to feed silkworm.
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :To study the occurrence and causes for the disease.
Results/Recommendations : So far three trials have been conducted. High mortality was recorded in the worms fed with leaf treated with 1% formalin (dipping) due to grasserie and flacherie during second and third age itself followed by 1% NaOH and water.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1988-89
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on new disinfectants for silkworm rearing. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel :Thangavelu K, Veeraiah TM, Nagaraja, Gangwar SK
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives : To evaluate new disinfectants for silkworm rearing.
Results/Recommendations :Sodium hypochlorite and Asiphor were tested. Asiphor at 1% concentration and above is effective.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Comparative susceptibility of silkworm races to Nosema bombycis.
Project Period :1989-1991
Objectives :Diagnosis of silkworm diseases and developing control measures.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicates that the Pure Mysore with 16.6% pebrine infection was comparatively less susceptibility than PA11, RD1, Nistari and Sarupat in which the infestation varied from 20.3 to 31.3% KA with 52.3% larva infected was comparatively more susceptible than NB7, NB18, P2D1 and MY1 where in the percentage of larva infected varied from 45-51%.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1989-91
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the efficacy of different disinfectants against the diseases of silkworm-Efficacy of different disinfectants on Nosema bombycis and nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Personnel :Singh BD, Baig M, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Awasthi AK Reddy SV, Rao BN
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives : To study the efficacy of different disinfectants against the diseases of silkworm on Nosema bombycis and nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Results/Recommendations :Disinfectant plays an important role in inactivation of silkworm pathogens leading to prevention of cocoon crop loss. Formalin is the only disinfectant routinely used and is much effective under controlled conditions. However, it is felt that there is a need for a disinfectant, which is suitable for existing type of rearing houses in the prevailing socio-economic condition of the farmers. In view of the disinfectants viz., bleaching powder 5%, formalin 2% and Asiphor 2% were screened for their efficacy as spray in inactivating the silkworm pathogens viz., Nosema bombycis, Bacillus thuringiensis, Beauveria bassiana and BmNPV. The pathogens were exposed to the disinfectants in a petridish at three exposure schedules viz., 6, 12 and 24 hrs in closed room. The results of the study indicated that 2% formalin is comparatively more effective in inactivation of silkworm pathogens with the infectivity ranging from 17.18 to 25.23%.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Diagnosis and control of silkworm diseases-Detection of pebrine in silkworm Bombyx mori L by simple latex agglutination test.
Personnel :Baig M, Gupta SK, Nataraju B, Shamim Mohammad, Datta RK, Gupta RS, Samson MV
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives : The develop testing methods for detection of pebrine in silkworm seed production centers and chawki rearing centers.
Results/Recommendations :Horse radish peroxidase (HRP) based dipstick immunoassays were developed for the detection of pebrine infection in silkworms. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against Nosema spore surface antigen and purified by affinity chromatography. Dipsticks with single pad of nitrocellulose membrane were used to capture affinity purified Nosema spore surface antigen 1gG (1-4 mg/3ml DOT) and blocked with 3% BASA for 3 hours. The dipsticks were used immediately or stored at 4°C and the dipsticks were incubated in antigen samples for 30 minutes at 37°C and washed with PBS thrice. The dipsticks were incubated in HRP labelled anti-Nosema spore surface antigen 1gG for 30 minutes at 37°C. The dipsticks were then washed with PBS thrice and incubated in 0.03% Diaminobenzidine (substrate) solution containing 0.06% H2O2. The violet coloured dots were observed in positive samples with 5 minutes. The HRP based dipstick immunoassay could detect nanogram levels of pathogen protein. This assay provides a simple, rapid and sensitive method for the detection of pebrine infection in silkworm larvae or moths.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Detection of NPV by immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbant assay.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Baig M, Samson MV
Project Period :1990-1991
Objectives :To detect the infection at an early to take up suitable prophylactory measure to prevent the crop loss due to nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) utilizing enzyme labelled antibodies has been widely used for the detection and identification of viruses. Both F (ab)2-ELISA and direct antigen coating-ELISA (DAC-ELISA) was observed to detect BmNPV (ng/ml) and its polyhedra (15/ml) at IgG dilutions 1:20,000 and 1:5000, respectively. BmNPV infection was detected after six hours of inoculation in larvae by F (ab)2-ELISA, while in DAC -ELISA it was three days after inoculation. These two systems were standardised for BmNPV detection.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1990-91
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Comparative efficacy of different disinfectants against silkworm pathogens.
Personnel :Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sasidharan TO, Nataraju B, Baig M, Datta RK
Project Period :1990-1992
Objectives : To study the Comparative efficacy of different disinfectants against silkworm pathogens.
Results/Recommendations : Sixteen schedules of formalin, bleaching powder and lime powder in different combinations and concentrations were tested for disinfection of rearing room and rearing appliances. 3% formalin, a mixture of 2% formalin + 0.5% slaked lime powder and 5% bleaching powder were found to be effective in reducing the occurrence of diseases and thereby increasing the survival rate.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1990-92
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Incidence of silkworm diseases in sericultural areas of Karnataka.
Personnel : Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sasidharan TO, Rao SN, Selvakumar T, Samson MV, Baig M, Nataraju B, Thiagarajan V, Datta RK
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives : To study the incidence of silkworm diseases in sericulture areas of Karnataka.
Results/Recommendations : A survey on the incidence of silkworm diseases was conducted for a period of 4 years (1990-93) in different sericultural areas in Karnataka viz., Attibele and Kunigal (seed area) and Ramanagaram and Chamarajanagar (commercial areas). It was observed that the prevalence of pebrine was to an extent of 36, 34, 65.54, 57.18 and 19.88% during 1990, 1991, 1992 and 1993 respectively and the prevalence was high during winter. Among diseased larvae, nuclear polyhedrosis was prevalent to the extent of 18.35-56.45% throughout the period of survey. It was followed by bacterial flacherie (14.97-39.73%). Incidence of muscardine was high during rainy (17.96%) and winter (17.36%) seasons.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Diagnosis and control of silkworm diseases-Detection of nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm.
Personnel :Nataraju B, Datta RK, Sivaprasad V, Baig M
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives : To develop testing methods to detect nuclear polyhedrosis diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Direct latex agglutination test, F(ab)2 based enzyme linked immunosorbant assay and colloidal textile dye based dipstick immunoassay were developed for the detection of nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against purified BmNPV and purified by affinity chromatography. Dipsticks with a single pad of nitrocellulose membrane were used. Affinity purified and BmNPV 1gG (1-4 mg/3 ml dot.) were captured on to nitrocellulose membrane, blocked with 3% BSA for 3hr and were stored at 4°C or used immediately. The dipsticks were incubated in antigen samples for 30 minutes, washed with PBS and incubated in colloidal textile dye-antibody reagent for 5-60 minutes. 10 ng level of BmNPV was detected by colloidal dye based dipstick immunoassay. Blue D2R dye (a max 6200 sensitized with 500 mg/ml anti-BmNPV 1 gG could detect 10 ng/ml antigen by forming a clear blue dot within 30 minutes. The sensitized dye was stable for 3 months period at 4°C. The colloidal textile dye based dipstick immunoassay method provides a simple and sensitive test for the detection of BmNPV in silkworm larvae.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Demonstration of RKO in the field.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Rao SN, Samson MV
Project Period :1990-1992
Objectives : To demonstrate the use of RKO in the field.
Results/Recommendations :Reshamkeet Oushad has been identified to be an effective bed disinfectants against nuclear polyhedrosis and muscardine diseases of silkworm. Though the product is popular among the sericulturists, it is observed that sericulturists due to improper usages do not generally realize the full benefit from the use of product. In view of this, large-scale demonstration on the mode of application was taken up in sericultural areas of Karnataka (Madivala), Andhra Pradesh (Madakasira) and Tamil Nadu (Krishnagiri) with the financial assistance of DBT, New Delhi. In total, 6600 crops (treatment-3300, control-3300) of 6,60,000 dfls were covered in these 3 states. RKO dusting improved the cocoon yield by 9.369 kg, 5.869 kg and 6.716 kg/100 dfls in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu respectively. RKO also proved superior to KSSRDI product with an improvement of 3.641 kg/100 dfls.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of diagnostic methods for viral diseases.
Personnel :Nataraju B, Baig M
Project Period :1990-1995
Objectives : To develop diagnostic methods for viral diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Immunodiagnostic methods based on immuno diffusion, fluorescent antibody test, latex agglutination test, Elisa and Dipstick immunoassay for BmNPV and immuno diffusion and Elisa for BmDNV1 were developed.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of control measures against viral diseases-Development of control measures against viral diseases.
Personnel :Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V, Selvakumar T, Watanabe H, Utsumi S
Project Period :1990-1995
Objectives :
Results/Recommendations : Pathogenicity and virulence of BmIFV and BmDNV1 to silkworm were determined. Persistence of BmNPV, BmIFV, BmDNV1, Streptococcus sp., B.t. variety sotto and B. bassiana was recorded in rearing trays smeared with cow dung. The unsuitability of present method of disinfection of cow dung smeared trays was established. 1% bleaching powder and 0.3% slaked lime was recommended for the disinfection of rearing house and appliances.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of control measures against microsporidians diseases.
Personnel :Baig M, Ananthalakshmi KVV, Rao SN, Fujiwara T, Datta RK
Project Period :1990-1995
Objectives :
Results/Recommendations :Infectivity and pathogenecity of identified microsporidians were determined and transovarial transmission of NIK-1s, NIK-2r and NIK-3h was recorded. NIK-4m was not transmitted transovarially. Persistence of Nosema bombycis is in the cow dung smeared rearing trays was established. The unsuitability of present method of disinfection of cow dung smeared trays was established. 1% bleaching powder and 0.3% slaked lime was recommended for the disinfection of rearing house and appliances.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Bivoltine sericulture technology development-Development of silkworm disease control technology.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Baig M, Rao SN, Sivaprasad V, Ananthalakshmi KVV, Selvakumr T, Fujiwara T, Ustumi S, Sato T, Watanabe H, Nagatha N
Project Period :1990-1996
Objectives : To develop suitable silkworm disease control technology
Results/Recommendations :For the first time, the prevalence of non-occluded viral diseases viz., infectious flacherie and densonucleosis in sericultural areas in India was established. The diseases were recorded to prevail mainly as double infections and observed the synergistic relationship of infectious flacherie virus Streptococci bacteria in the causation of ‘Flacherie’ in India. The viral pathogens of ‘Flacherie’ viz., BmIFV and BmDNV1, have been isolated, identified, purified and characterised for pathogenicity and virulence. The persistent BmNPV polyhedra were also observed to be the main cause for high incidence of nuclear polyhedrosis. Tray smeared with cow dung form main source of pathogen, pebrine disease was reported to be caused by different microsporidians viz., NIK-1s, NIK-2r, NIK-3h and NIK-4m and by a microsporidians from butterfly NIK-1m (1). The microsporidians were identified, purified and characterized for infectivity, pathogenicity, virulence and mode of transmission. The relationship between seasonal factors and their influence on farmers rearing condition and disease incidence was established. In order to detect flacherie at an early stage polyclonal antibodies have been produced against BmIFV and BmDNV1. Immunodiagnostic methods were developed for the detection of BmIFV (Latex agglutination and Colloidal dye based dipstick immunoassay) and BmDNV1 and (ELISA and immunodiffusion test). Bivoltine silkworm breeds were screened for resistance to BmDNV1 and J14, DS2 and two NB4D2 lines were identified as resistant to BmDNV1. A bioassay method for testing of dust samples from the rearing environment was standardised to evaluate the efficacy of disinfection. Disinfection with 1% bleached powder in 0.3% slaked lime solution was found effective in the disinfection of rearing house. Irradiation of rearing appliances by sunlight exposure for a period of 15-20th was found necessary for disinfection from BmNPV polyhedra and Nosema bombycis. Disinfection of mountages was stressed to prevent melting. A mother moth examination in commercial seed production for pebrine inspection was standardized to suit Indian conditions. Statistical sampling method for pebrine inspection was developed.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Disinfectant formulations for prevention of Grasserie and white muscardine in silkworm rearing.
