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Executive Summary

A Project entitled, 'Preparation of Directory of Completed Sericulture Projects and Sericulture experts of India', sponsored by Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, was implemented at Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Thalaghattapura, Bangalore during 2005-2008 with an objective to bring out comprehensive directories on the Sericulture Research Projects implemented, Experts working in the field of Sericulture, Technologies Developed and Publications brought out. Periodical guidelines were sought from the Local Project Advisory Committee (LPAC) during the project period in addition to a mid term appraisal workshop. The brief outcome of the resourced information is given below.

As envisaged in the project the directories are brought out in four parts, namely ;

Part I : Directory of Sericulture Projects (Vol.I & II)

Part II : Directory of Sericulture Experts

Part III : Directory of Sericulture Technologies and

Part IV : Directory of Sericulture Publications.

Part I : Directory of Sericulture Projects

· The Directory of Sericulture Projects contains the resourced information of completed R & D sericulture projects of India of more than 60 years (1944-2006) and in 2 volumes.

· Information from 56 organizations (20 R & D Institutes, 29 universities and colleges, 2 NGOs and 1 financing institution (NABARD)) totaling to 4716 projects have been documented in this directory.

· The directory provides the information of Project title, Name of the Organization, Personnel involved, Project period, Objectives, Results/Recommendations, Project outcome (if available) and Source of information.

· The directory also gives subject and author index at the end.

· Mulberry silkworm has been extensively studied in as many as 2243 projects followed by the work on the food plant, mulberry in 1409 projects. Non-mulberry sericulture research was carried out in 400 projects followed by the studies o silk technology (396) and sericulture extension (253).

· This directory also provides the information on the projects which were incomplete as additional information at the end of respective organizations.

· Among the institutes, CSR&TI, Mysore rank the top position with 2223 projects followed by KSSRDI, Bangalore (361) and CSR&TI, Pampore (327) and CSR&TI, Berhampore (306).

· Universities initiated R & D projects from 1980 onwards and their priorities on sericulture R & D have been lowered at present.

· Scientists those who have initiated work on socioeconomic issues of sericulture industry have discontinued taking up sericulture related projects.

Chapter I

Indian Sericulture and Research - An Overview

The origin of silk is as mystique as silk itself. Various documents indicate that the silk originated in China during 2800 BC. In the Vedic period, dating back to about 5000 BC, the silk and silk garments were known to the Indian people. Dr. Varthak opines that the great epic war of Mahabharatha was started on 16th October 5561 BC and the epic was written during 5480 BC. In Mahabharatha, there is vivid description about silk and silk garments. Lord Krishna was described as always clad in Kashi Pitambara (silk of Banaras). There are sporadic references to Kashmir silk and Bengal silk. The survey of Indian Silk Industry in India was carried out by Prof. H M Lefroy during 1915-16, and Later by Mr. R C Rawlley (1919). Lefroy describes that, “Silk was produced in India before Christian era. During this period the silkworm was referred to as Indian worm, indicating the presence of silk producing industry in India. If the Christian authors of the 4th and the following centuries derived their knowledge of silkworm from Indian worm, it is possible that India was the principal source from which the migration of silkworm commenced during the early centuries of the Christian era.” Ad-Damiri (1341-1405) in the document “Hayat-al-Hayawan” (a zoological lexicon), describes that “As to the silkworm, it is called Indian worm, is one of the most wonderful creatures”. It is supposed that Arabs obtained the silkworm from India during early years of Christian era. Two monks who lived for some time in India, learnt the art of silkworm rearing and silk reeling, introduced the technique to Constantinople (the then Byrantium) during 553 AD.

India is the only country which has all the four kinds of silk namely, domesticated mulberry silk (Bombyx mori), semi domesticated eri silk (Philosamia ricini), wild tasar silk (Antheraea mylitta) and exclusive wild golden muga silk (Antheraea assama).

Among the mulberry silks, Banaras silk, Kashmir silk and Mysore silk were the three geographical indicator silk categories which are famous even today. Historians and researchers believe that these are the three places which are epicenters of origin of silk industry in India. Mr. M Giraud, in “Les Origines de la soie” ,indicates that silk was first introduced to Kotan (part of North-Eastern India) by a princess, by concealing in her head-dress during 140 BC. Later it spread to Kashmir and other Northern India. In 1710, East India Company introduced a new variety of mulberry silkworm in Bengal. This is the first record of research and development of sericulture in India. In 1769, East India Company introduced a new improved method of silk reeling in Bengal. In 1771, Bengal Government obtained new silkworm breeds and varieties of mulberry from China. In 1772, first filature was established in Murshidabad of West Bengal by British.

The “Tiger of Mysore” Tippu Sultan is the father of Mysore silk. In 1785, he sent people to Bengal to learn sericulture and to establish the same in Mysore Kingdom. He wanted ‘Mysore to be the foremost among silk producing nations’. The dream of this great ruler became true during the later period. In 1860, a filature was established in Bangalore by an Italian industrialist. During this period, many types of cross breed layings were produced by the filature between Indian and Italian or Chinese or Japanese varieties. This was the most difficult period for sericulture all over the world. Due to the outbreak of pebrine disease, the industry almost collapsed. In Bengal and Kashmir, the industry was completely wiped out. But in Mysore the industry subsisted. As a consequence, most of the exotic varieties were perished. But the local race, Pure Mysore remained stable through this period even till today.

Mysore sericulture industry was of considerable importance because, sericulture industry in Bengal was decreasing due to fall in prices of raw silk, excessive rent charged for mulberry land, disease of silkworm, competition from other crops and withdrawal of European firms from silk trade with India. The industry had almost died out by about 1866 and was temporarily helped by import of seed from Japan. But the Mysore race of silkworms held its own position till the end. The Industry began to revive about 1890 but again declined during about 1914-15. The depression and uneconomic competition from outside since 1929, hit the industry very hard.

In 1896, the great industrialist Sir J.N.Tata established a Silk Farm in Bangalore with a filature attached to it in Japanese pattern with the help of Sri. K. Sheshadri Ayyar, the Diwan of Mysore. He got the technical expertise from a Japanese couple Mr.and Mrs. Odzou, who gave scientific outlook for the sericulture industry. Mr. Odzu trained Sri. V.M.Appadhorai Mudaliar and Sri. Lutchman Rao for a period of one year in this farm.

In 1912, Mysore recognized the need for organizing seed supply on the modern lines of Pasteur’s system. The Architect of Mysore, Sir M.Vishveshwaraiah, gave much importance to sericulture in rural development. He hired the services of Signor Washington Mari from Italy to organize and develop silk industry in Mysore in 1913. He made available 12 varieties of pure European and Chinese silkworms to conduct experiments in Mysore (now Karnataka). Under the guidance of Signor Mari, Appadhorai Mudaliar conducted native environment breeding experiments in Channapatna (70 km from Bangalore). They successfully developed many cross breed combinations between females of Mysore Local (Pure Mysore) and European and Chinese races, which were far superior to their parents.

Research for improvement of cocoons has been carried on since 1913. European, Chinese and Japanese univoltine and bivoltine races of silkworm and hybrids between Mysore race and these foreign races have been tried on an extensive scale. In 1914, Signor Mari shifted the headquarters to Bangalore, and Mr Mudaliar continued to carry out the breeding program in Channapatna Farm. At the same time, the Department of Sericulture was established in Mysore state (now part of Karnataka) and Signor Washington Mari became the first Director of Sericulture in 1916.

In 1919, Mysore state employed a Japanese expert who conducted experiments and found that multivoltines could not stand economic competition against univoltines and bivoltines and further the univoltines and bivoltines could not be acclimatized to tropical climate for industrial rearing. He had also found that a cross between the multivoltines or bivoltines gave superior results compared to UV or BV. A number of foreign races were brought from Japan in 1923 and in 1930, by two officers of Sericulture Dept deputed to Japan. The Govt. of Mysore established a Spun silk Factory in Channapatna in 1936.

In 1940, All India Sericulture Conference was held at Luknow, under the auspices of the Imperial Sericultural Committee. It was resolved in the conference that a Central Sericultural Research Institute should be started immediately and to be located in the State of Mysore. Accordingly, the Central Silk Board was constituted by an Act of Parliament on 9th April, 1949. The research projects envisaged in the conference were,

I. Moriculture :

· Investigation on alternative silkworm feed

· Manurial pot and plot experiments.

· Study on spacing of plants.

· Comparative study on various topiary practices and cultivation.

· Study on rooting in different varieties, manorial conditions, systems of planting.

· Study on methods of preservation and transport of mulberry leaves.

· Water requirement of several varieties of mulberry.

2. Sericulture :

· Comparative efficiency of various foreign races for crossing with Mysore race.

· Study on factors influencing degeneration of foreign races.

· Breeding vigorous and high yielding hybrids adaptable to local environment.

· Improvement of locals races by selection.

· Effect of mulberry leaves of different ages, varieties etc on silkworm.

· Study on spacing in different races, hybrids to seasonal conditions.

· Study on methods of feeding, chopped leaf, shoots, branches.

· Study on conditions influencing simultaneous hatching of eggs.

· Influence of temperature, humidity, oxygen and carbon dioxide on the development of worms.

· Determination of nutritive value of different varieties of mulberry leaf.

· Study on spacing in cocoonages for different races.

· Different types of cocoonages.

· Determination of optimum period for harvesting of cocoons.

3. Engineering and Reeling

4. Grainage Section

5. Biochemistry

6. Plant Physiology and Genetics

7. Insect Physiology and Animal Genetics and

8. Pathology.

In 1951 (14th to 18th June), the Government of Mysore (now Karnataka), held a second Seminar on Sericulture at Nandi Hills (60 kms from Bangalore). The deliberations in the seminar gave a big boost to the research and development in sericulture. The research objectives outlined in the seminar were,

• Improvement of mulberry both in respect of quality and cost by increasing the yield of leaf per acre.
• Producing cocoons that yield higher quantity.
• Producing better quality silk by inventing machinery which would produce high grade silk at reduced costs.

The outcome of the research activities across the country from 1944 to 2006 has been recorded in this directory.

The Mulberry silk Industry was widely distributed in Mysore, Madras (Kollegal Taluk), Jammu & Kashmir, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Coorg. In Non-mulberry sector, Assam (Eri and Muga), Bihar (Eri and Tassar), Madhya Pradesh (Tassar), Orissa (Tasar) and West Bengal (Eri and Tasar) practiced sericulture. (Names of the Places and States indicated here were the names in vogue during the reference period).

In addition to the Government set up, 133 aided grainages, 7 sericulture co-operative societies, 12 sericulture associations, 7 filatures and about 5000 charakas were established.

In Madras State, sericulture was practiced in Kollegal and Tlawadi firka in Coimbatore district and in Hosur. There is a Hill station in Coonoor and Nilgiris for the purpose of raising basic univoltine seed of the silkworm.

West Bengal (WB) : In 19th century, West Bengal exported large quantities of silk to foreign countries. Malda, Murshidabad, Birbhum, Bankura, Midnapur, Naida and 24 Parganas practiced sericulture. Sericulture was declining due to fall in prices and foreign competition. The races reared were,

• Nistari : 15 April to 15 October,
• Nistid and Nismo : 16 October to 14 April,
• Barapolu (Indigenous univoltine) : February and March.

Burma : Along with Bengal sericulture in Burma flourished but had greatly declined owing to the competition of large imports of superior raw silk. The burmese silkworm was Bombyx arracanensis, a multivoltine giving white and yellow cocoons.

Jammu and Kashmir : Mirza Haider’s report “Tarik-i-Rashidi” (~1550) indicates that mulberry trees were cultivated for feeding silkworm and it was among the wonders of Kashmir. Abul-Fazal, in “Ain-i-Akbari”an administration report and statistical returns of Akbar’s Govt.) (1590).describes that ‘ Mulberry was little eaten in Kashmir, its leaves were reserved for silkworm, the silkworm eggs were brought form Gilgit and little Tibet’. However, during the 17th to 18th century, the history of Kashmir silk was unknown. The focus of silk industry in India shifted to Bengal. In Jammu, Sericulture was reintroduced in 1909. Univoltine race is reared in commercial scale. Tree mulberry was cultivated instead of bush. All the mulberry trees were planted by the Government.

Assam : The basic seed of univoltine (UV) and bivoltine (BV) was raised in the hill stations at Shillong and multiplied in Jawai and Shillong Silk Farms. The system closely followed Mysore System.

East Punjab : Was a univoltine area.

Uttar Pradesh (UP) : Introduced sericulture in 1948 in Dehra Dun District.

Himachal Pradesh : Introduced sericulture in 1951.

Bihar : Sericulture was practiced in bordering districts of Malda of West Bengal, in about 150 acres of mulberry.

Bombay : Sericulture was introduced in 1823 and died in 1843. In 1941, Sri Ramnath of Mysore was employed by Govt. of Bombay to revive silk industry.

Madhya Pradesh (MP) : Based on the reports of Mr. N. Rama Rao sericulture was introduced in 1949-50. The seed was obtained from Mysore and Madras.

Andhra Pradesh : Hyderabad state started sericulture in 1948 in Hindupur and Chittur.

Manipur : It is claimed that sericulture was very old to Manipur.

Coorg : Govt. of Coorg started sericulture in Kudgi during 1948.

Chapter II

Introduction

Sericulture’ is an art and science of rearing of silkworms to produce cocoons and silk. This activity, apart from the rearing of silkworms, also involves growing of mulberry leaf the only feed for silkworms, reeling of silk yarn from cocoons, weaving the silk yarn and further processing it to produce the silk fabric. There are many more ancillary activities encompassing the sericulture activity such as silkworm egg production, fabrication of rearing appliances, production of organic manures, development of irrigation methods, fabrication of garden machineries, waste silk units, byproduct utilization units etc. Silk is the natural textile fiber and accounts for 0.2% of the textiles in the world. Though accounting for a meager quantity in textile sector, silk attracts the user by its glamour, elegance, richness and beauty. The production of raw silk and silk fabrics are limited to only a few countries in the world of which China occupies the first place and India, the second. Other countries such as Japan, Russia and countries of former USSR, Korea, Iran, Thailand, Vietnam, Brazil, Turkey, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, also contribute to the world silk production. Silk goods from India are exported to major countries like USA, Germany, UK, Italy, France, Spain, Canada, Australia, Switzerland, Greece, Netherlands, UAE, Belgium, Denmark, Austria, Portugal and few others. There has been a strong market for the silk and silk goods in the International level. The demand for silk goods is expected to exist as long as the human race appreciates its wearing.