Personnel :Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Nataraju B, Baig M, Datta RK
Project Period :1991-1994
Objectives : To develop disinfectant formulation for the prevention of silkworm diseases particularly nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :Five bed disinfectants in dust formulation comprising effective disinfectants viz., slaked lime, paraformaldehyde, benzoic acid and salicylic acid in different combinations were tested against nuclear polyhedrosis and muscardine during rearing. Incidence of nuclear polyhedrosis and white muscardine was recorded at the intervals of 24 hrs till cocoon formation. For comparative studies three controls viz., RKO dusting, inoculated control and normal control were maintained. The experiment was conducted in three different seasons viz., summer, rainy and winter. The results indicated the effectiveness of all the five bed disinfectant formulations against both the diseases. A bed disinfectant formulation with salicylic acid, paraformaldehyde, benzoic acid and slaked lime as ingredients in 2:2:2:94 ratio was found superior to RKO, the existing bed disinfectant and improves the yield by 6.05% at laboratory level.
The test of bleaching powder (30% available chlorine) solution in different concentrations (1-5%) against different pathogens viz., Nuclear Polyhedra of BmNPV, spores of Nosema bombycis and Bacillus thuringiensis and conidia of Beauveria bassiana indicated its effectiveness at all concentrations tested. However, bleaching powder solution of 4-5% concentration was found comparatively more effective than 2% formalin on 10 min. exposure.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1991-92, Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore 2005.
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Haemocyte mediated immune reactions in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Samson MV, Datta RK
Project Period :1991-1992
Objectives :To study host defense mechanisms against infection by pathogens to evolve strategies for exploiting this potential for disease resistance.
Results/Recommendations : Study of humoral defense mechanism against infestation of pathogen is of great importance to evolve strategies for exploiting this potential for disease resistance. Immune responses may be mediated through cellular and humoral means. To analyze the magnitude of haemocyte mediated immune response in different silkworm races, initially, the total and differential haemocyte counts were determined in six silkworm races viz., NB7, NB4D2, KA, NB18 (BV), C-Nichi and PM (MV). The observations indicate that in the multivoltine races, the THC was higher compared to bivoltine races. Granulocytes are also observed to be more in the two multivoltine races examined.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1991-92
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on histopathological changes of Nuclear polyhedrosis virus infected tissues of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Mary Flora, Samson MV, Sivaprasad V, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Thiagarajan V, Datta RK
Project Period :1991-1994
Objectives :To study the histopathological changes of Nuclear polyhedrosis virus infected tissues of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations : In the present study, the progressive infection of BmNPV in Bombyx mori was attempted for better understanding of precise mode of infection, multiplication, spread of the pathogen and histochemical changes with in the host tissue.
Histopathological changes taking place in the silkworm tissues infected with BmIFV was studied by Methyl green-pyronine G-staining method. BmIFV infected the cytoplasm of goblet cells of midgut epithelium. Infected goblet cells were shrunken and atrophied. Pyronine positive type ‘A’ globular inclusion bodies were fount to be attached with goblet cell nuclei. Cylindrical cell nuclei were having minute, pyronine stainable granules. In the advanced stage of infection type ‘B’ inclusion bodies were falling off into the midgut lumen, followed by the infected cylindrical cells. The damaged goblet cells were continuously replaced by the newly formed regenerative cells followed by the replacement of cylindrical cells. Tumour-like overgrowth of midgut epithelium was observed in some places.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Histopathological studies on progressive infection of Nosema bombycis N. in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Ananthalakshmi KVV, Baig M, Samson MV, Datta RK
Project Period :1991-1993
Objectives : To study the intermediary stages in the life cycle of Nosema bombycis by Giemsa stained smears and the progressive infection by paraffin sections.
Results/Recommendations :The study revealed that the intermediary stages in the life cycle of Nosema bombycis were studied by staining and progressive infection by paraffin section.
Spores are stained with Giemsa to see the progressive development of Nosema bombycis during incubation period. Observations of the smear revealed that on 1st day of incubation there was no spore formation and only the developmental stages were observed. But on the 2nd day of incubation spore formation was started and it has been increased to 101-300 spores/field on 9th day of incubation. On 9th day of incubation there were no Schizogonic and Sporogonic stages, but the secondary infective stages were observed along with the mature spores.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1991-93
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis var.Sotto in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Selvakumar T, Sasidhran TO, Samson MV
Project Period :1991-1994
Objectives :To understand the infection of Bacillus thuringiensis in relation to different races of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations : Bacillus thuringiensis strains are observed to cause toxicosis in lepidopteran insects including silkworm Bombyx mori. A strains of Bacillus thringiensis, B.t. var. Sotto, is known to be highly toxic and often infects silkworm causing toxicosis. In the present study, lethal concentration of four varieties of B.t. viz., galleriae, alesti, kurstaki and thuringiensis were calculated at 72 hrs. The LC50 value to the Instar silkworm for B.t. var. gallariae was 3.0 g x 106 spores and it increased to 3.16 x 107 at 5th instar. The LC50 for B.t. var. alesti was 2.75 x 106 at I instar and 1.77 x 107 at 5th instar. The LC50 for B.t. var. kurstaki was 1.3 x 106 spores at 1st instar and it increased to 2.3 x 107 at 5th instar. On the other hand LC50 value for B.t.var.thuringiensis was 2.57 x 106 and 1.73 x 107 at 1st and 5th instars respectively.
LC50 values of B.t. var sotto were determined for four silkworm races/hybrids viz., PM, PM x NB18, NB18 and NB7 x NB18. Among the races tested, PM had higher LC50 values than other races. Histopathological study revealed extensive damage to the epithelial cells, basement membrane and peritropic membrane. 15 antibiotics and 10 disinfectants were screened in vitro against spores B.t. var Sotto and the results indicated erythromycin and streptomycin among antibiotics and formalin among disinfectants to be best effective against B.t. var. Sotto.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1991-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Diagnosis and control of silkworm diseases-Dipstick immunoassay for the detection of pebrine infection in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Baig M, Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :Polyclonal antibodies were raised against Nosema spore surface antigen and purified by a affinity chromatography.
Results/Recommendations :The participants felt that the method is simple and extremely useful as compared to the existing microscopic examination of pebrine at the seed production level. The PALLAS test was graded by most of the participants from excellent to satisfactory. The reagent was functional at a storage temperature of 4°C for a period of six months.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on colloidal textile dye based dipstick immunoassay for the detection of nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V, Datta RK
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To develop colloidal textile dye based dip stick immunoassay for the detection of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Bm NPV).
Results/Recommendations :A total of 104 field samples were subjected to complete polyclonal based assay for the detection of nuclear polyhedrosis. The test were conducted once each at early instar (2nd instar) and late instar (6th instar). Out of these, 37 samples were positive and 67 negative to nuclear polyhedrosis infection. No false positives were noticed although two false negative were recorded. The assay detects 2 day post-infection in silkworms.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Suitable and an alternate disinfectant to formalin against silkworm pathogens.
Personnel :Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Nataraju B, Baig M
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives : To develop an alternative disinfectent to formalin to control silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations : Disinfection and maintenance of rearing hygiene forms an important component of silkworm rearing for prevention of diseases. Though 2% formalin is quite effective against all the silkworm pathogens, it takes larger duration to completely inactivate certain germs.
The test of bleaching powder (30% available chlorine solution in different concentrations(1-5%) against different pathogens viz., Nuclear polyhedra of BmNPV. Spores of Nosema bombycis and Bacillus thuringiensis and conidia of Beauveria bassiana indicated its effectiveness at all concentrations tested. However, bleaching powder solution of 4-5% concentration was found comparatively more effective than 2% formalin on 10 mins. exposure.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Study on the prevalence of non-occluded viral diseases of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives : To record the prevalence of infectious flacherie caused by Bombyx mori infectious flacherie virus (BmIFV) and densonucleosis caused by Bombyx mori densonucleosis virus (BmDNV) in different sericultural areas of Karnataka.
Results/Recommendations : A survey conducted during the year to record the prevalence of infectious flacherie and densonucleosis of silkworms caused by BmIFV and BmDNV1 respectively in different state of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The silkworm larvae collected from sericulturists were examined for non-occluded viruses by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay employing polyclonal antibodies against BmIFV and BmDNV1. Out of 295 crops tested, 22.37% were infected with BmIFV and 4.40% with BmDNV1, whereas the mixed infections of BmIFV and BmDNV1 were 43.05%.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on progressive infection of nuclear polyhedrosis by fluorescent antibody technique.
Personnel :Mary Flora CA, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Samson MV, Datta RK
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :To study the progressive infection by immunofluorescence technique.
Results/Recommendations :The progressive infection of BmNPV in silkworm was studied for better understanding of precise modes of infection, multiplication, spread of the pathogen and histochemical changes within the host tissues. Histopathological studies revealed the development of polyhedra was followed by the virogenic stroma by 72 post inoculation. Polyhedra formation was observed in the nuclei of fat bodies, hypodermis tracheal matrix, nuclear, skin glands, nerves and gonads. The increased infection of various tissues was accompanied by increased synthesis of protein. Antibodies raised against both nuclear polyhedra and free viruses and infection was observed from 6th hour onwards. The fluorescence in control and infected tissues was observed under fluorescent microscope.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-93
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :In vitro studies on infection of Bombyx mori and Spodoptera cells with nuclear polyhedrosis virus and molecular biological studies of recombinant AcNPV.
Personnel :Awasti AK, Datta RK, Hasnain SE
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :To understand intracellular movement and targeting of recombinant proteins and to evolve possibly better methods of recovery of the synthesized protein.
Results/Recommendations :The experiments have helped to understand preference of larval tissues in vivo. The virus has been monitored in five prominent tissues by luciferase assay from 0 to 144 H.P-2. DNA BLOT also confirmed the presence of viral DNA in all the tissues. Experiment was also designed to compare and evaluate different insect cell lines in terms of their ability to efficiently synthesise foreign proteins. A double recombinant virus viz., BmN, Bm5, TN68, Sf21 and Sf. The known titre of virus has been used for infection and both the proteins have been assayed from 0 to 96 H.P-1 by luciferase and radioimmunoassays respectively. The BhcG and luc have also been localized by western blotting using cDNAs as a probe. The analysis of mRNA of virus has also been carried out by using northern blotting using appropriate probe.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-93
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on cross infectivity of microsporidians isolated from wild butterflies to silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Kishore S, Baig M, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sivaprasad V, Iyengar MNS, Datta RK
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :To study the pathogenicity multiplication rate, site of infection, transovarial transmission and larval and cocoon characters.
Results/Recommendations :Thirty three species of wild insects were screened for microsporidia. Three species viz., Catopsila pyranthe, C. pomanae and C.crocale were found to be infected by microsporidians. The microsporidians isolated were designated as MCpyB1, MCpyB2 (C. pyranthe) MCpoB1 (C. pomoane) and MCcrB1, MCcrB2 (C. crocale). The infection of MCpyB1, MCpyB2 spores was 85.98% and 95.56% to Bombyx mori, whereas N. bombycis it was 100%. The multiplication rate of MCpyB1 was lower than MCpyB2 but both are lower compared to Nosema bombycis. Infection of MCpyB1 the target tissues were midgut and fat bodies whereas in MCpyB2 they are midgut, fat bodies, Malpighian tubules, silk glands and gonads as in the case of Nosema bombycis. The larval and cocoon characters were inferior in MCpyB1 and MCpyB2 infected silkworms, but the reduction was very low as compare to Nosema bombycis.
The larvae were reared upto spinning and the cocoons were harvested. The larval and cocoon characters were reduced due to microsporidian infection.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :In vitro screening of antiviral compounds.
Personnel :Awasthi AK, Datta RK
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :To in vitro screening of antiviral compounds
Results/Recommendations : Plaque assay reduction test are being used to test antiviral activity of some earlier reported compound. BmN and Bm5 (Bombyx mori ovarian cell lines) are being maintained in Tc 100 synthetic medium with 10% FCS and antibodies.
Initially Tunicamycin, Phosphonoacetic acid, Trisodium Phosphonoformate (0.5g, 0.7mµ and 0.7mµ concentration/ml) have been tried. Some other chemicals/plant extracts known as antiviral are also being tested. Suitable compounds will be selected for in vivo studies.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-93
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Racial tolerance to pebrine disease between bivoltine and multivoltine silkworm.
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :To compare between bivoltine and multivoltine for the tolerance to the pebrine disease.
Results/Recommendations :Highly infected layings from each concentration were selected and 50 larvae were brushed. The mortality rate due to pebrine was recorded everyday. In NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2, most larvae died due to pebrine by 4th day and only a few larvae survived till 20-27 days. In PM most of the larvae survived till 20-27 days.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :First report on three spp. of microsporidians isolated from silkworm, Bombyx mori in India.
Personnel :Ananthalakshmi KVV, Fujiwara T
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :To isolate and to identify different spp. of miccrosporidians from silkworm Bombyx mori.
Results/Recommendations : The microsporidian Nosema bombycis has been known for many years as a pathogen causing pebrine disease to the silkworm, Bombyx mori. But three spp.of microsporidians pathogenic to silkworm have been isolated from silkworm moth during mother moth examination in the grainage of Karnataka.
In the latex agglutination test NIK-1s and NIK-2r sp. reacted to the antibody sensitized latex particle (ASLP) of Nb but NIK 3h.reacted to ASLP of M11 and NIK-4m sp. reacted to ASLP of M12. In the above test four microsporidians reacted to different antibody sensitized latex particle which indicated the presence of different species of microsporidians are in India as in Japan.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-93
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the susceptibility of multivoltine and bivoltine silkworms Bombyx mori L. to pebrine.
Personnel : Modesto S.Nillo,
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :
· To conduct a survey on the prevalence of pebrine in multivoltine and bivoltine seed areas of Karnataka.
· To study the susceptibility of multivoltine and bivoltine silkworms Nosema bombycis spore multiplication rate and levels of acid and akaline phosphatase activity in different tissues during progressive pebrine infection.
Results/Recommendations :From the results, it can be concluded that as Nosema bombycis spore multiplication is less in Pure Mysore when compared to NB18 (BV) silkworms, indicate that Pure Mysore is less susceptible to pebrine infection.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 1993
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on Protein linked agglutination (PALLAS) test for the detection of infectious flacherie of silkworm.
Personnel :Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Renu S
Project Period :1993-1996
Objectives : To study protein linked agglutination (PALLAS) test for the detection of infectious flacherie of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations : Infectious flacherie of silkworm is a major viral disease caused by BmIFV, a picornavirus. The detection of the disease is a major constraints in sericulture and immunodiagnostic method of detection is promising.
PALLAS test was found to have limitations in the detection of BmIFV in the field samples. The colloidal dye based dipstick immunoassay was tested once each at early instar level and it was later confirmed by late instar testing. Out of 148 samples tested, no false negatives were observed but, 6% of false positives were observed. A total of 122 field samples were tested. Among them, 39 samples were positive and 83 negative to infectious flacherie. Two false negatives were recorded and no false positives were noticed.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the development of vaccine against nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V, Virendra Kumar, Datta RK
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To prevent the development of nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm inoculated with BmNPV polyhedra.
Results/Recommendations :In post vaccination with 1x102 polyhedra/ml, the cumulative mortality of 0.00, 1.33 and 14.67% was recorded by 6th, 8th and 4th day respectively. The response initiates 12-18 hr post vaccination inoculations. The cumulative mortality was 10.33, 15.67 and 40.33% on 6th, 8th and 14th day post inoculation respectively. BmNPV polyhedrin was observed to offer no protection against pre BmNPV inoculation infection in silkworm. BmNPV count protein was released and precipitated using glacial acetic acid and was found to function as vaccine. The protection level reduced with higher dosage pathogen and increased post inoculation period. A dosage of 1x103 and 1x104/ml lead to cumulative mortality of 2.33 and 3.33%, 6.67 and 8.33% and 22.33 and 28.67% respectively by 6th, 8th and 14th day post vaccination inoculation.
Multiple vaccination with attenuated BmNPV (20 µg/ml). Once during each of 1st, 2nd nd 3rd instar against a challenge post vaccination inoculation at the 1st instar, the cumulative mortality was nil till 10th day post inoculation. It rose to 5.00 and 7.00% respectively by 14th and 18th day post inoculation while in the inoculated control, it was 33.33, 44.67 and 47.33% by 10th, 14th and 18th day of post inoculation, respectively. This lowered the infection by 85.2% in double vaccination, the cumulative mortality was 0.00, 7.67 and 12.33 by 10th, 14th and 18th day respectively which resulted in lowering the mortality by 73.94% in single vaccination, the cumulative mortality was 0.00 by 6th days and 4.67 by 10th day. It was 16.33% by 14th day and 24.33% by 18th day and resulted in lowering the mortality by 48.59%.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-97
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Determination of median infective dose (IC50) of BmIFV to different instars of silkworm.
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Mary Flora CA, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1993-1995
Objectives : To determine median infectivity dose (IC50) of Bombyx mori infectious flacherie virus (BmIFV) of different larval instars of NB18 silkworms.
Results/Recommendations : Median infectivity dose (IC50) of Bombyx mori infectious flacherie virus (BmIFV) of different larval instars of NB18 silkworms was calculated by probit method.
Results indicated that, all instars of silkworm were inoculated with different concentrations of BmIFV (10-1, 10-2 to 10-9) and rearing conducted. The larvae were examined 15 days after inoculation through ELISA for BmIFV infection. The IC50 value of BmIFV to different instars was 1st instar-10-7.65, 2nd instar-10-7.54, 3rd instar-10-6.32, 4th instar-10-4.78, 5th instar-10-2.63.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-95
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Determination of median infective dose (IC50) of BmDNV1 to different instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Mary Flora CA, Sivaprasad V, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives : To determin median infective dose (IC50) of BmDNV1 to different instars of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations : Bombyx mori densonucleosis virus1 (BmDNV1) median infective dose (IC50) was calculated by probit method to different instars of silkworms.
Results revealed that all instars of silkworm were inoculated with different concentrations of BmDNV1 (10-1, 10-2 to 10-19) and rearing conducted. The larvae examined 15 days after inoculation through ELISA for BmDNV1 infection. The IC50 values of BmDNV1 to different instars were, 1st instar: 10-8.51, 2nd instar:10-7.00, 3rd instar:10-5.42, 4th instar:10-2.55, 5th instar:10-1.82 dilutions of BmDNV1 larval extract.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Histopathological studies on BmIFV infected tissues of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Mary Flora CA, Nataraju B, Datta RK, Sivaprasad V, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Thiagarajan V
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives : To study the histopathological changes taking place in the silkworm tissues infected with BmIFV
Results/Recommendations :Histopathological changes taking place in the silkworm tissues infected with BmIFV was studied by methyl green pyronine-G staining method. BmIFV infected the cytoplasm of goblet cells of midgut epithelium infected goblet cells were shrunken and atrophied. Pyronine positive type ‘A’ globular inclusion bodies were found to be attached with goblet cell nuclei. Cylindrical cell nuclei were having minute, Pyronine stainable granules. In the advanced stage of infection, type 'B' inclusion bodies were falling off into the midgut lumen, followed by the infected cylindrical cells. The damaged goblet cells were continuously replaced by the newly formed regenerative cells followed by the replacement of cylindrical cells. Tumour-like overgrowth of midgut epithelium was observed in some places.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the mortality rate in multivoltine, bivoltine and multi x bivoltine hybrids silkworm larvae infected transovarially with Nosema bombycis.
Personnel :Nageswara Rao S, Fujiwara T
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives :To study the the mortality rate in multivoltine, bivoltine and multi x bivoltine hybrids silkworm larvae infected transovarially with Nosema bombycis.
Results/Recommendations : Nosema bombycis spore suspension of 1x107, 1x106, 1x105 and 1x104 spores/ml were inoculate to the 2nd day of 5th instar of PM, NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2 silkworm larve.
Highly infected layings from each concentration were selected and 50 larvae were brushed. The mortality rate due to pebrine was recorded everyday. In NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2, most larvae died due to pebrine by 4th day and only a few larvae survived till 20-27 days. In PM, most of the larvae survived till 20-27 days.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Multiplication rate of Nosema bombycis in bivoltine and multivoltine races of silkworm.
Personnel :Nageswara Rao S, Fujiwara T
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives : To estimate the multiplication rate of Nosema bombycis in bivoltine and multivoltine silkworms.
Results/Recommendations : Immediately after 1st moult, the larvae were inoculated with 1x106 spores/ml.
More spores were formed in bivoltine races than in multivoltine silkworms. The results indicate difference in the multiplication rate of Nosema bombycis in bivoltine and multivoltine races.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on invitro development of a microsporidian NIK4m (Nosema sp.M12).
Personnel :Baig M, Ananthalakshmi KVV
Project Period :1993-1996
Objectives :To study the invitro development of a microsporidian NIK4m (Nosema sp.M12).