Sericulture is an important means for the socio-economic development of the rural masses and provides an ideal opportunity for developing countries having a major rural sector. It is a highly labour intensive, profit oriented, low input indoor activity that gives frequent periodicity of economic returns. It is also well suited for the women folk of rural sector. An acre of irrigated mulberry provides employment to 5 persons throughout the year and earns net returns of around Rs.60,000 per year which is substantial compared to other similar crops. It also provides major occupation for the moisture deficit tracts of rainfed agriculture in the tropics.

Indian sericulture industry : Sericulture in India is unique by itself producing all the four varieties of silk namely Mulberry and Vanya (Tasar, Eri and Muga) silks. Of the four varieties of silk, mulberry silk accounts for 91% and the balance is shared by other varieties. Mulberry raw silk is produced mainly in the States of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu in the tropical zone and West Bengal and Jammu and Kashmir in the sub-tropical and temperate zones and these are called the traditional states. These five states account for nearly 98.7% of the total mulberry raw silk production of the country. Out of the five traditional States producing mulberry raw silk, Karnataka is in the forefront contributing 56.8% to the raw silk production of the country. The second position is occupied by the state of Andhra Pradesh contributing 28.9% of the raw silk.

India is producing about 15,000 metric tonnes of raw silk annually creating employment to over 6 million people directly and indirectly. India is again unique in silk consumption process. About 80% of the total production is consumed locally. The traditional pattern of dress, weaving and the raw silk consumption for manufacture of these fabrics contribute for the bulk utilization. Hence there is sufficient domestic market for the silk produced in the country. India is earning foreign exchange of over Rs. 2000 crores annually. Further efforts are being made to produce bivoltine raw silk of export quality for transaction in the International raw silk market.

It is to be mentioned here that at the Global level, India is the only country which is steadily increasing its production of raw silk year by year. Other countries have recorded a declining trend. With this situation, the demand and supply gap will increase and thus India has a good opportunity to expand the Industry and produce more and more silk to reduce this gap and to make a dent in the world raw silk market.

Indian sericulture research : Research is a basic requirement and is a continuous process for the development of any industry and it is so for sericulture. Central and State sector Research Institutes (Fig 1) have largely contributed for sericultural development through several technologies evolved during the last few decades.

Major focus of research is given to labor reduction, yield and quality improvement programs in mulberry leaf production, silkworm rearing and post cocoon sectors. Continuous efforts in research have contributed for developing few high yielding mulberry varieties with improved nutrition. High productive bivoltine and multivoltine silkworm races have also been evolved to replace the old low yielding local races. Technologies related to mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing and disease and pest management have also been vital for increased production.

Despite implementation of many research projects in sericulture, there is no compiled information on the projects and findings is lacking at the State or at the Central Govt. level as a document. This is a drawback for further planning and development of the industry. The present project is aimed at documentation of these projects details in well compiled form and hence the proposal.

A number of research and extension projects have been implemented for the development of sericulture industry in India. The research findings have contributed a great deal for sericulture development in the form of higher productivity and quality. Over the past three decades the production of cocoons/unit quantity of seed has tripled while the mulberry leaf production per hectare has doubled. All these have been made possible due to technological inputs resulted from intensive research and extension programmes/projects implemented in the country.

The progress achieved over the years in sericulture is the collective effort of the personnel working in the industry. The involvement of the personnel has been at different levels and their individual contributions are worth considering. Scientists in the R & D sector have been mainly involved in developing appropriate and need based technologies to meet the specific requirement of the industry. In addition, many people have been involved in different capacities in sericulture extension, planning, project implementation and in administration of the sericulture industry.

In addition to state and Central Government organizations various voluntary and co-operative groups, non-governmental organizations (NGO’s), self help groups, corporate sectors and multinational organizations have been actively involved in sericulture related developmental programmes during the last two decades. The proposed document will be useful for such organizations to get the state of the art technical know-how from the concerned subject experts.

The need of the project : A number of Research, Development and Extension related projects have so far been implemented in India. These research findings have contributed a great deal for the development of Sericulture Industry in India and elsewhere towards the improvement in quality and productivity. However, the details of these projects in a compiled form are not available either at the regional level or at the national level. Hence the project was envisaged.

About the project : The Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore has implemented the project, “Preparation of Directory of Completed Sericulture Projects and Sericulture Experts of India”, with the financial support from National Science and Technology Management Information System (NSTMIS), Department of Science and Technology, Government of India.

Objectives :

I. To compile and bring out a consolidated directory of completed sericulture projects in India with relevant details (Part-I);

II. To bring out a consolidated profile of Planners, Scientists and Extension personnel involved in the national progress of sericulture industry (Part-II);

III. To compile and bring out a consolidated report on the sericulture technologies evolved in India (Part-III);

IV. To bring out a consolidated information on the literature published on the sericulture related research work carried out in India, in the form of a directory (Part IV);

V. To bring out the directory in the form of book (hard copy), in CD (soft copy) and to launch the directory in the internet (e-copy).

Chapter III

Methodology

Identification of Nodal Project Coordinators : Based on the suggestions of the first Local Project Advisory Committee meeting, 26 Nodal Project Coordinators were identified with the help of the Heads of the Organizations/Departments, to resource the information from different Institutes/Universities throughout the country. The list of the Nodal Project Coordinators and their place of work are given in Annexure-2.

Mid term appraisal workshop : To incorporate the view points of experts in the field for strengthening the project implementation, a one day Mid-term Appraisal workshop was organized on 15th February 2007, by inviting about 50 senior executives from the participating Institutes, Department of Sericulture experts, Professors and others from selected Universities. Dr. R.K. Datta, Director (Retd.) CSRTI, Mysore chaired the session. The outcome of the deliberations and the suggestions offered in the workshop lead to quantum improvement in resourcing the information.

Project implementation : To collect the information on completed sericulture projects, questionnaire (Form 1, Annexure-II) was developed based on the suggestions of the Local Project Advisory Committee (LPAC), approved by the DST. The Principal Investigator of the project toured extensively throughout the country to appraise about the project, to identify Nodal Project Coordinators and to educate them on the formats for resourcing information in the respective Institutions. In addition, the printed formats for collection of data were despatched to all the agencies involved in sericulture research, along with the covering letter explaining the objective and scope of the directory with a request to return the completed format to the Investigator and to circulate the format among colleagues. Since the response was very poor in the initial stage, the formats were sent thrice to the non-respondents at an interval of 3 months in between. During his visits, the Principal Investigator met the Heads of organizations and requested them to give consent to their subordinates to send the required information. The format was made available in the KSSRDI official web-site www.kssrdi.org. The PI, while attending sericulture related workshops and seminars, distributed pamphlets about the project with a request to provide the required information. This was followed-up through regular phone calls and email contacts.

Source of information : The information was resourced from

· Central Sericulture Agencies : The CSB, and its Mulberry silk and VANYA silk related Institutes

· State Sericulture Agencies : State Research Institutes like APSSRDI, KSSRDI and KSRSAC

· Financing Agencies : Swiss Agency for Development and Co-operation, NABARD,PSFA-Govt. of Karnataka, DST, DBT and World Bank

· Universities and colleges and

· NGO’s.

Type of Data :

i) Primary data : The data collected through following sources was classified as Primary data :

· Interaction with the Institutes,

· Down loading from websites, and

· Personal interaction.

ii) Secondary data : The secondary data was collected from

· Annual reports of research organizations,

· Project completion reports, and

· Published literature.

Classification of data :

1. Based on organizations : The collected data were classified based on the organizations like,

· Research Institutes (National and State) and

· NGOs and others.

The information has been grouped under 56 organizations.

MORICULTURE DIVISION

Mulberry breeding and Genetics section

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, conservation and preliminary evaluation of mulberry germplasm varieties-Phase I.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1983-87

Objectives : Collection, conservation and preliminary evaluation of available indigenous and exotic strains of mulberry for various desirable characters and making use of the information in selection of parental lines for breeding programmes/recommending for field multiplication.

Results/Recommendations :Average performance over 9 trials of 3 years in respect of 25 accns. was worked out and based on the departure from general average of a particular parameter, it has been grouped into 5 categories viz., Class I – good (25% and above), Class II – fair (10 to 25%), Class III – average (normal -10 to 10%), Class IV - poor (- 25 to - 10%) and Class lV - very poor (-25% and below), excepting in leaf-water content.

Out of 25 accns. evaluated, accns.1, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 and 24 were found to be more promising genotypes for breeding programmes.

Project Outcome: Accns.1, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 22, 23 and 24 were identified as more promising genotypes to be used for breeding programmes.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of mulberry varieties under irrigated and rainfed conditions.

Personnel : Ravi Kumar C, Chandrakala MV, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 1983-89

Objectives : To evaluate promising mulberry strains in comparison with popular strains under irrigated and rainfed conditions for introduction into the field.

Results/Recommendations :

Under irrigated conditions: Three mulberry varieties, namely, Viswa (DD-Dehra Dun), S54 and TG (Thalaghattapura), with M5 as check were evaluated for 3 years. The pooled data of 3 years revealed that Viswa variety performed best (48,170 kg/ha/yr), followed by S54 variety (46,485 kg/ha/yr), compared to M5 variety (39,395 kg/ha/yr).

Under rainfed conditions: Three mulberry varieties, namely, Viswa, TG and Mysore Local, with M5 as check were evaluated for 3 years. The pooled data of 3 years revealed that Viswa variety performed best (35,505 kg/ha/yr), followed by TG variety (28, 645 kg/ha/yr), compared to M5 variety (28,875 kg/ha/yr).

Project Outcome :Viswa variety was performed better than other varieties both under irrigated and rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1988-89

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, conservation and preliminary evaluation of mulberry germplasm varieties-Phase II.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1987-92

Objectives : Collection, conservation and preliminary evaluation of available indigenous and exotic strains of mulberry for various desirable characters and making use of the information in selection of parental lines for breeding programmes/recommending for field multiplication.

Results/Recommendations : For 29 accns. based on the average values of 9 trials screening was done on the basis of the performance of each parameter under the scoring pattern. Based on this, 3 accns. namely, accns. 46, 49 and 53 were selected out of 29 accns. to make use of them for hybridization programmes.

Project Outcome: Promising 3 genotypes - accns. 46, 49 and 53 were identified to be used for breeding programmes.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1988-89

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on comparative performance of S41-fast growing strain with that of M5 (Coordinated project of the CSB).

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Bongale UD, Chandrakala MV, Venkateshaiah HV, Lingaiah, Mahadevaiah CR

Project Period : 1987-93

Objectives : To study the scope of more number of harvests in S41 mulberry variety.

Results/Recommendations : S41 genotype produced maximum leaf yield with 60 x 30 cm plant spacing, leaf picking method and 6 harvests/yr treatment combination. The leaf yield was maximum in 6 harvests/yr with leaf picking method and 5 shoot harvests/yr with whole shoot harvest method. There was a gradual reduction in leaf yield with increasing frequency of shoot harvests. The rearing performance of S41 genotype with 5-6 whole shoot harvests/yr gave better ERR than 5-6 leaf harvests/yr method. It was concluded that S41 variety gave better performance with 6 harvests/yr under leaf picking method. A closer plant spacing of 60 x 30 cm performed better over that of 60 x 60 cm. However, rearing performance was better with 5 shoot harvests/yr, compared to leaf picking and more number of crops, the varietal differences being non-significant.

Project Outcome: It is advocated that yearly 5 harvests can be made with the whole shoot harvest method and 6 harvests with leaf picking harvest method, under irrigated conditions of southern tropical climate.

This technology can be considered under package of practices for mulberry cultivation under irrigated conditions, in tropics.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1992-93

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Improvement of mulberry through polyploidy breeding.

Personnel :Eswar Rao MS, Dandin SB, Mallikarjunappa RS

Project Period :1989-1996

Objectives :

· Induction of tetraploidy and its confirmation.

· Production of triploids and its confirmation.

· To study the floral morphology, cytology, leaf anatomy, propagation, growth, yield and quality parameters of induced tetraploids and evolved triploids in comparison with diploids.

· Selection of promising triploids and tetraploids for further evaluation/utilization in breeding programme and commercial cultivation.

Results/Recommendations :The study revealed that induced tetraploidy showed poor rooting of cuttings. On the other hand, triploids recorded highest rooting. Maximum rooting was observed in TG 4x and Ber.S1 4x genotypes among tetraploids and I1 and B1 genotypes among triploids.

The triploid genotypes consistently yielded higher leaf yield/plant/crop. Among the tetraploids, except Ber.S1 4x, rest of tetraploids showed less leaf yield/plant/crop.

The leaf area was more in triploids followed by tetraploids and diploid. The triploids showed tht higher leaf water content and leaf water retention, followed by tetraploids and diploids.

The tetraploids recorded maximum values of soluble sugars, soluble proteins and total nitrogen, followed by triploids and diploid.

Project Outcome :In the present study, among the triploids evolved and evaluated, G7, A18, J21, B1, C7 and K3 genotypes are identified as superior in most of the quantitative and qualitative parameters. These triploid genotypes can be taken up for further yield trials in large scale. Based on the parameters, further selection of superior genotypes can be made and subsequently recommending them for commercial cultivation.

Also, the stable tetraploids can be commercially exploited and also will be a very good source of breeding material for evolving superior triploids in future breeding programmes.

Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of improved strains of mulberry and preliminary yield/multilocational trials-Preliminary yield trial under irrigated conditions (PYT-1).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1990-93

Objective: To test the yield potential of promising mulberry genotypes.