Results/Recommendations : The SF9 cells were propagated at 27°C in Graces insect medium supplemented with 5% foetal calf serum (Gibco) and 5% heat inactivated (56°C/30 min) silkworm haemolymph. NIK4m spores were purified by percoll iso-density gradient centrifugation.
The rate of multiplication was faster in NIK4m infection than in other Nosema spp. NIK2r and NIK3h. Infection with NIK2r was observed first in the midgut while in the case of NIK3h, in malpighian tubule. In case of vairimorpha sp. NIK4m, the infection was restricted to cyst formed on the gut surface and the developmental stages were observed only in the cyst.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the frequency of distribution of developmental stages of Nosema bombycis in silkworm eggs during incubation period.
Personnel : Ananthalakshmi KVV, Baig M, Ohtsuki Y
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives : To study the frequency of distribution of developmental stages of Nosema bombycis in silkworm eggs during incubation period.
Results/Recommendations : Silkworm eggs infected transovarially with Nosema bombycis were incubated. During incubation from 1st day to till hatching smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa to see the progressive development of Nosema bombycis during incubation period.
Observations of the smear revealed that on 1st day of incubation there was no spore formation and only the developmental stages were observed. But on the 2nd day of incubation spore formation was started and it has been increased to 101-300 spores/field on 9th day of incubation. On 9th day of incubation there were no Schizogonic and Sporogonic stages, but the secondary infective stages were observed along with the mature spores.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on difference in the artificial hatching under the neutralization method among different microsporidians.
Personnel : Ananthalakshmi KVV, Fujiwara T
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives : To study the difference in the artificial hatching under the neutralization method among different microsporidians.
Results/Recommendations : The artificial hatching is the extrusion of polar tube with a sporoplasm at the end by the action of certain chemicals.
Good hatching was observed in NIK1s (Nosema bombycis), NIK2r (Nosema sp.) NIK-im(1)-Nosema sp.) and NIK4m (Nosema sp.M12) spore hatching was over 90% in 0.6 and 0.8% KOH. But no hatching was observed in NIK3h (Nosema sp.M11) at all the concentrations tested. The ability of hatching may be different among the species of microsporidians.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :On farm trials-Demonstration of disinfection and rearing hygiene. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel :Radhakrishnan S, Vijayalakshmi S, Chandrasekar M, Kapila ML
Project Period :1993-1995
Objectives : To demonstrate disinfection and rearing hygiene at farmers level.
Results/Recommendations :138 farmers rearing houses were disinfected with 5% bleaching powder solution covering 13657 dfls. An increased yield of 13.884 kg/100 dfls was achieved by adopting disinfection and hygiene.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title : Studies on synergistic effect of BmIFV and Streptococcus in the causation of flacherie of silkworms.
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Selvakumar T, Nataraju B, Datta RK
Project Period :1994-1996
Objectives :To determine the synergistic effect of BmIFV and pathogenic Streptococcus, Staphylooccus and Serratia marcescence becteria to silkworms at an alternate temperature of 25 and 30°C/12 hr each for 15 days.
Results/Recommendations :3rd instar larvae of NB18 silkworm were inoculated perorally with bacterial isolates (1x107 cells/ml) and different concentrations of BmIFV (IC50 x 10, IC50, IC50 x 10-1, IC50 x 10-2). The result indicate that this is the synergistic relation was observed between BmIFV and low and medium pathogenic bacteria i.e., Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and S. marcescence. Silkworm inoculated with medium pathogenic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and S. marcescence alone caused a mortality of 44.67, 9.83 and 30.66% respectively. The percentage of mortality in silkworm inoculated with BmIFV and medium pathogenic Streptococcus, Staphylococcus and S. Marcescence ranged from 50.00-84.67, 44.66-65.66 and 31.66-55.66 respectively. The results indicate that bacterial infection followed by virus leads to mortality as early as 5th day post infection. The order of synergism with BmIFV was Streptococcus>Staphylococcus>S. marcescence.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1994-96, Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysoe 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of sunlight on spores of Nosema bombycis.
Personnel : Ananthalakshmi KVV, Baig M, Utsumi S
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :To study the effect of sunlight on Nosema bombycis spores in direct exposure and mixed with cow dung.
Results/Recommendations :The results clearly indicate that direct exposure of spores even for 1h resulted in complete inactivation. However, if mixed with cow dung the spores are not completely inactivated under sunlight upto an exposure of 15h, but complete inactivation takes place after an exposure to sunlight for 20h. This means that 4 days of continuous exposure to sunlight will be required to get complete disinfection of pebrine spores.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on Disinfection of BmNPV polyhedra by exposure to sunlight.
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Utsumi S
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives : To study the effect on disinfection of BmNPV polyhedra by exposure to sunlight.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicated that BmNPV polyhedra were inactivated in 15 and 20h exposure to sunlight (30-38°C) directly and with cow dung respectively.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on an economic and effective disinfectant for silkworm rearing.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V, Watanabe H
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives : To study on an economic and effective disinfectant for silkworm rearing.
Results/Recommendations : The effectiveness of bleaching powder + 0.3% slaked lime was studied by exposing different silkworm pathogens.
The result of bioassay/in vitro culture indicated complete non-infectivity and inactiveness of all the pathogens confirming the effectiveness of 1% bleaching powder + 0.3% slaked lime solution. The disinfectant developed significantly low level of corrosion compared to 5% bleaching powder solution.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on an identification of new disinfectant(s) for disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing in open rearing cum dwelling house.
Personnel :Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Ananthalakshmi KVV, Nataraju B, Datta RK
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :To identify an alternate and suitable disinfectant for disinfection and hygiene maintenance in silkworm rearing.
Results/Recommendations :In earlier studies, chlorine was tested in vitro for its germicidal activity in different concentrations against the common pathogens of silkworm and was found effective. In the present study, 350 ppm chlorine dioxide and 0.3% slaked lime solution and 500 ppm + 0.5% slaked lime solutions were used for the disinfection of pathogens (BmNPV, Nosema bombycis, Beauveria bassiana and Bacillus thuringiensis) contaminated open type of rearing house, rearing trays and silkworm eggs contaminated with different pathogens. Study revealed that 500 ppm of chlorine dioxide and slaked lime solution is suitable disinfectant for disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Management of diseases in silkworm, Bombyx mori- Estimation of crop loss and development of a fore warning system for silkworm diseases.
Personnel :Selvakumar T, Nataraju B, Balavenkatsubbaiah M, Baig M, Sivaprasad V, Virendra Kumar, Sharma SD, Thiagarajan V, Datta RK
Project Period :1994-1998
Objectives :To estimate the cocoon crop loss due to common silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :A survey was conducted during rainy, winter and summer seasons spread over a period of 4 years in Karnataka, involving a total of 2821 farmers crop in multivoltine, bivoltine, multi-bivoltine and bivoltine hybrid areas to estimate the cocoon crop loss due to common diseases. It was observed that the diseases nuclear polyhedrosis and flacherie were prevalent in all through the year, while muscardine was common in winter and rainy seasons. During final instar, the point prevalence of nuclear polyhedrosis ranged from 1.16 (winter) to 3.34% (summer) while flacherie ranged from 0.92 (winter) to 3.43% (summer). The point prevalence of muscardine ranged from 0.79 (winter) to 1.08% (rainy). The maximum potential yield reduction (MPyr) due to different diseases in the five days of final instar was estimated based on the point prevalence and rate of spread of different diseases. The MYpr of grasserie 2.86 and 1.79 kg/100 dfls for flacherie, 0.86, 29 and 26.14 kg/100 dfls for muscardine and 2.87. 5.81 and 3.83% for total diseases during winter, summer and rainy seasons respectively.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of monoclonal antibody based diagnosis for different microsporidians.
Personnel :Ananthalakshmi KVV, Virendra Kumar, Nataraju B
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :To develop monoclonal antibody based diagnosis for different microsporidians.
Results/Recommendations :BALB/C mice were immunized with Nosema bombycis spores surface protein in order to develop a hybrid cell line producing monoclonal antibody against surface protein for specific diagnosis of pebrine disease in silkworm. The splenocytes from the immunized mice was fused with myeloma cells (SP2/O) obtained from National Institute of Animal Cell and Tissue Culture, Pune using polyethylene glycol (MW 4,000). Seventy two hybrid cells obtained were screened and seven clones were obtained. Four clones (F2P13, F6 and D6, G6PL5, B4 and B9) were stabilized and were observed producing monoclonal antibodies against spore surface protein. The antibodies were observed to be specific to Nosema boombycis spore protein and these could be employed in diagnosis.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of monoclonal antibody based diagnosis for BmIFV and BmDNV1.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Ananthalakshmi KVV, Virendra Kumar, Datta RK
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives : To development monoclonal antibody based diagnosis for BmIFV and BmDNV1.
Results/Recommendations :BALB/C mice were immunized with purified BmIFV in order to develop a hybrid cell line producing monoclonal antibody against BmIFV for specific diagnosis of infectious flacherie disease in silkworm. The splenocytes from the immunized mice was fused with myeloma cells (SP2/O) obtained from National Institute of Animal Cell and Tissue Culture, Pune using polyethylene glycol (MW 4,000). Fifty four hybrid cells obtained were screened and five clones (B5PL6, G7PL3, G4PL3, E5PL3 and E3PL2) were stabilized and were observed producing monoclonal antibodies against BmIFV and these could be employed in diagnosis.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Transovarial transmission of three microsporidia in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Anthalakshmi KVV, Baig M, Fujiwara T
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :To study the rate of transovarial transmission of infectious Nosema bombycis, the microsporidian infecting silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Three species of microsporidia viz., NIK-2r, NIK-3h and NIK-4m were isolated from silk moth and were per orally inoculated to 5th instar silkworm larvae to study the rate of transovarial transmission. The rate of transovarial transmission was calculated from the formula AxB+CxD/A+C where A=number of dead fertile eggs, B=percentage infection of A, C=number of larvae hatched, D=percentage infection of C. 100% transmission was observed in NIK-4m and NIK-2r whereas NIK-3h recorded only1.8%.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Identification of silkworm breeds resistant to BmDNV1 and relatively susceptible to BmIFV.
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Mary Flora CA
Project Period :1994-96
Objectives :To identify the silkworm breeds resistant to BmDNV1.
Results/Recommendations :Forty four bivoltine (62 lines) and 21 multivoltine (24 lines) breeds were screened. The larvae of third instar were inoculated with extract of BmDNV1 and BmIFV infected silkworms. All the breeds tested were found susceptible to BmIFV. But B62 (line A, B and C), MBN1 and NB4D2 (line A, C, E, M and G) among bivoltines and BL21 (line A and B), BL22 (line A and B), BL17 and WF13 (Y) among multivoltine silkworms were resistant to BmDNV1.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-97
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Genetics of tolerance of NPV in silkworm-Deciphering inheritance pattern of the tolerance to NPV.
Personnel :Patnaik AK, Ratna Sen, Nataraju B, Maheswari B
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To understand the genetics of the specific response of virus by inheritance analysis by selecting parents showing contrasting response.
Results/Recommendations : To understand the genetics of the specific response to this virus, inheritance analysis was taken up selecting parents showing contrasting response.