Results/Recommendations : The field trial was conducted with 8 mulberry genotypes, viz. English Black, Miuraso, Mizusawa, Zimbabwe, Mother Graft, Kaliakutahi, Viswa, along with M5 and S54 as the checks under irrigated conditions. The genotypes showed significant differences for all the parameters studied. The genotype Mizusawa performed better than other genotypes for plant height, fresh weight of 100 leaves, leaf-water content, leaf-water loss at 6 hr after harvest and almost equally in respect of leaf yield. Viswa genotype performed better with fresh weight of 100 leaves and internodal distance and was second in overall performance.

Project Outcome :Mizusawa genotype was better than other 8 genotypes evaluated.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Multilocational trial at Kuderu, Chamarajanagara district, under rainfed conditions.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS, Prabhuswamy N

Project Period : 1990-93

Objectives :

• To study the adaptability, growth and yield potential and quality of leaf of superior mulberry genotypes.
• To get the feedback to make use in future breeding programmes.

Results/Recommendations : Six mulberry varieties (M5, Viswa, TG, S13 & S34, in comparison with Mysore Local) were evaluated under rainfed conditions in Kuderu – Chamarajanagara district. It was observed from the data collected for 13 harvests that S13 and Mysore Local varieties gave the highest and lowest leaf yields, respectively.

Project Outcome: S13 variety identified as better than other 5 varieties evaluated under rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of selected mulberry varieties for their suitability for chawki rearing.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Chandrakala MV, Venkateshaiah HV, Chaluvachari

Project Period : 1990-93

Objectives :

• To test the superiority of the selected genotypes for chawki rearing with respect to productivity and quality.
• To see response of the selected genotypes for agronomic practices and different agro-climatic zones.

Results/Recommendations : The evaluation was carried out for mulberry varieties - S30, S36, Viswa and M5, under irrigated conditions. The average leaf yield/replication/yr was maximum in M5 variety during I instar harvest, while it was maximum in S36 and Viswa varieties during II instar harvest. There was no significant difference in leaf-water content among the varieties. Where as, the leaf- water loss was significantly least in S36 and S30 varieties compared to M5 variety. There was a significant difference among the varieties in respect of proteins and soluble sugars. The 4 mulberry varieties gave chawki leaf yields of 26,530 to 29,252 kg/ha/yr. Also, the 4 mulberry varieties did not exhibit any effect on the moulting parameters. The S30 variety gave maximum larval weight, cocoon number, cocoon yield, single cocoon weight, single shell weight and cocoon:shell ratio. The results indicated that the 12 leaf harvests/yr schedule of chawki mulberry garden can be adopted for these 4 mulberry varieties and all of them are equally good for chawki rearing.

Project Outcome: The 12 leaf harvests/yr schedule of chawki mulberry garden can be adopted for S30, S36, Viswa and M5 mulberry varieties and all of them are equally good for chawki rearing.

The 12 chawki leaf harvests/year schedule can be adopted for mulberry gardens exclusively meant for young age silkworm rearings.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Multilocational trial at Bidadi, Bangalore Rural district., under irrigated conditions.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period :1992-94

Objectives :

• To study the adaptability, growth and yield potential and quality of leaf of superior mulberry genotypes.
• To get the feedback to make use in future breeding programmes.

Results/Recommendations : Two years field trial of Viswa (DD) and TG (Thalaghattapura) varieties, with M5 variety as check has been carried out under irrigated conditions. The leaf yield for 0.4 ha (one acre)/yr was highest in Viswa variety (6582 kg), followed by TG (6003 kg) and M5 (5888 kg) varieties. The pooled data for 2 years showed no significant differences between the varieties regarding both shoot and leaf yield.

Project Outcome: Viswa variety has been identified as better than TG and M5 varieties, under irrigated conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : All India co-ordinated experiment for evaluation of superior genotypes and hybrids of mulberry under irrigated conditions (AICEM of the Central Silk Board).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Patil SV, Bongale UD

Project Period : 1993-98

Objectives : To study the adaptability, growth, yield potential and quality of leaf of superior genotypes/hybrids of mulberry under southern agro-climatic zone.

Results/Recommendations : Six mulberry genotypes were evaluated (S36, Viswa, S1, S1635, S799 and M5) for 3 years (totally 18 harvests). The 6 genotypes exhibited significant differences for all the parameters studied. Based on overall performance, especially with respect to leaf yield and quality parameters it was concluded that the genotype S1635 performed best (estimated leaf yield – 69,502 kg/ha/yr) over other genotypes, followed by Viswa genotype (estimated leaf yield – 54,332 kg/ha/yr). In respect of bioassay performance, S1 genotype performed better over other genotypes for larval duration, larval weight, ERR by weight and shell ratio. The genotype S36 was better over others for larval duration and single cocoon weight and was second in larval weight, whereas S1635 genotype performed better over others by ERR by number and was in second in ERR by weight and shell ratio.

Project Outcome: Identified S1635 mulberry genotype as potential genotype for irrigated conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, conservation and evaluation of mulberry germplasm (Phase-III).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Venkateshaiah HV, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 1993-99

Objectives :

• Collection/acquisition of genotypes from various sources and exchange of genetic material.
• Maintenance (conservation) of the germplasm.
• Characterization and cataloguing of genotypes.

Results/Recommendations : Maintenance of 351 accns. (including 181 exotic) in the germplasm bank, preparation of descriptors for 200 accns. and preliminary evaluation taken up for 61 accns.; 20 selected genotypes were taken up for evaluation at the sub-stations of the Institute, namely, Kadaganchi (Gulbarga district) and Melinakuruvalli (Shimoga district).

Project Outcome :Identified promising male and female parents (genotypes) can be used for breeding programmes.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for rainfed conditions (Phase-I)-Selection in open-pollinated populations

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV, Magadi SP

Project Period : 1993-1999

Objectives : To select superior hybrids from open-pollinated populations (segregating populations) of superior female parents.

Results/Recommendations :Under OPH Series-1 and OPH Series-2, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on selection indices, 3 hybrids (1 from M5 and 2 from OPH1) out of 250 F2 hybrids under OPH Series-1 and under OPH Series-2, 6 hybrids (2 from Ber.S1 and 1 each from OPH3, OPH1, MR2 and S36) out of 733 F2 hybrids were selected.

Project Outcome:Three promising F2 hybrids under OPH series-1 and 6 promising F2 hybrids under OPH series-2 were selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for rainfed conditions (Phase-I)-Selection in artificial pollinated populations.

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Eswar Rao MS, Magadi SP

Project Period : 1993-1999

Objectives : To select superior cultivars by combining desirable characters of two or more parents through artificial hybridization and F2 selections.

Results/Recommendations :Under CPH Series-1, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on selection indices 4 hybrids (2 from S14 x Ber.S1 and 1 each from M5 x Kosen and S14 x RFS175) were selected out of 230 F2 hybrids screened.

Project Outcome: Four promising F2 hybrids were selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for rainfed conditions (Phase-I)-Evolution of polyploids.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Eswar Rao MS, Magadi SP

Project Period :1993-1999

Objectives :To develop superior mulberry cultivars to recommend them for direct commercial cultivation or utilizing them for breeding programmes.

Results/Recommendations :Under TR Series-1, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on selection indices, out of 477 probable triploids screened, totally 12 promising probable triploids (5 from Mysore Local female 4x x open, 2 from Mysore Local female 4x x open and 1 each from M5 4x x open, M5 4x x open, OPH of TG 4x x open, OPH of Viswa 4x x open and OPH1 4x x open) (2.5%) were selected for further evaluation.

Project Outcome: Twelve promising probable triploids were selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of promising genotypes of mulberry under preliminary yield trials (PYT), final yield trials (FYT) and multilocation trials (MLT)-Preliminary yield trial under rainfed conditions (PYT-1).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Venkateshaiah HV, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 1993-1997

Objectives :To evaluate the promising mulberry varieties under different evaluation levels.

Results/Recommendations : Twelve mulberry genotypes (Mysore Local, Viswa, S34, RFS135, RFS175, Ber. S1, Sujanpur, MR2, Kadaganchi, M5 and Vishala, with S13 as check) were evaluated under RBD with 4 replicates and 90 x 90 cm plant spacing. Data was collected for 3 years, totally for 18 harvests. The genotypes showed significant difference for all the parameters studied and also with reaction to seasons. Based on the overall performance of 12 mulberry genotypes evaluated, it was found that genotype Vishala was best among the 12 genotypes, followed by Viswa genotype, under rainfed conditions.

Project Outcome: Genotype Vishala was found best among the 12 genotypes evaluated, followed by Viswa genotype, for rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Preliminary evaluation of mulberry germplasm for growth, yield and quality parameters (Phase- III).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Venkateshaiah HV, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 1994-97

Objectives : Collection, conservation and preliminary evaluation of available indigenous and exotic strains of mulberry for various desirable characters and making use of the information in selection of parental lines for breeding programmes.

Results/Recommendations : Totally 124 mulberry genotypes (80 indigenous and 44 exotic) were evaluated over 9 trials. The ANOVA indicated the presence of significant differences among genotypes, seasons and their interactions. Based on D² analysis, 124 genotypes were grouped into 11 clusters with 114 falling into cluster-I. The maximum inter-cluster divergence was observed between genotypes of clusters IX and XI and closest between clusters I, II and V. The heritability coefficient shows that the characters such as fresh weight of 100 leaves, internode length, plant height were highly heritable (> 0.7). More than 90% of contribution to genetic divergence was from fresh weight (FW) of 100 leaves, plant height, internode length and rooting. Parameters fresh weight of leaves, plant height, and lamina-petiole ratio by weight, internode length and rooting can be given greater importance in selection of parents for mulberry hybridization programmes. Accns. 181 and 188 were identified as better parents for hybridization programmes.

Project Outcome :Parameters fresh weight of leaves, plant height, lamina-petiole ratio by weight, internode length and rooting were identified as important ones in selection of parents for mulberry improvement programmes. Accns. 181 and 188 were identified as better parents for hybridization programmes.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for irrigated conditions (Phases-I & II)-Selection in open-pollinated populations.

Personnel : Dandin SB, Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV, Magadi SP

Project Period : 1994-1996

Objectives : To select superior F2 hybrids from open-pollinated populations (segregating populations) of superior female parents.

Results/Recommendations : Under OPH Series-1, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on selection indices 3 hybrids (1 each from Sultanikaddi, Chinarpati and Okinawa) were selected out of 326 F2 hybrids screened.

Project Outcome: Three promising F2 hybrids were selected for further evaluations.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1995-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for irrigated conditions (Phases-I & II)-Selection in artificial pollinated populations.

Personnel: Dandin SB, Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV, Magadi SP

Project Period : 1994-96

Objectives : To select superior cultivars by combining the desirable characters of two or more parents through artificial hybridization and F2 selections.

Results/Recommendations :Under CPH Series-1, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on selection indices one hybrid (from S30 x RFS175) was selected out of 258 F2 hybrids screened.

Project Outcome :One promising F2 hybrid was selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1995-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for irrigated conditions (Phases-I & II)-Evolution of polyploids.

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV Magadi SP

Project Period : 1994-1997

Objectives : To develop superior mulberry cultivars to recommend them for direct commercial cultivation or utilizing them for breeding programmes.

Results/Recommendations :Under TR Series-1 and TR Series-2, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on the selection indices, 5 seedlings out of 45 probable triploids each in TR Series-1 (2 from S30 4x x S13 and 3 from S36 4x x S13) and TR Series-2 (1 each from M5 4x x RFS175, OPH3 4x x Kajali, TG 4x x Mysore Local male, OPH1 4x x open and OPH3 4x x open) were selected.

Project Outcome :Five promising probable triploids each in TR Series-1 and TR Series-2 were selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of promising genotypes of mulberry under preliminary yield trials (PYT), final yield trials(FYT) and multilocation trials (MLT): Preliminary yield trial (PYT-2).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1994-1997

Objectives : To test the yield potential of promising mulberry genotypes.

Results/Recommendations :The PYT of 25 genotypes from mulberry germplasm (Cementero, MMC, Vishala, LF1, LF2, Jodhpur, BC2-59, S642, MS9, S146, Thailand, S526, RFS135, RFS175, Mizusawa, Shrim-2, Moulai, Kajali Local, Panchagani, Himachal Local, NSSP, K2 x Kosen and M5), under RBD with 4 replicates/genotype and 60 x 60 cm plant spacing, under irrigated conditions was carried out for 2 years under irrigated conditions. Data was collected for 13 harvests. There were significant differences for all the parameters studied. In the overall performance, the Vishala genotype performed better and was followed by TR8 genotype.

Project Outcome :Genotypes Vishala and TR8 were identified as promising ones for irrigated conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Preliminary screening of bud graft combinations of promising genotypes of mulberry under rainfed conditions (Phase-I).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB and Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1994-1997

Objectives : To test the leaf yield potential and leaf quality of bud grafts of different combinations made between promising genotypes of mulberry under rainfed conditions.

Results/Recommendations :Eight varieties of mulberry, viz., S13, S34, Viswa, S135, S1635, S1, S36 and M5 as bud grafts on Mysore Local variety as a common stock, with 5 checks were evaluated for 3 years, totally for 18 harvests. Based on the overall performance it was deduced that bud graft combination Mysore Local + S1635 performed better over other bud graft combinations and 5 checks.

Project Outcome: Bud graft combination Mysore Local + S1635 was identified as best bud graft combination for rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of mulberry genotypes for their suitability as trees and raising of saplings on large scale for introduction in watersheds.

Personnel : Dandin SB, Bongale UD, Mallikarjunappa RS, Narayan Gowda SN, MS Eswar Rao, Veeresh M, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1995-99

Objectives :

• Screening of mulberry genotypes for their suitability as trees in watersheds.
• Demonstration of raising of mulberry trees in watersheds.
• Maintenance of promising mulberry genotypes as a source of seed material in watersheds.