The inheritance analysis using parents showing contrasting response to NPV, their F1, F2 and BC progeny indicated the possibility of a major dominant gave controlling NPV tolerance.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Diagnosis and control of silkworm diseases-Formulation of a general bed disinfectant for the prevention of silkworm diseases.
Personnel : Baig M, Selvakumar T, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Nataraju B, Datta RK
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To formulate a bed disinfectant for prevention of all common silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Different bed disinfectant formulations were tested against the BmNPV polyhedra, conidia of Beauveria bassiana, spores of Nosema bombycis and BmIFV. Among the different bed disinfectant formulation tested, formulation No.5 named Vijetha was selected for further study and tested for its efficacy against silkworm diseases after introduction of larvae infected with diseases namely, nuclear polyhedrosis, white muscardine, infectious flacherie and pebrine in a healthy colony of silkworm and was found effective as a general bed disinfectant for the prevention of spread of all common silkworm diseases.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Demonstration of integrated management practices against white muscardine in an adopted village.
Personnel : Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Baig M
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To educate the farmers on the need and method of integrated management of white muscardine with the participation of officials of Karnataka State Sericulture Department.
Results/Recommendations :All the sericulturists in the village were covered under the village level demonstration during the winter and rainy seasons. Four crops were covered under demonstration. The integrated management practice followed was successful in completely preventing white muscardine during the whole rainy and winter seasons in the village. The cocoon yield also improved by 10-18 kg.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Strengthening of disinfecting activity of bleaching powder solution by the addition of chemicals and detergents against Bacillus thuringiensis var. Sotto spores.
Personnel : Selvakumar T, Utsumi S
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives : To strengthen the disinfection activity of bleaching powder solution by addition of chemicals and detergents against Bacillus thuringiensis var. Sotto spores.
Results/Recommendations : Sodium bicarbonate may enhance the activity of bleaching powder solution and hence, bleaching powder solution can be mixed with sodium bicarbonate and detergents for better disinfection activity.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Observations on the development of Nosema bombycis in the egg of Pure Mysore during incubation.
Personnel : Ananthalakshmi KVV, Baig M
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives : To study the development of Nosema bombycis in the egg of Pure Mysore during incubation.
Results/Recommendations : Pure Mysore 5th instar larvae were inoculated with Nosema bombycis spores. Transovarially transmitted eggs were prepared from the moths infected with infinite grade infection.
The Giemsa stained smear observations revealed the spore formation on 1st day of incubation indicating faster development of pathogen in Pure Mysore compared to bivoltine race.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Identification of cause of "Thatteroga".
Personnel : Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V, Datta RK
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :To test the silkworm larvae affected by Thatteroga for the presence of different pathogens by microscopic and immunological methods.
Results/Recommendations :16 bacterial isolates were separated. Among them 11 were identified as Streptococcus faecalis var. liquifaciens, 2 were Staphylococcus aures and 1 as Staphylococcus epidermis. Two Bacillus sp. were also isolated from these samples. The thatteroga samples were also found to be infected with BmIFV. They were free from BmNPV. The bacterial were tested for their pathogenicity to silkworms individually and in combination with BmIFV. The silkworm larvae after I moult were inoculated per orally and reared for 15 days. Mortality was recorded and confirmed. The treatments involving bacteria and BmIFV and bacteria developed the symptoms of Thatteroga and resulted in mortality. Bacteria alone were low/non-pathogenic indicating synergistic relation ship of BmIFV with Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. The above observation clearly indicates a non-occluded virus, BmIFV in synergistic association with streptococcus, staphylococcus and Bacillus bacteria caused that thatteroga.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-97
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of cold treatment in the induction of nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworms.
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Utsumi S
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To study the role of temperature in the induction of nuclear polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicate that in the case of sub-lethally treated silkworms, 84-96% mortality was observed due to nuclear polyhedrosis, irrespective of temperature treatment. But nuclear polyhedrosis was induced to a level of 88 and 96% at lower temperatures of 5 and 10°C respectively without inoculation. Similarly, even at 15°C. 44% nuclear polyhedrosis was induced.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of mulberry pests (Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua) as alternate hosts for BmIFV and BmDNV1.
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Utsumi S
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To screen the mulberry pests, Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua as alternate hosts for BmIFV and BmDNV1.
Results/Recommendations :Results indicate that both Spodoptera litura and Spilosoma obliqua were not susceptible to either BmIFV or BmDNV1 infections and do not act as alternate hosts.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Formulation of 'Raksha Rekha'.
Personnel :Pradip Kumar, Manjunath D, Vinod Kumar
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To formulate 'Raksha Rekha' in the form of chalk for the management of ants and cockroaches.
Results/Recommendations : Formulated 'Raksha Rekha' in the form of chalk for the management of ants and cockroaches.
Draw one thick line around the legs of stands used for silkworm rearing, storing silkworm cocoons and eggs or around the places/articles required to be protected from ants and cockroaches.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1995-96
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Antiviral activity studies against NPV.
Personnel : Ponnuvel KM, Vineet Kumar, Babu AM
Project Period :1995-1998
Objectives :To understand the insect immunity against viral diseases at molecular level.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicated the possibility of quick detection of the differential level of viral infection from individual primary target cells to widespread systemic infection in tolerant and sensitive silkworm breeds, using BmNPV luciferase recombinant virus.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :RFLP analysis for cocoon shell ratio and NPV resistance in silkworm, Bombyx mori-Identification of low/single copy clones suitable for RFLP studies.
Personnel : Datta RK, Chinya PK, Rao CGP, Sreekumar S
Project Period :1995-1999
Objectives :To identify DNA markers for the breeds having, low and high cocoon shell ratio which have direct effect on raw silk yield.
Results/Recommendations :Inbred lines of contrasting parent, B20A (HSR) and C-Nichi (LSR) were developed through full sib mating till they attain homozygosity (12 generation) and confirmed by RFLP profile. A partial genomic library from the silk glands of C-Nichi was constructed in plasmid pUc18. Among 950 recombinant clones developed, 450 clones were identified as low copy probes through dot blot hybridization. For identification of RFLPs associated with cocoon shell character and also for introgressing the target trait into genetic back ground of neuscent parent backcross breeding was carried out for developing NILs. In the NIL of C-Nichi selected for introgressing high shell characters, the cocoon shell ratio could be increased upto 4-5% than that of recurrent aren’t. The segregation of RFLP in F2 was analyzed by Chi-square test for 3:1 ratio. Out of 8 clones only 2 showed deviation from the expected ratio, while others were in agreement with expected Mendelian segregation pattern. In bulk segregant analysis when the DNA of parents, F1 and F2 bulks were screened with 8 probes 6 revealed identical hybridization signals in HSR parent (B20A and HSRF2 and at the same time their absence in C-Nichi and LSR bulk which suggest that these could be linked to high shell ratio.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-99
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of systemic fungicides for the prevention of white muscardine.
Personnel : Virendra Kumar, Nataraju B
Project Period :1995-1998
Objectives : To screen systemic fungicides for the prevention of white muscardine.
Results/Recommendations : Feeding of systemic fungicide resulted in reduction of muscardine by 68.98% (PM x C.Nichi) and 75.47% (PM x NB4D2) with farmers under RSRS Chamarajanagar and 58.49% (PM x NB4D2) under RSRS, Kodathi. The average cocoon yield also improved by 6-10 kg/100 dfls.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Sequencing of antiviral proteins-Isolation, purification and characterization of antiviral protein in the gut juice and induced viral inhibitory factor in the haemolymph of silkworm.
Personnel :Ponnuvel KM, Datta RK
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :To understand the insect immunity against viral diseases at molecular level and to purify the antiviral proteins.
Results/Recommendations :It indicates that these antiviral proteins are unique in nature. The protein sequences were further analyzed to synthesize suitable up and down arbitrary primers using degenerative codons.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Isolation and purification of viral inhibitory factor in the haemolymph of induced silkworm.
Personnel : Ponnuvel KM, Datta RK
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :To understand the insect immunity against viral diseases at molecular level and to purify the antiviral proteins.
Results/Recommendations : Fresh digestive juice was collected and processed for purification.
The different level of viral infection from individual primary target cells to wide spread systemic infection in tolerant and sensitive silkworm breeds could be quickly detected using BmNPV luciferase recombinant virus.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Applicability of bleaching powder solution in disinfection and maintenance of hygiene in silkworm rearing.
Personnel :Beena MS, Nataraju B
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :To address some of the problems associated with disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing using bleaching powder solution.
Results/Recommendations :Bleaching powder solution at lower concentration (0.5-1.0%) is less hazardous as a disinfectant in sericulture as compared to either formalin or bleaching powder itself at 5% concentration.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation,1996
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Anti-streptococcal activity in the gut juice of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Hema V, Sivaprasad V
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :Isolation of ASP (Antistreptococcal protein) from popular multivoltine (PM) and bivoltine (NB18) silkworm breeds and its characterization to a limited extent.
Results/Recommendations :It can be concluded that in both multivoltine (PM) and bivoltine (NB18) silkworm breeds, ASP was isolated and its characteristics did not differ significantly.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation,1996
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of systemic fungicides for the prevention of white muscardine.
Personnel :Virendra Kumar, Nataraju B
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives : To screen systemic fungicides for the prevention of white muscardine.
Results/Recommendations :In an early study, 2 fungicides viz., SF1 and SF2 were found effective in controlling white muscardine disease in silkworm. The present study compares the effectiveness of SF1 and SF2 and two bed disinfectants known to prevent white muscardine viz., RKO and Vijetha. Different schedules of dusting of RKO/Vijetha as bed disinfectant and feeding of SF1 and SF2 as treatments were followed before and after topical inoculation with 4x104 conidia/ml of Beauveria bassiana at 4th instar silkworm immediately after 3rd moult. Fungicide SF1 and SF2 fed to silkworm were observed to be effective in the control of muscardine even 24 hours after topical inoculation, while RKO and Vijetha were found to be ineffective in controlling such infection. Silkworm treated with SF1, 2 hrs after topical application led to infection in 12-20% larvae only, while in treatment with SF2, it was 16-19%.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Demonstration of integrated management of white muscardine in adopted village.
Personnel :Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Baig M
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives : To demonstrate integrated management practice for the management of white muscardine and their popularization at village level.
Results/Recommendations :Sporadic incidences of white muscardine are common in winter and rainy seasons inflicting heavy crop losses to farmers. The demonstrations were carried out in Tubenakere village of Mandy a dist with 21 sericulturists. All the sericulturists in the village were covered under the village level demonstration during the winter and rainy seasons. Four crops were covered under the demonstration, the integrated management practice followed was successful in completely preventing white muscardine during the whole rainy and winter seasons in the village. The cocoon yield was also improved by 10 to 18 kg.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Formulation of general bed disinfectant for the prevention of diseases in silkworm rearing-Studies to generate required information for rearing and patenting Vijetha.
Personnel : Selvakumar T, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Nataraju B
Project Period :1996-1998
Objectives :To test the Vijetha, a silkworm body and rearing seat disinfectant formulated for the control of silkworm diseases and to test at field level.