Results/Recommendations : The 1^st batch of 4 genotypes (S146, Kosen, African and TR8) showed significant differences for all the parameters, except the moulting ratio (MR) of 1^st moult. The total nitrogen content ranged from 3.22 (S146) to 3.40 % (African). The leaf yield/tree/harvest varied from 2.17 (Kosen) to 5.35 kg (S146). The genotype African recorded highly significant larval weight (32.31 mg) and moulting ratio (49.56 %) in 2^nd moult.

The 2^nd batch of 6 genotypes (M5, Viswa, S36, S13, S34 and S54) also recorded significant differences for all parameters. The LWC ranged from 70.24 (M5) to 72.85 % (Viswa) and LWR from 87.29 (M5) to 91.17 % (Viswa). The total nitrogen content ranged from 3.02 (S36) to 3.30 % (S13) and except M5 and S36, other 4 genotypes showed highly significant values. The leaf yield/tree/harvest varied from 2.03 (S36) to 4.35 kg (Viswa). S36 had significantly higher larval weight in 1^st (6.11 mg) and 2^nd (32.30 mg) moults. S36 (55.67 %), M5 (46.78 %) and S13 (39.78 %) had highly significant values for moulting ratio in 1^st moult and barring S34 and Viswa, other genotypes had highly significant values in 2^nd moult.

The promising 5 genotypes (S146, Viswa, S13, S34 and M5-check) showed significant differences for larval weight, cocoon weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight in rearing tests. The larval weight ranged from 33.53 (M5) to 39.36 g (S13), and number and weight of cocoons for 100 larvae from 84.63 (M5) to 96.38 (S13) and from 152.95 (M5) to 188.41 g (S13), respectively. The single cocoon weight ranged from 1.82 (M5) to 2.02g (S13), single shell weight from 0.32 (M5) to 0.36 g (S13) and shell ratio from 17.54 (M5) to 80.22 % (S54). Genotype S13 had highly significant values for larval weight, single cocoon weight and single shell weight.

Project Outcome :Based on the performance with respect to leaf yield and quality of 10 mulberry genotypes evaluated, genotypes S146 (from 1^st batch) and S13 and Viswa (from 2^nd batch) were considered as potential genotypes for cultivation as small trees under rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for irrigated conditions (Phases-I & II)-Selection in open-pollinated populations.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV, Magadi SP

Project Period :1995-1997

Objectives :To select superior F2 hybrids from open-pollinated populations (segregating populations) of superior female parents.

Results/Recommendations :Under OPH Series-2 and OPH Series-3, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. Based on selection indices, 5 hybrids (3 from Zing-B, China and 2 from Unknown, China) out of 41 F2 hybrids under OPH Series-2 and under OPH Series-3, 2 hybrids (from TG) out of 8 F2 hybrids were selected.

Project Outcome: Promising F2 hybrids 5 under OPH Series-2 and 2 under OPH Series-3 were selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of improved varieties of mulberry for irrigated conditions (Phases-I & II): Selection in artificial-pollinated populations.

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Dandin SB, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV, Magadi SP

Project Period : 1995-1997

Objectives : To select superior cultivars by combining the desirable characters of two or more parents through artificial hybridization and F2 selections.

Results/Recommendations :Under CPH Series-2, CPH Series-3 and CPH Series-4, data collected for 2 years was computed and selection indices were worked out based on economic weightage of the parameters. No selection was made under CPH Series-2. Under CPH Series-3, 5 hybrids (1 each from M5 x Kosen, S30 x Mysore Local male, S36 x Mysore Local male, S36 x RFS135 and S36 x S13) out of 39 F2 hybrids and under CPH Series-4, 3 hybrids (1 from S36 x RFS175 and 2 from M5 x Kajali) out of 29 F2 hybrids were selected based on selection indices.

Project Outcome: Promising F2 hybrids 5 under CPH Series-3 and 3 under CPH Series-4 were selected for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of promising genotypes of mulberry under preliminary yield trials (PYT), final yield trials (FYT) and multilocation trials (MLT) in irrigated and rainfed conditions (Phase-II): Preliminary yield trial of 25 genotypes of mulberry under rainfed conditions (PYT-2).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period :1998-2000

Objectives : To assess the growth, yield potential and leaf quality of promising mulberry genotypes.

Results/Recommendations :Field trial of 25 genotypes (Cementero, MMC, Vishala, LF1, LF2, Jodhpur, BC2-59, S642, MS9, S146, Thailand, S526, RFS135, RFS175, Mizusawa, Shrim-2, Moulai, Kajali Local, Panchagani, Himachal Local, NSSP, K2 x Kosen and M5) from mulberry germplasm, under partial lattice design, 4 replicates/genotype was carried out for two years under rainfed conditions.

The genotypes showed significant difference for all the parameters studied and also with reaction to seasons. The fresh weight (FW) of 100 leaves ranged from 50.94 (K2 x Kosen) to 157.37 g (Vishala). The leaf-water content (LWC) ranged from 69.75 % (MMC) to 73.85 % (Vishala). The leaf-water retention (LWR) ranged from 77.16 (K2 x Kosen) to 86.42 % (Vishala). The leaf yield/replicate ranged from 0.44 kg (LF2 and K2 x Kosen) to 4.34 kg (Vishala). The values were highly significant in case of genotypes MS-9 (2.79 kg), Mizusawa (3.12 kg) and Vishala (4.34 kg).

Genotype x season interactions was found to be significant based on ANOVA. The performance of genotypes when considered only for summer season: in FW of 100 leaves, the performance of Vishala, followed by MMC, RFS175 and Panchagani genotypes was better; in LWC, the genotypes TR8 and Vishala performed better over season mean; in LWR, the performance of genotypes Vishala, S146, Mizusawa, Shrim-2, RFS175, Panchagani and MMC was better over season mean. Among these genotypes the performance of MMC, followed by Vishala and RFS175 was better. In leaf yield, genotypes TR8, NSSP, S642, RFS135 and Vishala performed better over season mean. Again among these genotypes the performance of Vishala, followed by TR8, NSSP and S642 was better.

Considering the overall performance of the 25 genotypes evaluated, it was deduced that Vishala genotype was best over other genotypes, followed by TR8 genotype under rainfed conditions.

Project Outcome :It was found that Vishala genotype was best among the 25 genotypes evaluated, followed by TR8 genotype, for rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, conservation and evaluation of mulberry germplasm (long-term)-Collection, conservation and cataloguing of mulberry germplasm (Phase- IV).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1999-2002

Objectives :

• Collection/acquisition of genotypes from various sources and exchange of genetic material.
• Maintenance (conservation) of the germplasm.
• Characterization and cataloguing of genotypes.

Results/Recommendations :Totally 376 accns (179 indigenous and 197 exotic accns.) were maintained in the germplasm bank. These accns. were from 24 countries and represented by 17 species. For 100 accns. cataloguing has been done. Out of totally 300 accns. catalogued, 47 lobed, 147 unlobed, 105 heterophyllous and 1 wrinkled; also, 61 male, 178 female, 54 monoecious and 7 without inflorescence.

The values for propagation, growth, yield and quality parameters ranged from: for sprouting – 14.5 (52*) to 100% (1*, 7* & 8*); for rooting – 0 (<25 accns.) to 94% (7*, 8* & 28*); for no. of branches/plant – 7 (280*) to 31 (47*); for plant height – 30 (156*) to 206 cm (43*); for internode length–2.20 (109) to 7.6 cm (38); for fresh weight of 100 leaves – 67 (40*) to 1177 g (82*); for leaf-water content 0 66.59 (63*) to 80% (109*); for leaf-water retention – 61(24*) to 94% (53*) and for leaf yield/plant/harvest – 0.284 (174*) to 2.092 kg (222*). (* Numbers in parentheses are accn. nos.)

Project Outcome: Identified promising male and female parents (genotypes) can be used for mulberry breeding programmes.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2002-03

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Preliminary evaluation of mulberry germplasm for growth, yield and quality parameters (Phase- IV).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1999-2002

Objectives :

• Evaluation of mulberry genotypes for propagation, growth, yield quality parameters.
• Selection of parental lines for various breeding programmes or for direct utilization of genotypes for yield trials.

Results/Recommendations : The analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between the genotypes and the environments (seasons) for all 10 characters indicating the existence of genetic variability in 61 genotypes evaluated. Heritability coefficients indicated that characters like rooting, fresh weight of 100 leaves, leaf yield per plant, sprouting and no. of branches were highly heritable (>0.95). The leaf-water content and leaf-water retention have shown moderate heritability.

The contribution of different characters towards genetic divergence indicated that the rooting character contributed maximum (39.78%), followed by leaf yield (16.34%), fresh weight of leaf (15.19%), sprouting rate (13.28%) and no. of branches (8.36%) which implies that rooting, sprouting and fresh weight of 100 leaves alone contribute around 68% to the total diversity.

Based on D² analysis, the 61 genotypes were grouped into 06 clusters out of which clusters III, V and VI have shown maximum genetic divergence. The genotypes from the clusters III and V, namely, accns. 313, 331, 281, 273 and 287, along with accn. 308 were considered for hybridization programmes.

Project Outcome: Genotypes, namely, accns. 313, 331, 281, 273, 287and 308 were identified for hybridization purposes, as better parents.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2002-03

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Preliminary evaluation of selected mulberry genotypes at substations of the KSSRDI (Phase-IV)–KSSRDI Substation – Kadaganchi (under irrigated conditions).

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS, Prabhakar Rao A

Project Period : 1999-2002

Objectives :

• To study the growth behaviour of selected mulberry genotypes under respective agro climatic conditions.
• To identify suitable high yielding mulberry genotypes for respective agro climatic conditions.

Results/Recommendations :The genotypes showed significant differences for growth, leaf quality and yield parameters. The number of branches/plant ranged from 5.50 (S54) to 9.58 (Mysore Local). The total shoot length/plant ranged from 4.558 m (S54) to 10.570 m (S13). The internodal distance ranged from 4.05 (OPH1) to 6.73 cm (S1635).

The leaf-water content (LWC) ranged from 69.65 (Mysore Local) to 73.39 % (TR10). The leaf-water retention (LWR) at 6 h of harvest varied from 79.59 (Mysore Local) to 83.50 % (RFS135) and LWR at 12 h of harvest ranged from 68.20 (Mysore Local) to 73.74 % (RFS135). The estimated leaf yield/ha/yr was highest in S1635 (47,045 kg), followed by S34 (43,560 kg), S13 (43,124 kg), M5 (43,052 kg) and Viswa (42,907 kg).

Regarding the rearing performance, there were significant differences among the varieties for ERR by weight (kg) and the pupation rate (%). The ERR by weight was highest in TR10 (12.280 kg) followed by TR8 (12.130 kg), BR8 (12.017 kg), S36 (11.96 kg) and MR2 (11.861 kg) when compared to M5 (10.761 kg). The pupation rate was highest in BR8 (89.028 %), followed by S36 (87.128 %), S30 (86.917 %), TG (86.028 %) and Viswa (85.583 %) compared to M5 (84.944 %).

Taking into consideration the overall performance with respect to growth, leaf yield and quality along with rearing parameters, the performance of genotypes S1635, S34, S13, M5 and Viswa was found to be better over other genotypes evaluated and these genotypes were considered to be suitable for North-Eastern Dry Zone (hot-arid region of Gulbarga) of Karnataka.

Project Outcome: Genotypes S1635, S34, S13, M5 and Viswa were identified as suitable for North-Eastern Dry Zone (hot-arid region of Gulbarga) of Karnataka.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2001-02

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Preliminary evaluation of selected mulberry genotypes at substations of the KSSRDI (Phase-IV)–KSSRDI Substation– Melinakuruvalli (under rainfed conditions).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS, Lokya Naik BH

Project Period : 1999-2005

Objectives :

• To study the growth behaviour of selected mulberry genotypes under respective agroclimatic conditions.
• To identify suitable high yielding mulberry genotypes for respective agroclimatic conditions.

Results/Recommendations : The number branches/plant was highest in M5 (12.89), followed by S34 (11.89) and S13 (11.5) genotypes. The total shoot length/plant was highest in S34 (13.38 m), followed by S13 (12.56 m) and M5 (11.28 m) genotypes. The internode length recorded shortest in OPH1 (3.29 cm), followed by Mysore Local (3.72 cm) and S54 (3.83 cm) genotypes. The leaf-water content (LWC) was highest in S34 (72.1%), followed by S1635 (72.02%) and Vishala (71.71%) genotypes. The leaf-water retention (LWR) at 6 h of harvest was highest in Vishala (86.99%), followed by RFS135 (86.7%) and TR10 (86.31%). The LWR at 12 h of harvest was highest in RFS135 (75.24%), followed by Vishala (74.89%) and Morus multicaulis (74.82%) genotypes. The leaf yield/plant/ harvest was highest in S34 (0.549 kg), followed by S13 (0.549 kg) and S30 (0.417 kg) genotypes and the values were significantly higher when compared to M5 (0.387 kg) genotype. But, the values between S13 and S34 genotypes were non-significant. The estimated leaf yield/ha/yr was highest in S34 (24,257 kg), followed by S13 (22,420 kg) and S30 (17,029 kg) genotypes when compared to M5 (15,804 kg) genotype.

Taking into consideration the overall performance with respect to growth, leaf yield and quality, the genotypes S34, S13 and S30 were considered to be suitable for Malnad region of Shimoga district of Karnataka under rainfed conditions.

Project Outcome :The genotypes S34, S13 and S30 were considered to be suitable for Malnad region of Shimoga district of Karnataka under rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report:2005-06

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of superior mulberry genotypes (long-term): Selection in open-pollinated and controlled-pollinated populations of mulberry under irrigated and rainfed conditions (Phase-II).

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 2000-2003

Objectives :

• To select superior F2 hybrids from open-pollinated populations (segregating populations) of superior female parents.
• To select superior cultivars by combining desirable characters of two or more parents through artificial hybridization and F2 selections.