Results/Recommendations :Vijetha was observed to prevent the spread of all common diseases in silkworm rearing. In this study, Vijetha was tested for its shelf life and toxicity to mammals. The studies on shelf life of Vijetha under different climatic conditions viz., hot and humid (Eluru), hot and dry (Salem), cool and humid (Mysore) and cool and dry (Coonoor) were conducted for period of 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months. Vijetha was stored under different climatic conditions for different periods and tested for its effectiveness against different silkworm pathogens following bioassay method. The results indicate that the effectiveness of the product stored upto 12 months on par with the fresh product. However 15 and 18 months storage has resulted in reduced effectiveness. Toxicity of the product to mammals was studied using mice as experimental animal. Topical application, forced consumption and inhalation of the bed disinfectant did not cause mortality, itching/irritation or abnormal behaviour and symptoms of toxicity in mice.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field trials of immunodiagnostic kit developed for the early detection of nuclear polyhedrosis in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Sivaprasad V, Datta RK
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :To study the early morphological symptoms of NPV to detect the diseases using immunodiagnostic kit as a tool.
Results/Recommendations :The tests were conducted once each at early instar (2nd instar) and late instar (5th instar). Out of these, 37 samples were positive and 67 negative to nuclear polyhedrosis infection. No false positives were noticed although two false negative were recorded. The assay detects 2 days post-infection in silkworms.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-97
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field trials of immunodiagnostic kit developed for the detection of infectious flacherie in silkworm (DBT).
Personnel : Sivaprasad V, Nataraju B, Datta RK
Funding Source :Department of Biotechnology
Project Period :1996-1998
Objectives :To study the Polyclonal based, colloidal dye based dipstick immunoassay and protein A linked latex antisera (PALLAS) tests for field for the detection of infectious flacherie of silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :The results of validation trails with respect to disease level, disease developed and yield was inconsistent. However, no BmIFV infection during early instar has always lead to successful harvest. The level of BmIFV infection was insignificant. All the five batches which were test positive to BmIFV infection during early instar has led to crop failure to the extent that five out of nine crops failed to yield or yielded cocoons less than 10 kg/100 dfls. Further validation is essential to determine the possibility of using the kit as a tool for suggestion of rejection of infected crop or otherwise.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of diagnostic methods and control measures against viral diseases.
Personnel : Selvakumar T, Nataraju B, Utsumi S
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :To study the tolerance of silkworms to different pathogens in variable characters which depends on inherent and environmental factors.
Results/Recommendations :Result of the study indicated that new bivoltine hybrid races CSR2 x CSR4 and CSR2 x CSR5 were comparatively less susceptible than pure bivoltine races.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-97
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Development of diagnostic methods and control measures against microsporidian diseases.
Personnel : Ananthalakshmi KVV, Baig M, Datta RK
Project Period :1996-1998
Objectives :To study the diagnostic methods for microsporidians belonging to Nosema sp. NIK2r, NIK3h and Vairimorpha sp. NIK4m, isolated from silkworm, Bombyx mori.
Results/Recommendations : Diagnostic methods for microsporidians belonging to Nosema sp. NIK2r, NIK3h and Vairimorpha sp. NIK4m, isolated from silkworm, Bombyx mori were studied for their site of infection by histological staining.
The antibodies were observed specific to Nosema bombycis spore surface protein and sub-typed as belonging to immunoglobulin class 1gG using sub-typing kit (Boehringer monuhein). The immunoglobulin was employed in identification of microsporidians. They were specific in detection of epitopes on Nosema bombycis spores.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-97
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of genomic library with heterologous gene probes for antibacterial, antiviral and alpha amylase genes.
Personnel : Chitra S, Datta RK
Project Period :1996-1998
Objectives :To screen genomic library with heterologous gene probes for antibacterial, antiviral and alpha amylase genes.
Results/Recommendations : Genomic library was constructed in phage vector with the DNA of Nistari and NB1.
Genomic library was plated on NZY agar using XL1 blue MRA (P2) strain of E.coli. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 18h and the plaques were lifted on nylon membrane. The membranes were processed and hybridized with the above said radiolabelled clones. Prominent hybridization signals were obtained with BmcecB 19 and PCPGD1 clones. The colonies that showed signal were eluted in SM buffer, purified and stored at -80°C in DMSO.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Identification of new disinfectants suitable for disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing in open and rearing cum dwelling houses-Field evaluation of chlorine dioxide as disinfectant for disinfection and hygiene in silkworm rearing.
Personnel : Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Selvakumar T
Project Period :1996-1998
Objectives :To evaluate the disinfectant in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu farmers.
Results/Recommendations : Field evaluation was conducted with farmers under RSRSs of CSR&TI, Mysore in the southern states of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. 500 ppm chlorine dioxide + 0.5% slaked lime solution was used as wash/spray disinfectant in disinfection of rearing house, appliances and in maintenance of hygiene during rearing. The result was compared with control where incomplete or no disinfection and hygiene was followed. The result of the evaluation studies covering 200 farmers (27,857 dfls) indicated improvement in cocoon yield by 14.57 kg/100 dfls. The cost benefit ratio was 1:6.
Project Outcome :The methodology followed in the field trial was made into a technology and handed over to M/s Vetcare, Division of Tetragaon Chemic Ltd., Bangalore on consultancy agreement. The technology is also being popularized in the field through Department of Sericulture in different states.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Comparative study on the efficacy of different bed disinfectants on control of diseases during silkworm rearing.
Personnel : Latha R, Rajan RK
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :To test the efficacy of different bed disinfectants during rearing and its effect on cocoon yield and disease incidence.
Results/Recommendations :It is concluded that there was significant variation among the treatments because of its effectiveness. "Vijetha" is a better product by giving an increase of 6.52 kg yield/100 dfls in laboratory conditions. Since the rearing was conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions, the effect of bed disinfectants was not much pronounced but in the field and farmers conditions the effect may be more, as the germ load is more in the field conditions. It also indicates the importance of using bed disinfectants during silkworm rearing for preventing secondary contamination.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 1997
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :On farm trials-Testing of efficacy of bed disinfectant “Vijetha”. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel :Mary Flora CA, Shekar MA, Vijayaraghavan K
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives : To test the efficacy of bed disinfectant “Vijetha” at field level.
Results/Recommendations :Testing was done with 10 farmers in 5 trials. The average data indicated an increased yield of 18.441 kg/100 dfls.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Use of plant extracts for prevention of nuclear polyhedrosis of silkworm Bombyx mori L-Screening of anti-viral plant extracts against BmNPV of silkworm.
Personnel : Virendra Kumar, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives : To screen plants for anti BmNPV activity in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Extract from plants was tested against BmNPV infection in silkworm for its anti-viral activity. Many of them were observed to be effective at different degrees, while 8 of them were graded as most effective against nuclear polyhedrosis. These 8 plant extracts were further screened for identification of the best among them for utilization to control the disease at field level. Silkworms in 4th instar were fed on plant extract and challenged with BmNPV (1x106 polyhedra/ml) by per oral inoculation (treatment1). In another set of experiment the larvae were inoculated with BmNPV (1x106 polyhedra/ml) and then fed on the plant extract (treatment 2). Plant L2 provided a survival of 90.00% in treatment 1 and in treatment 2, plant L3 gave similar level of survival. Other plants offered survival of between 70-84.5% survival except one which gave 88.00% survival. The survival in inoculated control (IC) was 44.67% and 5.03% with respect to treatment 1 and 2.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98, Directory of Concluded Projects of CSR&TI, Mysore-2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the effect of systemic fungicide on pathological changes in silkworms infected with Beauveria bassiana .
Personnel :Mallikarjuna B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :To estimate the effect of systemic fungicide on biochemical changes in the haemolymph of silkworm infected with Beauveria bassiana
Results/Recommendations :The biochemical changes in the haemolymph of silkworm infected with Beauveria bassiana shows increase in the total protein content and decrease in total carbohydrate and total lipids as the infection progress. In the case of systemic fungicide treated batches the increase in total protein contents and decrease in the total carbohydrate and lipids were comparatively less.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation,1998
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the synergism of Streptococcus bacteria and BmDNV1 in causation of flacherie in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Prabha BS, Selvakumar T
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :To understand the possible prevalence of synergism between BmDNV1 and Streptococcus bacteria.
Results/Recommendations :It is concluded that BmDNV1 and Streptococcus bacteria cause increase mortality with flaccid condition (Flacherie) by their synergistic association. The incubation period will also be reduced to cause early mortality.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation,1998
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :On farm trials-Disinfection with Chlorine dioxide. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel :Mary Flora CA, Thirunavukkarasu T, Govindaiah, Vijayaraghavan K
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives : To test the efficacy of general disinfectant Chlorine dioxide at field level.
Results/Recommendations :3 trials have completed with 10 farmers and increased cocoon yield of 8.026 kg/100 dfls was recorded. Disease incidence was also considerably reduced by using chlorine dioxide.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :On farm trials-Detection of NPV and IFV by dipstick immunoassay. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel : Mary Flora CA, Thirunavukkarasu T, Govindaiah, Vijayaraghavan K
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives: To test the efficacy of NPV and IFV detection dipstick immunoassay at farmers level.
Results/Recommendations : All the larval samples tested were positive for IFV and NPV infection. Larval samples of ten crops were tested for IFV infection both in 2nd and 5th instar. All the crops tested were positive for IFV infection. Out of 10 crops tested one crop which has 5 positive in first test itself was rejected in 3rd instar due to unequal. The farmers who have got 3-4 positives and 5-6 positives had harvested on an average of 51.76 kg and 45.13 kg/100 dfls respectively. In the second test, the larval samples were tested only in the 2nd instar (10 groups each). 10 farmers who are not using Vijetha were selected out of 10 samples tested. 9 were positive for IFV and one was negative.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Verification, demonstration and popularization of bivoltine disease control technology.
Personnel :Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Sharma SD
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives : To advocate silkworm disease control technology for bivoltine silkworm, proposed by the silkworm pathology laboratory verified for effectiveness with farmers.
Results/Recommendations :The second trial involving 131 farmers with 25,380 dfls of productive hybrids, CSR2 x CSR5 and CSR2 x CSR4 resulted in an average yield of 70.34 kg/100 dfls. In third (135 farmers and 25,625 dfls) and fourth (131 farmers and 24,625 dfls) trials of CSR2 x CSR5, the average yield of 73.26 and 78.98 kg/100 dfls, respectively was recorded. The crops were healthy throughout the larval period confirming the effectiveness of the technology.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2000-01
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :SDS-PAGE studies on the polyhedral and viral polypeptides of the Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV).
Personnel : Sumathi GS,
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :To distinguish NPVs by making investigations on the polyhedral polypeptides of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis viruses using SDS-PAGE.
Results/Recommendations :
· The purified polyhedra of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus showed hexahedron shape and vary from 0.8-1.2µm in diameter under scanning electron microscopic observations.
· Thousands of virion particles were embedded in a polyhedral body protein matrix and viral particles are covered with protein envelope.
· Viral proteins were purified from virions and solubalised in sample buffer.
· Total of 9 protein bands were observed in viral protein of which four prominent protein bands were appeared in 68, 20, 18 and 15 KD positions.
· There was a single major band at 45 KD was observed in polyhedrin protein.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 1999
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Isolation, infectivity and virulence of pathogenic Aspergillus species.
Personnel : Singh GP, Selva Kumar T, Sharma SD, Selvakumar T
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :To study six Aspergillus sp. isolated during the survey conducted for the prevalence of aspergillosis.
Results/Recommendations :Six Aspergillus sp.were isolated during the survey conducted for the prevalence of Aspergillosis. Three species of Aspergillosis viz., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus tamari and Aspergillus niger were found commonly prevalent in sericultural areas. Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus tamari were pathogenic to silkworms and normally infect early instar larvae (1st, 2nd and 3rd). Aspergillus niger was found non-pathogenic to silkworms. Aspergillus flavus was more virulent than Aspergillus tamarii. The LC50 values for Aspergillus flavus were 3.93 x 103, 8.81 x 105, 1.42 x107 conidia during 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars respectively, whereas for Aspergillus tamarii, the LC50 values were 5.86 x 104, 2.69 x 106, 1.02 x 108 conidia/ml during 1st, 2nd and 3rd instar silkworms, respectively.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1999-2000
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Identification of predisposing factors for infection, multiplication and spread of Aspergillosis in silkworm.
Personnel : Selva Kumar T, Sharma SD, Singh GP
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :To identify the predisposing factors for the prevalence of Aspergillosis indicated that the temperature and humidity predispose the development of the Aspergillosis disease in early instar silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :The study conducted to identify the predisposing factors for the prevalence of Aspergillosis indicated that the temperature and humidity predispose the development of the Aspergillosis disease in early instar silkworms. In vitro culture of Aspergillus flavus & tamarii at different temperatures (22, 25, 28 and 31°C) shows that the growth was more at high temperature (31°C) compared to lower temperature. In vivo studies during 1st & 2nd instar silkworm larvae also indicated that the high temperature (31°C) and high humidity (90%) favours the multiplication of pathogen and development of the disease than low temperature and low humidity.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1999-2000
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the effect of disinfection of mountages on some post cocoon parameters.
Personnel : Gobin Chandra Kalita, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :To study the effect of disinfectants on the post cocoon parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· Chlorine dioxide solution was found to be most suitable disinfectant for disinfection of mountages.
· Formalin is as suitable as chlorine dioxide at 24 hrs and above post disinfection period.
· Bleaching powder solution was observed to affect silk quality at 3-12hrs post disinfection schedule.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 1999
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Technology trials-Detection of silkworm diseases by Dipstick immunosassy. (RSRS, Salem)
Personnel :Mary Flora CA, Thirunavukkarasu T, Vijayaraghavan K
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives : To test the efficacy of NPV and IFV detection dipstick immunoassay at farmers level.
Results/Recommendations :Larval samples were tested only in the 2nd instar. Out of 10 samples tested, 9 were positive for IFV infection and 1 was negative.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on prevalence of aspergillosis in silkworm, Bombyx mori L and its prevention/control-Estimation of prevalence level and quantification of loss due to aspergillosis in silkworm.
Personnel :Singh GP, Selvakumar T, Sharma SD
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives : To estimate the prevalence of aspergillosis in different sericultural areas during different seasons.
Results/Recommendations :Aspergillosis is known to cause considerable mortality in early instar silkworms. The early instar silkworms from 20 farmers each in bivoltine, multivoltine and cross breed area were surveyed during winter season. 15-20% of the crops were found to infected with Aspergillus sp. 50-70% of dust samples and 45-60% excreta samples were found to contain Aspergillus sp. Six Aspergillus strains were isolated from the samples and two were pathogenic to silkworm. The infection level in different crops ranged 12.50-15.25% in bivoltine, 10.20%-12.69% in multivoltine and 10.12-12.70 in cross breeds area during winter season.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on prevalence of Aspergillosis in silkworm, Bombyx mori L and its prevention/control-Susceptibility of silkworm races to isolates of Aspergillus fungi.
Personnel :Selvakumar T, Sharma SD, Singh GP
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives : To find out the susceptibility status of different races against Aspergillosis.
Results/Recommendations :Different breeds of silkworms differ in their susceptibility to diseases. One multivoltine pure race (PM), one bivoltine pure race (NB4D2), one popular multi x bi hybrid (PM x NB4D2) and two new CSR hybrids were screened against Aspergillus infection during 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars. The study, based on LD50 values, revealed NB4D2 as most susceptible (LD50 value 0.96 x 104) for A. flavus, whereas PM x NB4D2 was least susceptible followed by PM. CSR hybrids exhibited the intermediate status of susceptibility possessing LD50 values of 1.78 x 104 and 2.01 x 104, respectively. Similar observations were recorded when the larvae were infected with A. tamarii.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on prevalence of Aspergillosis in silkworm, Bombyx mori L and its prevention/control-Studies on the prevention of Aspergillosis in silkworm.
Personnel :Singh GP, Sharma SD, Selvakumar T
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives : For developing a silkworm body and rearing seat disinfectant against Aspergillosis disease.
Results/Recommendations :Aspergillosis normally occurs during early instars of silkworms and causes crop loss of 1.66-16.04 kg/100 dfls. Hence there is a needs to develop prophylactory measures to prevent the loss and the Eight fungicides viz., salicylic acid, carbendazim 50% WP, triadimefan 25% WP, mancozeb 75% WP, Captaf 50%, formaldehyde, benzoic acid and Vijay neem (commercial neem product) and 10 plant extracts (P1 to P10) were screened in vitro. Effective fungicides and plant extracts were tested in vivo against Aspergillus flavus and A. tamarii and compared with vijatha dusting. Among fungicides, salicylic acid, carbendazim and captaf were found to be effective as 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations. Among the plant products P1 and P3 at 4 and 6% concentration were found effective. The efficacy being higher at later concentration.
Source of Information :Directory of Concluded Projects of CSRTI, Mysore- 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Genetic analysis of resistance to BmNPV in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Sudeshna Basu, Ratna Sen
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :To determine the inheritance of resistance to BmNPV in silkworm, Bombyx mori, utilizing single backcross test.
Results/Recommendations :
· Silkworm breeds significantly differ in their resistance to BmNPV.
· In F1 progeny the resistance dominates over susceptibility.
· The resistance to BmNPV in TX may be controlled by a single major autosomal gene.
· There is also a possibility of minor effect gene(s) present in the Z chromosome, which control the resistance along with the major gene.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2000
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the cross-infectivity of silkworm pathogens to the mulberry leaf roller Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson)
Personnel : Vikas Premzada, Sharma SD
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :To find out the phenomenon of cross infectivity of pathogens from silkworm, Bombyx mori to a recently reported serious pest of mulberry, Diaphania pulverulentalis.
Results/Recommendations :
· Field populations of Diaphania pulverulentalis were found to be infected with microsporidians (30% of the diseased samples). 26% of the samples revealed the presence of the polyhedral bodies of occluded type virus.
· The mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis, a pest of mulberry recently reported from all the three sericultural states of South India can act as a secondary host to Nosema bombycis and play an important role in the epizootiology of pebrine disease in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation,2000-01
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :In vitro screening of plant extracts against Beauveria bassiana.
Personnel : Sheikh Noor-uddin, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To in vitro multiplication of Beauveria bassiana on suitable culture medium.
· To in vitro screening of plant extracts against Beauveria bassiana and determination of their effective concentration.
· Determination of optimum time required for effectiveness of identifeid plant extracts against Beauveria bassiana.
Results/Recommendations :Among 30 plants aqueous extracts tested, Safed AK, Calotropis procera and Walnut, Juglans regia were found effective at 0.5-1.0% at 30 minutes duration.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2000
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Immuno detection of pathogenic Streptococcus sp. of bacteria in the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Iyyappa MP, Nataraju B
Project period :1999-2000
Objectives :To detect specific species of pathogenic Streptococcus bacteria which individually as well as in synergistic association with non-occluded viruses cause flacherie in silkworm by adopting serodiagnostic method.
Results/Recommendations :
· Double antibody Sandwich-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (DAS-ELISA) followed for the detection of Streptococcus faecalis indicated the specific detection of the bacteria. The antibody did not cross react with different isolates of Streptococcus and Bacillus bacteria and silkworm healthy protein.
· However, the response of rabbit to produce the antibody is not satisfactory. The results indicated by DAS-ELISA that the titer of antibody is low. There is need to improve the response of animal to the antigen by standardizing the schedule of immunization and improving the antigen purity.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2000
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on pathogenicity and transmission of microsporidian infecting silkworm breed lamaerin.
Personnel : Vijaya Lakshmi L, Selvakumar T
Project Period : 1999-2000
Objectives :To understand the infection and transmission of microsporidian infecting Lamaerin breed to Lamaerin and other silkworm breeds.
Results/Recommendations :The results concludes that the micrsporidian from Lamaerin infects Lamaerin silkworm breed by secondary infections as well as transovarial means. The same is true with other silkworm breeds. However, it appears that a Lamaerin breeds are comparatively higher in tolerance to infection of spores isolated from Lamaerin, either secondary to transovarial as well as secondary infection.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation,2000
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Identification of ecofriendly and biodegradable products/chemicals having germicidal activity against silkworm pathogens-Formulation of a general, biodegradable and eco-friendly silkworm body and rearing seat disinfectants for prevention of spread of diseases.
Personnel :Chandrasekharan K, Sharma SD, Selvakumar T
Project Period :2000-2004
Objectives :To develop ecofriendly bed disinfectant for the management of silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Of the 34 formulations tested against all the pathogens, two formulations (NBD1 and NBD2) were selected based on their higher efficacy, eco and use friendliness, biodegradability and cost effectiveness. These formulations prevented the spread of disease in silkworm rearing and lowered the mortality due to different diseases by 76.14 and 79.96%.The performance was on par with vijetha (77%) the most popular bed disinfect being used at farmer level. Studies on shelf life of these products indicated that the products were effective upto 6 months storage without loosing their efficacy in house trials have revealed their efficacy in the prevention of spread of all common disease with no adverse effect on the economic characters of silkworm. The cost of production works out to be Rs.10.50/kg. The product with the registered name Trishul is under field trial.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2000-04
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Validation of colloidal dye based dipstick immunoassay for detection of infectious flacherie in early instar silkworm rearing.
Personnel : Raghavendra B, Nataraju B
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :To evaluate the immunodiagnostic kit for practical application in management of infectious flacherie in silkworm rearing.
Results/Recommendations :The wide range of disease incidence is due to different intensity of infection in different crops. It is also due to the loss caused by other diseases. However, the results of the study demonstrates the potential of the diagnostic kit in detection of BmIFV infection in early instar and its practical utility in management of flacherie disease in silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2001
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the application method of systemic fungicide for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing.
Personnel : Monalisa Dutta, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :To suggest the suitable schedule and methodology for practical application of the fungicide as a curative measures against white muscardine.