Results/Recommendations :

Irrigated Conditions :For OPH Series-4, out of 426 F2 hybrids 35 genotypes (8.2%), for OPH Series-5, out of 420 F2 hybrids 28 genotypes (6.6%) and for CPH Series-5, out of 60 F2 hybrids 26 genotypes (43.3%) were selected as promising ones for data collection. Collection and computation of data on propagation, growth, quality and leaf yield parameters for the selected F2 hybrids was done for two years (totally 12 harvests) covering different seasons and selection indices were worked out. Based on selection indices, 3 genotypes (from MR2) (0.7%) under OPH Series-4, 4 genotypes (from Unknown, China) (0.95%) under OPH Series-5 and 3 genotypes (from Unknown, China) (5%) under CPH Series-5 were identified as promising genotypes.

Rainfed Conditions: For OPH Series-3, out of 28 F2 hybrids 10 genotypes (35.7%) and for CPH Series-2, out of 22 F2 hybrids 18 genotypes (81.8%) were selected as promising ones for data collection. Collection and computation of data on propagation, growth, quality and leaf yield parameters for the selected F2 hybrids was done for 2 years (totally 12 harvests) covering different seasons and selection indices were worked out. Based on selection indices, 3 genotypes (from Unknown, China) (10.7%) under OPH Series-3 and 4 genotypes (from Unknown, China) (18.18%) under CPH Series-2 were identified as promising genotypes.

Project Outcome: Promising F2 hybrids - 3 under OPH Series-4, 4 under OPH Series-5 and 3 under CPH Series-5 were selected under irrigated (totally 10 genotypes) conditions for further evaluation.

Likewise, promising F2 hybrids - 3 under OPH Series-3 and 4 under CPH Series-2 were selected under rainfed (totally 7 genotypes) conditions for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of polyploids and mutants of mulberry for irrigated and rainfed conditions (Phase-II).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 2000-2003

Objectives :To develop superior mulberry cultivars to recommend them for direct commercial cultivation or utilizing them for breeding programmes.

Results/Recommendations :

Irrigated Conditions :For TR Series-3, out of 2184 probable triploids, 183 genotypes (8.37%) were selected. Likewise for TR Series-4, out of 1456 probable triploids 74 genotypes (5.08%) were selected. Collection and computation of data on propagation, growth, quality and leaf yield parameters for the selected F2 hybrids was done for two years (totally 12 harvests) covering different seasons (2001-2003) and selection indices were worked out. Based on selection indices, 19 genotypes (3 from Mysore Local female 4x x open and 1 each from Mysore Local female 4x x RFS135, OPH1 4x x Mysore Local male, OPH of OPH3 4x x RFS 135, M5 x Viswa 4x, OPH of TG 4x x RFS135, M5 4x x RFS 175, TG 4x x RFS135, Viswa 4x x RFS 175, M5 4x x open, TG 4x x open, OPH1 4x x open, OPH of OPH1 4x x open, OPH3 4x x open, M5 4x x open, MLF 4x x open and Bere.S1 4x x open) (0.86%) under TR Series-3 and 8 genotypes (4 from OPH of OPH3 4x x open and 1 each from MLF 4x x open, OPH1 4x x open, OPH1 4x x open and OPH3 4x x open) (0.54%) under TR Series-4 were identified as promising genotypes.

Rainfed Conditions :For TR Series-1, out of 477 probable triploids, 107 genotypes (22.43%) were selected. For these genotypes, collection and computation of data on propagation, growth, quality and leaf yield parameters for the selected F2 hybrids was done for 2 years (totally 12 harvests) covering different seasons (2001-2003) and selection indices were worked out. Based on selection indices, 12 genotypes (5 from MLF 4x x open, 2 from MLF 4x x open and 1 each from M5 4x x open, M5 4x x open, OPH of TG 4x x open, OPH of Viswa 4x x open and OPH1 4x x open) (2.51%) under TR Series-1 were identified as promising genotypes.

Project Outcome :Promising probable triploids were selected for irrigated (totally 27) and rainfed (totally 12) conditions for further evaluation.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Multilocation trial of elite mulberry genotypes at Govt. Silk Farms (under irrigated conditions, Phase-I).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 2000-2003

Objectives : To identify suitable high yielding mulberry genotypes for respective agro-climatic conditions.

Results/Recommendations :Four mulberry varieties (Viswa, V1, S1635 and M5 as check) under RCBD, 6 Replications/variety, 60 x 60 cm plant spacing, pit system, at 4 Govt. Silk Farms were evaluated with cultural practices recommended for irrigated conditions.

Data collected for 10 harvests of two years (1999 – 2002) on leaf-water content (LWC), leaf-water retention (LWR) and leaf yield on full-plot basis at GSFs - Sira, Doddaballapura and Devaraya Samudra and for 12 harvests at GSF, Chikkonahalli and computed.

Taking into consideration the overall performance for two years with respect to leaf-water content (LWC) and leaf-water retention (LWR), it has been observed that performance of V1 genotype was better, followed by S1635 genotype. Where as in leaf yield, genotype S1635 performed better, followed by V1 genotype in shoot harvest system at three GSFs. In leaf picking harvest system at Chikkonahalli GSF, S1635 performed better, followed by Viswa genotype.

Genotypes S1635, V1 and Viswa can be recommended for irrigated condition, in traditional sericulture area with whole shoot harvest system. Where as in leaf harvest system S1635 and Viswa genotypes can be cultivated in irrigated conditions.

Project Outcome: Genotypes S1635, V1 and Viswa recommended for cultivation under irrigated conditions, in traditional sericulture area with whole shoot harvest system and in leaf harvest system, S1635 and Viswa genotypes recommended for cultivation in irrigated conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of promising selections from open-pollinated controlled pollinated and polyploid populations (under irrigated conditions, Phase-I).

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period : 2000-2003

Objectives : To test the yield potential and leaf quality of promising mulberry genotypes.

Results/Recommendations : Totally 56 genotypes (OPH-14; CPH-06; tetraploids-06 and triploids-30), with 5 checks (S1635, V1, Viswa, S36 and M5), under augmented RCBD, 60 x 60 cm plant spacing, pit system, with cultural practices recommended for irrigated conditions were evaluated for 2 years. The data has been collected for 12 harvests of 2 years, computed and statistically analysed.

Based on selection indices it has been observed that out of 56 genotypes of OPH, CPH and polyploid populations evaluated, 5 genotypes [R9, R19, R52, R44 (triploids) and R82 (OPH)] were found to be superior over the 5 checks, in all the parameters studied.

Project Outcome: Five superior mulberry genotypes were selected to take up preliminary yield trial under irrigated conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Preliminary screening of bud graft combinations of promising genotypes of mulberry under rainfed conditions (Phase-II).

Personnel :Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period :2000-2003

Objectives : To test the leaf yield potential and leaf quality of bud grafts of different combinations made between promising genotypes of mulberry under rainfed conditions.

Results/Recommendations : Totally 34 bud graft combinations, with 9 checks (Stocks – Triploids: TR8, TR10, S1635 and Vishala and Tetraploid: Mysore Local (ML) 4x; Scions: Accns. 295, 298, 301, 302, 304, 321 and V1; Checks: TR8, TR10, S1635, Vishala, ML 2x, ML 4x, Viswa, V1 and S13), under augmented RBD, 90 x 90 cm plant spacing, pit system - 6 plants/genotype, with cultural practices recommended for rainfed conditions. Data was collected for 12 harvests during different seasons for 2 years (2000-2003), computed and statistically analyzed.

Based on overall performance, it has been observed that the bud graft combinations of triploid stocks, namely, Vishala + accn. 302, TR10 + accn. 298, S1635 + accn. 298 and TR8 + accn. 304 have consistently scored higher values in respect of all the parameters studied, compared to bud graft combinations of tetraploid stocks. The bud grafts Vishala + accn. 302 performed better in leaf-water content (LWC), leaf-water retention (LWR) and relative water content, compared to S1635, the check genotype. Among the 9 check genotypes, S1635, followed by Vishala genotype performed better in all the parameters studied.

Project Outcome: The bud graft combinations Vishala + accn. 302 and TR8 + accn. 304 were identified as better ones among the 34 bud graft combinations screened under rainfed conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2004-05

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Multilocation trial of elite mulberry genotypes at Govt. Silk Farms (under irrigated conditions, Phase-II).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 2001-2004

Objectives : To identify suitable high yielding mulberry genotypes for respective agro-climatic conditions.

Results/Recommendations : Seven mulberry varieties (Viswa, V1, S1635, Vishala, TG and TR8 with M5 as check), under RCBD, 6 replications/variety, 90 x 60 cm plant spacing, pit system, at 2 Govt. Silk Farms were evaluated with cultural practices recommended for irrigated conditions.

Data on leaf-water content (LWC), leaf-water retention (LWR) and leaf yield on full-plot basis was collected and computed for 09 harvests at GSF- Gokak and for 07 harvests at GSF -Chikkoppa (2000-2003) and statistically analysed.

Taking into consideration the overall performance for two years, it has been observed that in leaf-water content (LWC) the performance of Viswa genotype was best, followed by Vishala and S1635 genotypes; whereas in leaf-water retention (LWR), genotype V1 performed best, followed by S1635 and Viswa genotypes; in leaf yield, genotype Viswa performed best, followed by S1635 and Vishala genotypes at both the GSFs.

For Chikkoppa region, the genotypes Viswa, S1635 and TR8 and for Gokak region, the genotypes Vishala, S1635 and Viswa can be recommended for irrigated condition with shoot harvest system.

Project Outcome: For Chikkoppa region, the genotypes Viswa, S1635 and TR8 and for Gokak region, the genotypes Vishala, S1635 and Viswa were recommended for irrigated conditions with shoot harvest system.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2004-05

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of promising selections from open-pollinated, controlled pollinated and polyploid populations (under irrigated conditions, Phase- II).

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Eswar Rao MS

Project Period :2001-2004

Objective:To test the yield potential and leaf quality of promising mulberry genotypes.

Results/Recommendations :Totally 58 genotypes (OPH-4, CPH-18 and triploids-36), with 4 checks (S1635, V1, Viswa and M5), under augmented RCBD, 60 x 60 cm plant spacing, pit system, with cultural practices recommended for irrigated conditions, were evaluated for 2 years. The data has been collected for 12 harvests of 2 years, computed and statistically analysed.

Based on selection indices, out of 58 genotypes of OPH, CPH and polyploid populations evaluated, 7 genotypes, viz., R151(OPH), R154, R14, R35 (CPH) and R70, R5 and R132 (triploids) were found to be superior for the parameters studied.

Project Outcome : Seven superior mulberry genotypes selected to take up preliminary yield trial under irrigated conditions.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2004-05

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Agronomy Section

Project No.:KSS47

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Effect of sudden/flood irrigation during adult rearing on cocoon crop.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Sekharappa BM, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period :1983-1985

Objectives :To asses the effect of sudden/flood irrigation during adult rearing on yield and cocoon quality.

Results/Recommendations :Results shows that there is no consistency in response to the sudden/flood/repeated irrigation during adult rearing on the survival rate of worms as also that of cocoon quantitative characters. However there is a marginal deleterious effect.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1984-85

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Project No.:KSS37

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Use of bio-fertilizers (Azospirillum spp) for mulberry under irrigated and rainfed conditions.

Personnel : Dayakar Yadav BR

Project Period :1984-1987

Objectives :

· To improve the productivity and supplement or reduce the nitrogen fertilizers applications to plants under irrigated and rainfed conditions.

· To study bio-ecological conditions suitable for the bacteria.

· Screening strains of bacteria as well as mulberry strains for effective nitrogen fixation.

Results/Recommendations :The 3 years experimental results has shown that the Azospirillum brasilense can fix the nitrogen in mulberry with the supplementation of half dose of nitrogen thereby saving half the quantity of Nitrogen application every year.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on leaf-cocoon ratio.

Personnel : Ravi Kumar C, Mallikarjunappa RS, Sekharappa BM, Veeresh M

Project Period :1986-89

Objectives :To study the existing package of practices vis-à-vis recommendation of Japanese Experts of mulberry cultivation to reduce the leaf cocoon ratio under irrigated and rainfed conditions.

Results/Recommendations :

Under irrigated conditions: There was a decrease in annual leaf yield by 21 % in 120 x 60 cm spacing with 5 shoot harvests over 60 x 60 cm spacing with 6 leaf harvests. July base cut increased leaf yield over April base cut. Leaf water content was higher in 120 x 60 cm spacing over 60 x 60 cm spacing.

Under rainfed conditions: No significant differences were observed in leaf yields between the 3 treatments. Leaf yield was higher by 12% in July base cut with 4 harvests over control with 6 harvests.

Project Outcome : July base cut with 120 x 60 cm spacing with shoot harvest was most suitable under irrigated condition

Source of Information : Annual Report:1988-89

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comparative study of sericulture economics under different systems of mulberry cultivation in the state.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Sekharappa BM, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1986-1990

Objectives : To know the cost of initial establishment of mulberry, the quantity of leaf produced; cost of leaf production and ultimately the net income realized after rearing, the cost-benefit ratio.

Results/Recommendations :

Economics of mulberry garden under rainfed conditions (pit system):The project work was carried out by planting one acre of M5 mulberry with 90 x 90 cm plant spacing. The total leaf yield was during 1987-88 (5 harvests, 8,200 kg/acre/yr), 1988-89 (6 harvests, 9800 kg/acre/yr) and 1989-90 (4 harvests, 7,653 kg/acre). The leaf-water content ranged for tender leaves -66.05 to 80.84%, for medium leaves– 63.32 to 77.83% and for coarse leaves - 61.05 to 80.84%. From the rearing trials it was concluded that leaf cocoon ratio (LCR) ranged from 1:14 to 1:36 kg.

Economics of mulberry garden under irrigated conditions (row system):The project work was carried out by planting 0.5 acre of M5 mulberry with 60 x 10 cm plant spacing. Data on leaf yield, leaf-water content (LWC) and leaf-stump ratio was collected. Leaf yield was 11,500 kg/0.5 acre/yr during 1997-98 and 12,000 kg/0.5 acre/yr during 1988-89. The leaf-stump ratio was 57.8:42.2 and 54.28:45.2 during 1987-88 and 1988-89, respectively. LWC of tender leaves ranged from 77.21 to 77.47%; for medium leaves, ranged from 74.44 to 74.84% and for coarse leaves, ranged from 73.03 to 73.22%. Rearings were conducted for leaves plucked individually, chopped shoots and whole shoots. From the rearing trials it was concluded that leaf cocoon ratio ranged from 1:21 to 1:36 kg.