Results/Recommendations :Silkworm are to be fed only 3 times with systemic fungicide immediately after 3rd moult, 4th moult and on 4th day of 5th instar. Spraying the systemic fungicide on mulberry in mulberry garden 6hrs.prior to feeding or spraying fungicide on mulberry in the rearing house, dried and feeding is suitable application method for the control of white muscardine in silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2001
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Laboratory evaluation and on-farm trials of hybrids of NPV tolerant Near Isogenic Lines (NILS).
Personnel : Ashwath SK, Ratna Sen, Morrison MN
Project Period :2001-2003
Objectives :To study the NPV tolerance genes from the multivoltine donor 'TX' introgressed by back cross breeding and ten NPV tolerant Near Isogenic Lines (NILs) of productive bivoltine breeds.
Results/Recommendations :Short-listed hybrids were reared in the laboratory under four trials and the pre/post cocoon parameters data were collected. The hybrids 2N x 5N and 2N x 61N were found superior in terms of higher survival and pre/post cocoon parameters and have been selected for on-farm evaluation.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2002-03
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Formulation of an eco-friendly chemical/product for prevention/suppression of flacherie in silkworm.
Personnel : Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Selvakumar T
Project Period :2001-2004
Objectives : To formulate an eco-friendly chemical/product for prevention/suppression of flacherie in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations : Five plant products (P14, P16, P19, P36 and P40L) at 2% concentration and one antibiotic (A2) at 1,000 ppm identified as effective against streptococcus and staphylococcus sp.of bacteria, BmIFV and BmDNV1 were tested against the combined infection of bacteria and viruses.
A product "Amruth' which suppresses grasserie and flacherie was developed based on the results of this study. It involves the feeding of the product "Amruth" once during second feed of 3rd, 4th and final instar silkworm. The product is to be prepared in water and sprayed/sprinkled to mulberry leaves/shoots at 70ml/kg. The leaves/shoot are to be shade dried for 10-15 minutes and then fed to the silkworm.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2001-02
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of different bed disinfectants for their efficacy against spread of diseases in the rearing of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Irfan Illahi, Sharma SD
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :To determine the comparative efficacy of various bed disinfectants available in the market against different silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :The study emphasizes the fact that the bed disinfectants should be judiciously selected based on the type of disease prevalent in a particular season and area. Most of the pathogens are released in the silkworm bed through faecal matter and dead silkworm larvae. The use of silkworm rearing during all seasons to control the spread of disease due to secondary contamination.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2002
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of promising bivoltine hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L for their susceptibility to BmNPV and BmIFV.
Personnel : Hemanth Kumar L, Ratna Sen
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :To screen 7 bivoltine hybrids to two important pathogens viz., BmNPV and BmIFV to assess susceptibility/resistance.
Results/Recommendations :It can be concluded that the productive hybrids CSR12 x CSR6 and CSR2 x CSR4 are the best hybrids on account of their higher resistance to important pathogens like BmNPV causing grasserie and BmIFV causing viral flacherie.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2002
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Screening of promising multivoltine hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L for their susceptibility to BmNPV and BmIFV.
Personnel : Mamatha M, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :To screen 7 promising multivoltine hybrids for their susceptibility to BmNPV and BmIFV and to compare the susceptible status with existing traditional multi x bi hybrid. PM x NB4D2.
Results/Recommendations :It is concluded that among productive hybrids, the Cauvery has shown less susceptibility to BmNPV and moderate susceptibility to BmIFV, can be considered to be most superior and can be exploited commercially.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2002
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Analysis of sequence homologues of BmNPV and AcMNPV as well as structural implication of BmNPV infection in Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Arnab Bhattacharjee, Manju Bansal, Virendra Kumar
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :A detailed analysis of BRO (Baculovirus Repeated Open Reading Frames) genes present in Bm NPV and AcMNPV.
Results/Recommendations :
· The observations revealed that the aminoacid sequences of almost 115 ORFs are highly conserved within the Bm NPV genome with an average identity of 92%. The main difference between the BmNPV genome and the AcMNPV genome lied in the presence of 4 BRO (Baculovirus Repeated ORFs) predicted genes in the BmNPV genome, while AcMNPV had only one BRO gene.
· Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the bro genes of BmNPVand AcMNPV can be subdivided into three categories. Ac Bro and Bro-d can be in one category, Bro-a and Bro-c can be in another category and Bro-b and Bro-e can be kept in the third category.
· Because of close relatedness of these sub-categories of the bro genes we can conclude that Bro-a and Bro-c genes in BmNPV genome are orthologous and are paralogous to other BRO genes.
· The coiled coil regions of the GP64 of BmNPV were predicted using the coils program which showed that a highly coiled region lies from 313 aa to 364 aa which is covering the previously mentioned hydrophobic domain with the leucine zipper motif which actually forms the coiled coil structures and is important for membrane fusion during the attachment of BmNPV in silkworm tissues.
· Both the N-terminus and the C-terminus of the GP64 protein of BmNPV helps the budded virions to anchor in the silkworm cells and spread the infection throughout the haemocoel of the silkworm and the extra cellular region of the protein in the fusion time may be targeted to check the spread of BmNPV infection in silkworm tissues.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2002
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on nuclear polyhedrosis as a biotic cause for post cocoon mortality in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Sudipta Mukherjee, Chandrasekharan K, Nataraju B
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :
· To study the role of BmNPV as a biotic cause for melting in silkworm rearing.
· To study the probable stages of larval infection, which is leading to the post, cocoon mortality.
· To find out larval mortality due to different doses of BmNPV inoculum at different larval stages.
· To find out the pupation rate in BmNPV affected silkworm larvae.
· To find out the influence of BmNPV inoculation on the different larval characters like mature larva weight, total larval duration and 5th instar larval duration.
· To find out the effect on different cocoon characters like shell weight, cocoon weight, shell ratio% in the cocoons formed by the BmNPV inoculated silkworm larvae.
Results/Recommendations :
· The batches which were inoculated with lower dosage of inoculum (1x103 POB/ml) showed lower incidence of post cocoon mortality (2.33-11.33%) while the larvae inoculated with higher dosage of inoculum (1x107 POB/ml) show higher incidence of post cocoon mortality (19.33-66.33%). The larval batches that were inoculated with moderate dosage of inoculum (1x105 POB/ml) showed medium results (14-52.33%). It is noteworthy that the batches of larvae, which were inoculated during the other stages (33-38%). The batches, which were administered with 1x103 POB/ml dosage of inoculum showed least % of post cocoon mortality.
· Minimum larval weight (44g) was obtained when the larvae administered with 1x103 POB/ml of BmNPV.
· Larval duration was not affected significantly with the inoculation of 1x103 POB/ml at any stages of larval period.
· Even though there were slight variations in single cocoon weight and single shell weight, BmNPV inoculum showed no significant influence on the shell ratio percentage.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertation, 2003
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Effect of salicylic acid on suppression of nuclear polyhedrosis and white muscardine in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Piyali Sinha, Nataraju B, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :To understand the resistance inducing ability of salicylic acid on the two disease of silkworm viz., nuclear polyhedrosis and white muscardine.
Results/Recommendations :
· Feeding of 200 ppm of salicylic acid to the silkworm reduced the mortality due to grasserie and the maximum reduction was 49.29% over inoculated control.
· Feeding of 125 ppm of salicylic acid to the silkworm reduced mortality due to white muscardine the maximum reduction was 68.99% over inoculated control.
· This indicated that feeding of salicylic acid to silkworm might induce resistance ability against grasserie and white muscardine.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertations, 2003
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Role of environmental factors on the induction of BmNPV in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Shashidhara M, Selvakumar T, Sharma DD
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :To study the effect of high/low temperature stress during different instars on the induction of grasserie in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :It can therefore be concluded that temperature plays an important role in the induction of grasserie. However, when there is no BmNPV virus present in the silkworm rearing, no grasserie incidence occurs either at high temperature or low temperature during different instars of silkworm. Study confirm that temperature instars of silkworm study confirm that temperature higher or lower than 25°C acts as a stress factor and increases the susceptibility of the silkworm to viral infections.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertations, 2003
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the effects of phytoecdysteroid on disease incidence, melting and economic characters of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Mithilesh Kar, Sudhakara Rao P
Project Period :2004-2005
Objectives :To study the effect of phytoecdysteroid (Sampoorna) on disease incidence, melting and economic characters of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations :It is concluded that the most advantageous use of phytoecdysteroid is the induction of uniform spinning behaviour which will not only make the management of mounting easier, but also the harvesting and marketing of cocoons at appropriate time. Phytoecdysteroid usage is a labour saving method for increasing the cocoon yield.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertations, 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Field trials of new silkworm body and rearing seat disinfectant, NBD1 and NBD2 against the spread of disease in silkworm rearing.
Personnel : Veeraiah TM, Qadri SMH, Amarnath S, Choudhury CC, Gururaj R, Subba Rao M, Narendra Kumar JB, Punithavathy G, Balavenkatasubbaiah M, Selvakumar T, Chandrasekharan K, Nataraju B, Sharma DD,
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :The efficacy of the two new silkworm body and rearing seat disinfectants (NBD1 and NBD2) against the spread of diseases in silkworm rearing was tested at farmers rearing was tested at farmers level at different locations.
Results/Recommendations :The trial involved dusting of new bed disinfectants once after every moult and once on 3rd and 5th day of 5th instar. The trial was conducted with the following treatments. A total of 145 farmers were covered under the trial. T1=Disinfection of rearing house and maintenance of hygiene + dusting of NBD1.
T2= Disinfection of rearing house and maintenance of hygiene + dusting of NBD2.
T3=Disinfection of rearing house ad maintenance of hygiene + dusting of Vijetha.
The results of the three trials received from RSRSs indicated that the performance of these new disinfectants was on par with Vijetha in their efficacy in preventing the spread of diseases during rearing.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2003-05
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Studies on the effect of BmDNV1 infection on biochemical parameters in resistant and susceptible breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Siraj Monir, Balavenkatasubbaiah M
Project Period :2004-2005
Objectives :To study the influence of infection on biochemical parameters.
Results/Recommendations :The present study confirmed that H330 and C-Nichi breeds were resistant and CSR2 and Pure Mysore were susceptible to BmDNV1. There was significant morphological changes and mortality in susceptible breeds compared to resistant breeds.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertations, 2005
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Project No:CSM
Organization :Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore.
Project Title :Inducation of stress proteins due to Bm NPV in silkworm Bombyx mori L races analyzed by SDS PAGE.
Personnel : Justin Kumar, Srikumar S
Project Period :2004-2005
Objectives :To understand the nature of pathogen induced protein synthesis rendering tolerance against pathogen stress in tropical and temperate silkworm strains as preliminary attempt.
Results/Recommendations :
· An infection specific (BmNPV) protein synthesis was observed.
· After 9-24 hpi and 72 hpi excessive expression of 68-97 kDa protein, which may have a definitive role in biotic stress tolerance.
· The animals exhibited race dependent and sex dependent protein kinetics under NPV infection Novel protein synthesis immediately after pathogen inoculation was observed in CSR2.
· The newly synthesized proteins did not match the molecular weight of known viral proteins.
· New protein bands in the molecular weight range of 68-79 kDa and 29-43 kDa possibly represent Hsp70 and Hsp35.
Source of Information :M.Sc.Dissertations, 2005
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