Project Outcome: It was deduced that an average leaf yield of about 9,000 kg/acre/yr would be obtained under rainfed conditions from 5-6 leaf harvests/yr.

Likewise, it was deduced that an average leaf yield of about 22,000 kg/acre/yr would be obtained under irrigated conditions from 5 whole shoot harvests/yr.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Studies on dry land farming in mulberry.

Personnel : Mallikarjunappa RS, Venkateshaiah HV

Project Period : 1987-1990

Objective :The objective of this experiment was to find suitable pruning system for mulberry gardens in dry lands.

Results/Recommendations :In this study different pruning methods with varying number of leaf harvests were introduced for M5 mulberry with 90 x 90 cm (3’x3’) plant spacing. The treatments were June base cut (control), Aug. base cut, June base cut + Oct. middle cut and Aug. base cut + Nov. middle cut , with base cut at 30 cm and middle cut at 60 cm levels. Data on leaf yield was collected on whole plot basis. Based on the pooled data of two years, it was observed that two prunings/yr are not suitable for rainfed mulberry and pruning at the onset of south-west monsoon (one basal pruning in June/yr) is advisable for maximizing the leaf yields in southern tropical climatic zone of India.

Project Outcome: It is advocated that pruning at the onset of south-west monsoon (one basal pruning in June/yr) is suitable for maximizing the leaf yields in southern tropical climatic conditions of India.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Mulberry garden for chawki worms-technology development. (under irrigated conditions)

Personnel : Ravikumar C, Mallikarjunappa RS, Veeresh M

Project Period : 1987-1990

Objectives :

· To standardize a suitable and simple cultivation technology exclusively for chawki garden.

· To improve the productivity for chawki leaf/unit area.

· To improve the leaf quality and leaf moisture suitable to chawki worms.

· To develop suitable annual schedule for pruning/training and harvesting method so as to meet the requirement of the brushing schedule of CRCs.

Results/Recommendations :In this experiment, comparative studies with respect to leaf yield and leaf-water content (LWC) of chawki leaf were made between 3 pruning schedules coupled with varying number of harvests. The pruning schedules were different combinations of base cut (at 15-30 cm), middle cut (at 60-70 cm) and top cut (at 120 cm). In addition, 3 schedules of chemical fertilizer applications (250:140:140 kg NPK/ha/yr, in 5 split doses; 250:140:140 kg NPK/ha/yr, in 4 split doses; 300:120:120 kg NPK/ha/yr, in 6 split doses) and 2 spacings (60 x 60 and 90 x 90 cm), with 20 t FYM/ha/yr, in 2 split does, were compared with M5 mulberry variety.

The annual pruning schedule of 4 prunings and 12 harvests has higher leaf yield over other two i.e., 5 prunings and 13 harvests/annum and 7 prunings and 7 harvests/annum.

By proper maintenance of the vigour of plants, this schedule can be easily practiced by private CRCs. Good quality chawki leaves for every harvest could be produced at an interval of 15 days and if two plots are maintained, it is possible to meet the requirement of commercial CRCs.

Base cut at 30 cm, followed by 3 harvests + middle cut at 60-70 cm, followed by 3 harvests + base cut at 30 cm, followed by 3 harvests and middle cut at 60-70 cm, followed by 3 harvests, totally 4 prunings,12 harvests/year. The annual pruning schedule of 4 prunings and 12 harvests has higher leaf yield over other two, i.e., 5 prunings and 13 harvests/annum and 7 prunings and 7 harvests/annum.

Project Outcome: The pruning schedule of base cut at 30 cm, followed by 3 harvests + middle cut at 60-70 cm, followed by 3 harvests + base cut at 30 cm, followed by 3 harvests and middle cut at 60-70 cm, followed by 3 harvests, totally 4 prunings,12 harvests/year can be practiced by private Chawki Rearing Centres (CRCs) and large scale rearers. Good quality chawki leaves for every harvest could be produced at an interval of 15 days and if 2 plots are maintained, it is possible to meet the requirement of CRCs.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Studies on intercropping in mulberry.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Veeresh M, Shivaprakash RM

Project Period :1992-1994

Objectives :To standardize soyabean : mulberry cropping system.

Results/Recommendations :

• Intercropping of soybean in mulberry could be adopted with 2-3 rows of soybean for increased nitrogen recovery and profitability without affecting the yield and quality of mulberry.
• This technology has been advocated and demonstrated to the sericulturists during the field visits in TOT program of the institute.
• It is also recommended to the DOS in different workshops and training

Project Outcome : Standard package for soyabean intercropping in mulberry garden.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comparative studies on existing package of practices for their suitability to bivoltine rearing

Personnel : Dandin SB, Bongale UD, Basavaiah, Veeresh M

Project Period : 1992-1996

Objectives : To study the existing package of practices vis-à-vis recommendations of Japanese experts for mulberry cultivation suitable for bivoltine silkworm rearing under irrigated conditions.

Results/Recommendations :Regular package of practices could be followed either with leaf picking or shoot harvest for the rearing of bivoltines.

Project Outcome :Standard package of mulberry cultivation suitable for bivoltine rearing.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Agronomical practices for Viswa (DD), the improved mulberry variety.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narayan Gowda SN, Shivaprakash RM, Veeresh M

Project Period : 1994-1998

Objectives : To evaluate DD (Vishwa) the improved mulberry variety in respect of agronomical practices in comparison with M₅ and S₃₆ varieties and nitrogen levels.

Results/Recommendations :The Viswa (DD) var. recorded significantly higher leaf yields and leaf moisture contents compared to M5 variety and did not differ significantly with S36 var. both in respect of leaf yields and bioassay. Treatment combination of DD variety with 60 x 60 cm spacing and 300 kg N/ha/yr may hence be recommended.

Project Outcome : The Viswa variety with 60 x 60 cm spacing and 300 kg N/ha/yr has been recommended.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on irrigation requirements of mulberry and its economic implication with special reference to drip method.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Siddalingaswamy N, Dandin SB, Basavaiah, Narayan Gowda SN

Project Period : 1996-2000

Objectives :

· To find out the relation between irrigation levels and leaf yield under recommended suitable plant densities.

· To evaluate existing water saving irrigation methods, namely drip, chapin tape and furrow and their efficacy w.r.t mulberry.

· To work out the economics of the above methods.

Results/Recommendations :

· Drip irrigation system is well suited for garden with 60 x 60 cm spacing between plants and rows.

· 0.44 ha/cm water was required to irrigate one hectare of mulberry garden per day through drip irrigation (1.2 to 2.0 litres/plant/day depending upon evaporation) in closer spacing. 33% saving of irrigation water and increase of 19% leaf yield in drip method when compared with furrow method.

· Drip irrigation is well suited for garden with 60 x 60 cm spacing between plants and rows. 0.44 ha/cm water was required to irrigate one ha of mulberry garden/day through drip irrigation (1.2 to 2.0 litres/plant/day depending upon evaporation) in closer spacing.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Use of bio-fertilizers in mulberry gardens (Phase II: Crop response studies)

Personnel : Bongale UD, Basavaiah, Veeresh M, Siddalingaswamy N

Project Period : 1997-1999

Objectives :To study the feasibility of different strains s biofertilizers in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations : In the overall performance of 2 years, among the three strains studied, the RFB strain recorded the highest values of leaf yield and nitrogen yield compared to RBDC strains.

Project Outcome :RFB biofertilizer commercialized/licenced as ‘Prakruthi’, N-fixing bio-fertilizer.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Agronomical studies on three high yielding varieties of mulberry (Morus spp.).

Personnel : Shivaprakash RM, Bongale UD

Project Period :1997-2004

Objectives :

· To optimize the leaf yield as against the agronomical inputs.

· To understand the leaf nutrient content as against the known levels of nutrient requirement of silkworm.

· To examine the nutrient budgeting for the purpose of economization of nutrient management.

Results/Recommendations :

· Shoot. Leaf and stem yields were maximum in S36 and Vishwa variety with closer spacing. Higher shoot yield was recorded in closer spacing at higher nitrogen input level.

· Leaf sugar, nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur contents did not differ significantly due to varietal spacing and fertilizer effect.

· Average uptake of ‘N’ was 408, 100 and 508, ‘P’ was 38, 15 and 53 and ‘K’ was 240, 154 and 394 kg/ha/yr through leaf, stem and shoot respectively.

· Average uptake of ‘Ca’ was 244.57 and 301, ‘Mg’ was 138, 44 and 182 and ‘S’ was 18.5 and 23 kg/ha/yr through leaf, stem and shoot respectively.

· DD variety and S₃₆ variety with closer spacing of 60 x 60 cm and 400 kg N/ha/yr has been recommended.

· Since large amounts of nutrients loss through high yielding varieties of mulberry, recommended doses of organic manure and fertilizer for mulberry should be applied for better crop performance.

Project Outcome :Agronomical practices for DD (Vishwa) variety.

Sources of Information :Ph.D. Thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on comparative efficiency of various methods of irrigation and water soil plant atmosphere relationships in mulberry (Morus spp.).

Personnel :.Siddalingaswamy N, Bongale UD

Project Period :1997-2005

Objectives :

· To assess the water requirement for mulberry crop.

· To find relation between levels and leaf yield under recommended/suitable plant densities.

· To evaluate the efficiency of selected types of drip irrigation methods in comparison with furrow method.

· To work out the economics of the systems of drip irrigation studied.

Results/Recommendations :

· Drip irrigation required 33-66% less water than furrow irrigation to produce almost similar yields in closer spacing.

· Water requirement for optimum growth of mulberry was 0.43 ha-cm/day.

· There was an increase of 16% and 9-12% leaf yield in 60 x 60 cm spacing and 0.9 CPE/Epan level of irrigation as compared to 120 x 60 cm spacing and 0.6 to 0.3 CPE/Epan level of irrigation respectively whereas 19% increase in yield was recorded in drip method of irrigation in 60 x 60cm spacing.

· In Bioassay studies trials different treatment combination did not show much variations indicating that drip irrigation systems can be adopted in mulberry garden without any adverse effect on cocoon crop performances and yields.

· Drip irrigation system is well suited for garden with 60 x 60 spacing between plants and rows.

· One-hour irrigation/day with a drip system having a discharge capacity of 8 litre/hr/dripper is recommended (0.43 ha cm/day)

· 33% saving of irrigation water through drip method compared to furrow method.

· To get an additional return of Rs.32,386/ha/yr in drip system compared to furrow method.

Project Outcome :Drip irrigation to mulberry gardens

Sources of Information :Ph.D.Thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on compatibility of crop species for green manuring and intercropping with irrigated mulberry

Personnel : Narayan Gowda SN, Bongale UD, Shivaprakash RM

Project Period :1998-2001

Objectives :

· To reduce the applications of nitrogenous fertilizers to mulberry.

· To study the crop compatibility for improving the soil fertility by green manuring and intercropping.

· To study the advantages and economic feasibility of intercropping and green manuring in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :Sunnhemp and horsegram can be grown as in situ green manure crops in irrigated M5 gardens in both 120 x 60 and 60 x 60 cm plant spacings. About 27% of N of recommended dose of 300 kg N can be saved through the application of sunnhemp and horsegram as in situ green manure crops in irrigated mulberry. Glyricidia can be used as ex situ green manure crop with 60 x 60 and 120 x 60 cm plant spacings in irrigated mulberry gardens.

Project Outcome : About 40% N of recommended dose of 300 kg N can be saved through the application of glyricidia as ex situ green manure.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 2001-02

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of mulberry cultivation practices for seed crop rearing (interdisciplinary)

Personnel : Narayan Gowda SN

Project Period :1999-2002

Objectives :To study the effect of leaf quality of M₅, S₃₆ and Viswa (DD ) mulberry varieties grown under two plant spacings and two doses of NPK application on silkworm seed quality of multivoltine and bivoltine parental races.

Results/Recommendations :Considering the leaf yield/unit area/year and rearing/grainage performance, it was recommended that both S36 and Viswa mulberry vars. are suitable for silkworm seed crop rearing with 60 x 60 cm plant spacing and 300:160:160 kg NPK/ha/year fertilizer application.

Project Outcome :

Source of Information : Annual Report: 2003-04

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Soil Science

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Soil analysis, soil fertility evaluation and fertilizer recommendations for different regions of Karnataka.

Personnel :Bongale UD, Prabhuraj DK, Thimma Reddy H, Mahadevappa L, Sanaulla H, Magadi SP, Rachotaiah M

Project Period : 1989-2005

Objectives :To develop soil fertility data base for major nutrients and give soil test based fertilizer recommendations for mulberry gardens.

Results/Recommendations :

· Application of higher levels of farmyard manure/compost in two split doses.

· Application of green manures.

· Application of sulphur containing nitrogenous fertilizers especially for high pH soils (7.3-8.2 & >8.2).

· Application of phosphorus in the form of single super phosphate for normal and high pH soils (6.3-7.2 & >7.2).

· Application of phosphorus in the form of rock phosphate for low pH soils (<6.3).

· Application of gypsum for alkaline soils (>8.2) based on gypsum requirement.

· Application of lime for acidic soils (<6.3) based on lime requirement.

· Application of nitrogen fixing and phosphorus solubilizing biofertilizers.

More than 77,245 soil samples of mulberry gardens covering different districts of Karnataka were analysed and fertilizer recommendations/soil amendments in the form of soil test reports were given as follows.

· Bivoltne seed area: Krishnarajapet taluk and Anekal taluk.

· Mysore seed area: Kunigal and Magadi taluks.

• Kolar district: Siddlaghatta taluk, Chintamani taluk and Kolar taluk.

· Bangalore Rural district: Kanakapura taluk and Devanahalli taluk.

• Chamarajanagar distrcit: Chamarajanagar taluk

Project outcome:

• The recommendations/suggestions to farmers/DOS, staff during training, field days/workshops.
• The technology dissemination has been made by literature distribution during TOT programmes of the Institute.
• Keeping in view the importance of soil test-based fertilizer application to meet the nutritional requirement of the mulberry plants in order to produce good quality mulberry leaves as well as cocoons, the project is being continued on long-term basis.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1994-2002

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on micronutrient status of Karnataka soils and effect of different micronutrients on the growth, yield and quality.

Personnel :Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Sanaulla H

Project Period :1990-1994

Objectives :

· Survey and analysis of micronutrient status of mulberry soils of Karnataka

· To know the effect of micronutrients on growth, yield and quality of mulberry

· To study the effect of Boron on growth and biochemical constituents of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

· Anekal seed area; A total of 212 soil samples were analyzed for Zn, Fe, Cu, Mn & B contents. The Zn contents ranged from 0.23-4.10 ppm, Fe from 1.8-18.5 ppm, Mn from 4.8-81.6 ppm, Cu from 0.10-1.97 ppm and B from 0.35-1.96 ppm

· Mysore seed area: A total of 224 soil samples received from Mysore seed area were analyzed for micronutrients, pH and OC. Out of 224 soil samples 63% of soils had moderately high, 32% normal and 3% of soils recorded high pH values.

· K.R. Pet seed area; Out of 246 soil samples recorded more than critical limits of soil Mn content.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on micronutrient status, deficiencies and corrective measures for improvement of mulberry soils in Karnataka.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Manjunath MS, Subbarayappa CT, Lingaiah

Project Period : 1993-2000

Objectives :To develop soil fertility and symptomatology data base for micronutrients and to give recommendations for mulberry cultivation.

Results/Recommendations :

Details of symptomatology recorded for Mn, Zn, K and P in sand cultures with Hoagland nutrient media using nutrient deletion technique revealed certain differences compared to those of other crop species.

Widespread incidences of chlorosis in M5 mulberry variety in intensive sericultural areas of Kolar and Bangalore districts were attributed to manganese and sulphur deficiencies. Application of multinutrient foliar sprays as short-term measures and soil amendment as long-term measures are suggested for the improvement. Field observations on the incidences also suggest the scope for screening the mulberry varieties suitable for these areas.

Improvement of silkworm cocoon crops were recorded with the sucrose fortification of mulberry leaf from chlorotic garden;

Widespread incidences of potassium deficiency in field plantations and occasional occurrence of sulphur deficiency in a tree plantation in different parts of Karnataka are suggestive of the need for closer surveillance measures;

Critical limits were identified at 1.98 ppm Zn, 3.92 ppm Mn 95 kg K/ha and 18 kg P/ha in soils and 27.1 ppm Zn, 49 ppm Mn 1.02% K and 0.178% P in leaf samples. Mulberry requires higher levels of Mn and lower levels of K compared to other crop species.

Testing of mulberry garden soils revealed that large number of soil samples from Kolar, Gulbarga and Bijapur districts have below critical levels of soil available iron, zinc and manganese contents. Observations on wider variabilities within and among the Technical Service Centre areas suggest the need for close monitoring of the nutrient deficiencies and soil fertility status.

Project outcome: 1. Critical limits of phosphorus.

2. Critical limits of potassium.

3. Critical limits of manganese.

4. Critical limits of zinc.

Creating awareness to the farmers about the importance of nutrients in soil and in mulberry leaf for better performance of silkworm cocoon crops.

Printing the literature on nutrient deficiency symptoms in mulberry in the form of small monographs.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1999-2000

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Nutritional and symptomatological studies in mulberry with respect to Phosphorus and Zinc status of soils in Karnataka.

Personnel : Subbarayappa CT, Bongale UD

Project Period :1996-2000

Objectives :

· To study the soil nutritional status in the mulberry garden soils of Karnataka with special reference to P and Zn and the variability with respect to biochemical leaf constituents of mulberry.

· To understand the genotypic variability with respect to the levels of the mineral nutrients in the leaf with special reference to P and Zn.

· To carry out studies on symptomatological and diagnostic aspects on mulberry with respect to P and Zn.

Results/Recommendations :

· From the overall assessment of the three regions studied in the present study, K.B.area could be considered as potential for mulberry cultivation in view of the comparatively more balanced and moderate nutrient status of soil and leaf. These soils, however, recorded slightly higher soil pH and lower leaf S contents, which attract special attention.

· Prominent symptoms of P deficiency included stunted growth, shortening of internodes, dark colour of the leaves, development of pale yellow colour of the entire leaf with intensified yellowing turning to orange yellow colour, development of necrosis from leaf tip followed by the development of necrotic lesions into brown to dark brown necrotic bands between the veins, entire leaf turning necrotic and it withering off and overall retardation of root growth.

· Prominent symptoms of Zn deficiency included bleached spots, crumpling of leaf along with bleached spots, development of cup-shaped leaf yellowing in younger and older leaves, inter-veinal chlorosis, formation of yellow pale yellow colour to golden yellow colour, formation of sickle-shaped leaf and withering off of leaf.

Sources of Information ;Ph.D.Thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Soil test crop response studies for targeted yields in M5 mulberry

Personnel :Prabhuraj DK, Thimma Reddy H, Mahadevappa L, Bongale UD

Project Period :1997-2001

Objectives :

• To find out the relationship between soil test values and fertilizer doses of N, P, K and the resultant crop yield.
• To derive a basis for making soil test based balanced fertilizer recommendations for specific yield targets.

Results/Recommendations :Fertilizer recommendations, at present, are usually given for mulberry crop by taking into consideration only the available nutrient status of the soil prior to raising of a crop, the soil being categorised as low, medium and high fertility classes. These are generalized recommendations and do not take into account the large scale variations from field to field.

This STCR approach takes into account the soil fertility status as well as the crop needs thus based on balanced nutrition of crops. Hence, the fertilizer adjustment equations derived from these studies may be used for prescribing fertilizer doses for the M5 mulberry under irrigated cultivation.

Fertilizer recommendations for targeted yields in M5 mulberry under irrigated cultivation.

With the help of these equations ready reckoners were prepared to utilize the information by soil testing laboratories for making fertilizer recommendations based on soil tests.

Verification of fertilizer adjustments equations.

Treatment

Fertilizer dose (kg/yr)

Mean leaf obtained (kg/ha)

Deviations

Cost of produce (Rs./ha)

Cost of fertilizer (Rs.)

Benefit: Cost ratio

Control

0:0:0

17,515

-

-

-

-

SLD

300:120:120

35,769

-

35,769

6030

5.93

STB

325:135:120

37,218

-

37,218

6561

5.67

30 t/ha

257:112:60

33,292

+10.9

33,292

5040

6.6

40 t/ha

443:175:115

42,572

+6.4

42,572

8467

5.02

50 t/ha

600:243:169

45,730

-8.5

45,730

1,603

3.94

Mean soil test values :

Available N : 280 kg/ha, P2O5 : 19 kg/ha, K2O : 220 kg/ha

Cost of 1 ton of mulberry leaf is Rs.1000.00

Cost of fertilizer: urea : Rs.409/q

Single superphosphate : Rs. 324/q

Muriate of Potash :Rs.440/q

Project outcome: Derived targeted yield equation for M5.

Fertilizer adjustment equations:

FN = 13.7 x T-0.47 x SN

FP2O5 = 5.97 x T – 3.36 x SP2O5

FK2O = 4.64 x T – 0.398 x SK2O

Where FN = Fertilizer Nitrogen (kg/ha)

FP2O5 = Fertilizer Phosphorus (kg/ha)

F K2O = Fertilizer Potassium (kg/ha)

T= Yield target (tons/ha)

SN = Soil available nitrogen (kg/ha)

S P2O5 = soil available Phosphorus (kg/ha)

S K2O = Soil available Potassium (kg/ha)

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Identification of production potential of some selected soil series of mulberry growing soils of Kolar District.

Personnel : Thimma Reddy H

Project Period : 1999-2003

Objectives :

· Assessment of existing soil fertility, leaf yield and scope for improvement on soil test based fertilizers recommendations

· Identification of soil related critical factors in an identified soil series of Kolar District.

Results/Recommendations :

· Balanced application of nutrients based on soil test results increased the leaf yields from 5.0-10.74 %.

• Soil available sulphur, zinc and clay contents were important critical soil parameters influencing production potential of Munganapalli soil series of Kolar district.
• Application of sulphur, zinc and clay to maximize the production potential of Munganapalli soil series of Kolar district.
• The recommendation is being given to the farmers of Kolar taluk for application of S and Zn along with recommended dosage of NPK & FYM.

Project outcome :Related recommendations and data base are documented.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Status of micronutrients in mulberry garden soils of Karnataka (Phase-I).

Personnel : Bongale UD, Lingaiah

Project Period : 2000-2002

Objectives :

· To analyze the mulberry garden soils of Karnataka for micronutrient status.

· To identify the region based soil micronutrient deficiencies.

· To prepare the micronutrient soil fertility maps for specific areas exhibiting nutrient deficiencies.

Results/Recommendations : Soil fertility maps of Chintamani taluk (Kolar district) with respect to micronutrients were prepared by using 621 soil samples from 96 villages. The results indicated that 86%, 15%, 3% and 35% of the soils in Chintamani taluk recorded less than the identified critical levels of Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents, respectively.

Project outcome: Four soil fertility maps of Chintamani taluk, on available Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu were prepared.

Source of Information: Annual Report:2001-02

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Interactions among the nutrients in relation to the availability of micronutrients in the mulberry garden soils of Karnataka.

Personnel :Bongale UD, Prabhuraj DK

Project Period : 2000-2002

Objectives :

· To identify the region based soil related critical factors attributable to the deficiency of micronutrients.

· To give recommendations for improving the availability of micronutrients through soil improvements.

Results/Recommendations :

· pH Management: Application of sulphur containing nitrogenous fertilizers and/or sulphur and green manures to reduce the pH of the soils.

· Improving the organic matter status of the soils: Application of farm yard manure at higher levels preferably in 2-3 split doses.

· Application of micronutrient fertilizers based on soil tests.

Source of Information: Annual Report:2001-02

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Mulberry Physiology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the effect of growth regulators on the shoot/root growth of mulberry.

Personnel :Prem Gupta, Chaluvachari, Sanaulla H

Project Period :1985-1989

Objectives :To study the effect of Auxins in combination with Boron and its role of shoot-root growth of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :Boric acid along alone and combinations with IAA and NAA performed fairly well over control, but Boric acid does not come to the level of IAA and NAA alone. However, combinations of Boric acid and NAA perform the best among all treatments.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1991-92

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on the effect of pruning in relation to yield and quality of mulberry leaves.

Personnel :Prem Gupta, Chaluvachari, Sanaulla H

Project Period :1986-1989

Objectives :To study the effect of pruning schedules on yield and leaf quality of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :With respect to different height of pruning (15 cm, 30 cm and 45 cm above the ground level) 30 cm recorded maximum height and leaf yield compared to 15 cm and 45 cm under irrigated condition. The leaf sugar content increased with increase in the height of basal pruning.

Bottom pruning at 15 cms recorded higher leaf yield compared to other treatments.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-1994

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the effect of commercial micronutrients/growth promoters on growth and quality of mulberry.

Personnel :Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari, Sanaulla H

Project Period :1987-1993

Objectives :To exploit the commercial available micronutrients/fertilizers/growth promoters for increasing yield and quality of mulberry leaves.

Results/Recommendations :

• Generally spraying of these formulation during post rainy and pre-summer periods, exhibited the better results in the foliage crops, whereas, during summer the yield per unit area decreased.
• The formulations made up of micronutrients and growth promoters are beneficial to the plant growth yield and quality of mulberry.
• The recommended concentration of Vipul, Harith, Multizzyme and Plantolyte foliar formulations are found to be more effective and improve the leaf yield and quality of mulberry compared to other commercial formulations viz., Spic cytozyme, Navaras, Zimag, Trainal-CF, Nusprtin, Vipul, Algal Filtrate, Pusti, Bhagyamin, Auxin and Gibberilins

Source of Information :Annual Report:1992-1993

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on effect of pruning during different seasons/methods on growth, yield and quality of mulberry.

Personnel : Narahari Rao BV, Sanaulla H

Project Period :1988-1990

Objectives :

· To study the effect of pruning during different seasons on growth, yield and quality of mulberry.

· To standardize the pruning season.

· To study the occurrence of pests and diseases in these seasons.

· To study the different methods of pruning on growth, quality and yield of mulberry.

· To study the biochemical constituents of Mulberry during different seasons/method.

Results/Recommendations :No definite pattern of leaf yield was observed for different seasonal prunings.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on morphophysiological parameters associated with drought.

Personnel :Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari

Project Period :1989-1990

Objectives :To study the parameters associated with drought resistance in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :Four mulberry varieties namely, Mysore local, M₅, Viswa and S₁₃ were grown at 3 different levels of moisture under potted conditions. Observations of 1^st set at 30 days and 60 days showed highly significant difference between the intervals of irrigation and varieties in respect of percent leakage and relative water content.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on leaf quality evaluation of few selected mulberry varieties.

Personnel :Chaluvachari, Bongale UD

Project Period :1990-1994

Objectives :

· To understand the leaf quality status prevailing in the farmers field with a view to identify critical factors.

· To identify superior mulberry varieties from Germplasm Bank collections.

· To identify the critical leaf quality parameters.

· To identify the genotypic variability with respect to different growth stages and maturity levels.

· To evaluate two improved mulberry varieties identified at KSSRDI.

Results/Recommendations :The data with respect to field survey to farmers mulberry gardens in Anekal bivoltine seed area (Bangalore rural district) revealed that, 79% of the mulberry garden soils recorded higher soil pH (>7.3) and 66% of soils recorded less than 0.5% of organic carbon content and 58.8% of the soils recorded lower values of available K(<108 kg/acre) and were associated with 55% of the gardens recorded lower values of leaf protein content (<19%).

Among the leaf quality parameters studied with respect to young age silkworm rearing, higher leaf moisture content, moisture retention and leaf protein contents and lower values of sugar protein ratios could be identified as important factor influencing the performance of young age worms.

Among the fourteen genotypes evaluated, Acc.No.79, Kosen, DD, RFS₁₃₅ and RFS₁₇₅ could be identified in the order of merit as superior varieties for young age silkworm rearing.

Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis.

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Nutritive value assessment of mulberry with special reference to the requirements of bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori. L)

Personnel :Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari

Project Period :1990-94

Objectives :

• To evaluate the biochemical composition of mulberry leaves under different system of cultivation.
• To study the variation in mulberry leaf quality in different varieties with reference to seasonal variation and cultivation practices.

· To find out the relation between mulberry leaf quality and moisture loss.

Results/Recommendations :The data with respect to field survey of farmers mulberry gardens in Anekal bivoltine seed area (Bangalore rural district) revealed that, 79% of the mulberry garden soils recorded higher soil pH(>7.3) and 66% of soils recorded less than 0.5% of organic carbon content and 58.8% of the soils recorded lower values of available K (<108 kg/acre) and were associated with 55% of the gardens recorded lower values of leaf protein content (<19%).

Among the leaf quality parameters studied with respect to young age silkworm rearing, higher leaf moisture content, moisture retention and leaf protein contents, and lower values of sugar protein ratios could be identified as important factors influencing the performance of young age worms.

Project Outcome : Among the fourteen mulberry genotypes evaluated, Acc.No.79, Kosen, DD, RFS-135 and RFS-175 could be identified in the order of merit as superior varieties for young age silkworm rearing.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Nutritive value assessment of mulberry with special reference to the requirements of bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori L)-Leaf quality evaluation of four promising mulberry varieties by leaf biochemical and bio-assay studies.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari, Krishna M, Lingaiah

Project Period :1991-1994

Objectives :Evaluation of improved mulberry varieties for leaf quality.

Results/Recommendations : Two improved mulberry varieties–Viswa and TG of KSSRDI, were evaluated in comparison with M5 and S54 varieties. The TG variety recorded highest values of total N, protein, sugar and chlorophyll contents and lowest value of larval weight and was associated with higher values of shell weight and shell ratio. The Viswa variety recorded lowest values of total N, protein and chlorophyll and was associated with significantly lower values of shell weight, shell ratio. It was concluded that the 04 varieties under study did not differ considerably among themselves with respect to the rearing parameters. The higher leaf yields and wider adaptability of the Viswa variety appear to be of distinct advantage.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1993 –94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of fourteen selected GPB mulberry varieties through biochemical analysis at different maturity levels.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari

Project Period :1991-1994

Objectives :Observation on leaf biochemical parameters and bioassay using 45 days old tender leaves.

Results/Recommendations :Leaf moisture, protein, sugar contents were highest in tender leaves and declined at varied degrees among the varieties with advancement of the growth periods and increasing maturity levels. Exotic temperature varieties recorded lower rates of nutrient depletion over the growth periods studied compared to indigenous tropical varieties.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Nutritive value assessment of mulberry with special reference to the requirements of bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori L.)-Observations on mulberry leaf quality parameters in relation to soil properties in Anekal Seed Area.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari, Krishna M, Lingaiah

Project Period :1993-1994

Objectives :To identify critical soil factors for bivoltine seed crop rearing.

Results/Recommendations : The soil and leaf samples collected from 73 mulberry gardens from 3 TSC areas viz., Anekal, Chandapura and Attibele of Bivoltine Seed Area, Anekal, were analyzed for leaf biochemical and soil fertility parameters including micronutrients. Among the soil fertility parameters, the pH, N & B contents differed significantly between the 3 TSC areas.

Anekal TSC soils had significantly lower pH and N contents while B content was significantly lower in case of soil samples from Chandapura TSC. The leaf sugar, protein and chlorophyll contents were significantly higher and significantly lower soil pH in Anekal TSC area compared to Chandapura and Attibele TSC areas. The rearing performances data even though recorded significant differences the range of average values was considerably narrow.

Observations indicate the scope for improvement of soil pH and organic matter contents.

Project Outcome :Related data base and recommendations are documented.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Nutritive value assessment of mulberry with special reference to the requirements of bivoltine silkworms (Bombyx mori L)-Screening of promising GPB varieties through biochemical and bioassay studies.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Chaluvachari, Krishna M, Lingaiah

Project Period : 1993-1994

Objectives :To identify mulberry genotypic variability in respect of bivoltine silkworm rearing.

Results/Recommendations : Accn.79, Kosen, Viswa, RFS-175 and English Black varieties were identified as superior varieties for chawki rearing.

Higher leaf moisture content and moisture retention capacity with higher protein content and lower sugar protein ratios could be identified as important leaf quality parameters for young age silkworm rearing

Project Outcome :Identified superior mulberry genotypes for bivoltine silkworm rearing.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1993 – 94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :All India Coordinated Experiment for evaluation of superior genotypes under rainfed conditions.

Personnel :Bongale UD, Krishna M

Project Period :1993-1999

Objectives :

• To study the adaptability, growth, yield potential and quality of mulberry varieties under southern agroclimatic condition.
• To identify the superior varieties which are suitable for cultivation under rainfed condition.

Results/Recommendations :Among the six mulberry genotypes evaluated (S13, S34, S1, S1635, DD and Mysore Local, the S1635 genotype recorded significantly highest values of leaf yield moisture content moisture retention total chlorophyll leaf protein and sugar content associated with superior rearing performances with respect to highest larval weight single cocoon weight and ERR.

Project Outcome :S1635 variety stand superior to other varieties studied and this variety is recommended for rainfed condition.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 2000-2001

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Nutritive value assessment of mulberry with special reference to the biochemical constituents (Phase-II)

Personnel :Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Krishna M

Project Period : 1994-1997

Objectives :

• Effect of soil organic matter depletion on the leaf quality in four mulberry varieties.
• Effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on growth and quality of mulberry.
• Leaf quality in relation to soil nutrient status in farmers mulberry gardens.

Results/Recommendations :

With single time application of FYM, substantial reduction in leaf yields were recorded from fourth harvest onwards, while the leaf quality and bioassay silkworm cocoon crop performances were affected after the second harvest itself indicating the need for application of FYM at shorter intervals;

Among the four treatments of manurial schedules, treatment NPK+FYM and only FYM recorded highest and lowest leaf yields respectively, and only NPK recorded lowest ERR, while only N recorded highest values of shell percentage;

Performance of gardens receiving sewage water irrigation was better (in the study area) compared to that receiving borewell water irrigation.

Application of FYM at least twice in a year at an interval of 2-3 harvests is recommended.

FYM/organic manure applied in split doses at shorter intervals at least two to three times per year for mulberry gardens to get higher leaf yield of good quality of mulberry leaf and better cocoon crop performance.

Among the 04 mulberry varieties studied, differential performance in respect of majority of leaf quality and bio-assay parameters indicated the capacity of these varieties to withstand the stress of soil organic matter depletion. The TG variety recorded significantly higher values of shell percentage and leaf nitrogen harvests indicating its higher efficiency. The performance of TG variety is almost on par with M5 mulberry variety.

Popularisation and creating awareness among the farmers about the importance of split application of FYM/organic manure for mulberry cultivation through TOT programmes and PTD.

The TG var. has been tested in two sub-stations of KSSRDI and 2 GSFs. The TG var. has been considered under AICEM – II and is under testing in 22 Centers at All Indian Level.

Spreading this technology to all the sericultural areas of Karnataka through TOT and PTD concept.

Project Outcome :Related recommendations in respect of manorial dosages for soil organic matter management, comparative performance of irrigation for mulberry cultivation.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Field evaluation and supply of foliar spray formulation for recovery of widespread mulberry chlorosis.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Chaluvachari

Project Period :1994-2000

Objectives :To study the efficacy of the foliar formulation of KSSRDI (Harith) with a large number of mulberry gardens under different TSC areas of Kolar and Bangalore district.

Results/Recommendations : Totally 5,801 packets of multi-nutrients foliar spray ‘Harith’ were distributed to 648 farmers covering 740.5 acres of mulberry during implementation period (1.058 packets, 150 farmers and 133 acres during 1999-2000). Intensive field surveys were carried out in parts of Kolar, Bangalore, Gulbarga, Uttara Kannada, Kodagu, Chikkamagalore, Chitradurga, Mysore and Chamarajanagara districts and chlorotic mulberry gardens identified for improvements through foliar sprays on short-term, and soil amendments on long-term basis.

Based on the soil and leaf analysis and symptomatological observations, a foliar spray formulation (Harith) was developed for recovery of chlorosis in M5 mulberry variety and it gave positive response towards the recovery of chlorosis.

Project Outcome :To meet the large scale requirement of Harith to the farmers, it was licensed for large scale production and supply.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1999-2000

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Incidence of chlorotic symptoms and its recovery through multi nutrient foliar sprays in M-5 variety of mulberry.

Personnel : Bonagale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Krishna M

Project Period :1994-1995

Objectives :To study the incidence of wide spread chlorotic symptoms, poor leaf yield and quality associated with poor silkworm performance.

Results/Recommendations :It could be observed that the leaf samples from gardens which received multinutrient sprays recorded higher values of cholorophyll, sugar, protein and Mn contents compared to those without the spray while the reverse was true with respect to Fe: Mn ratio.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1995-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Leaf quality in relation to soil nutrient status in farmers gardens of Bidadi area in Bangalore district.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Krishna M

Project Period :1994-1996

Objectives :To study the soil and leaf related parameters of farmers of Biddi area of Ramanagar Taluk.

Results/Recommendations :

· Application of FYM at least twice in a year at an interval of 2-3 harvests is recommended.

· The application of NPK+FYM recorded highest and lowest leaf yield respectively and only NPK recorded lowest values of the effective rate of rearing, while only N recorded highest values of shell percentage.

· Performance of gardens (in the study area) receiving sewage water irrigation was better compared to those receiving bore well water irrigation.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1994-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Effect of application of chemical fertilizers and FYM on growth and quality of mulberry.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Narahari Rao BV, Krishna M

Project Period :1994-1996

Objectives :To study the effect of application of chemical fertilizers and FYM and yield and quality parameters in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :Among the four treatments, treatment-1 (20tons FYM+300:120:120 kg NPK/ha/yr) and treatment-4 [300 kg N(as urea)/ha/yr (5 split doses)] recorded highest and lowest yields respectively, while treatment-3 [300:120:120kg NPK/ha/yr (5 split doses)] recorded lowest ERR & treatment-4 recorded highest values of cocoons: shell.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on some aspects of nitrogen nutrition in mulberry.

Personnel : Leelavathi BC, Bongale UD

Project Period :1995-1999

Objectives :

· To understand the genotypic variability for selection of efficient genotypes in respect of nitrate reductase activity (NRA).

· To identify the critical factor influencing the performance of genotypes in respect of NRA.

· To suggest a model cropping system for increasing the biomass productivity and Nitrogen use efficiency through management of NRA.

Results/Recommendations :

· M₅ variety recorded higher NRA/unit biomass, which however was not reflected in the leaf yield and protein/plant.

· S₃₆ variety a slow maturing variety recorded slower depletion of NRA compared to the DD and M₅ over the duration of the fertilizers.

· Optimization of plant density, split application of nitrogen, increasing the stump height, optimization of prevailing temperature through microclimate management and to optimization of soil moisture availability could help to improve the productivity of these varieties.

Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis.

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :All India co-ordinated experiment for evaluation of superior genotypes under rainfed condition. (All India Co-ordinated Sericulture Project of the CSB, extended special component for 1999-2000).

Personnel : Narahari Rao BV, Bongale UD, Krishna M

Project Period : 1999-2000

Objectives :

· To study the adaptability, growth yields potential and quality of mulberry varieties under southern agro-climatic conditions.

· To identify superior varieties which are suitable for cultivation under rainfed conditions.

Results/Recommendations :Variety S1635 stand superior to other 5 varieties (S13, S34, S1, Mysore Local and Viswa) studied and this variety is recommended for rainfed condition.

Project Outcome :Recommended superior mulberry genotype for rainfed cultivation.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Nutrient elemental status of mulberry leaf and identification of critical factors vis-à-vis silkworm cocoon crop performances in Karnataka.

Personnel : Bongale UD, Chaluvachari

Project Period : 2000-2003

Objectives :

· To identify the optimum range values of mineral elements in mulberry leaves vis-à-vis silkworm cocoon crop performance.

· To identify the deficiency/toxicity levels of mineral elements in mulberry leaves.

· To extend advisory service to the sericulturists based on soil test and leaf analysis to improve the quality of leaves.

Results/Recommendations :

· Improve soil organic matter content in mulberry gardens by application of FYM, green manure and vermicompost in 2-3 split doses per year.

· Soil amendment based pH management for improvement of sulphur content through supplementation by sulphur containing fertilizers such as ammonium sulphate for identified mulberry gardens.

· Regular monitoring of soil fertility particularly in respect of identified critical factors such as OC, P, K and Mn contents.

Project Outcome :Related recommendations for leaf quality maintenance.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Assessment of sewage water irrigation for nutrient supplementation in mulberry cultivation and nutrient budgeting in farmers fields, Bangalore District, Karnataka

Personnel : Bongale UD, Krishna M

Project Period :2000-2003

Objectives :

· To assess the fertility of sewage water irrigation to mulberry gardens through the evaluation of soil fertility, leaf quality, cocoon crop performances.

· To estimate the nutrient input levels through sewage irrigation for advisory purpose on supplementation or otherwise of identified nutrients.

Results/Recommendations :Sewage and related effluent water could be beneficially used for irrigated mulberry gardens with regular monitoring.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003-04

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Mulberry pathology and Microbiology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Screening for disease resistance in mulberry for leaf spot, rust and bacterial blight diseases (Phase I & II)

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV

Project Period : 1984-88

Objectives :

· Biology and epidemiological studies for the three major mulberry diseases.

· Screening of mulberry strains resistant to leaf spot, rust and bacterial blight disease.

Results/Recommendations :

Strains resistant to leaf spot disease (Cercospora moricola): Tsukasaguwa, Goshoerami, Ichinose, Kairoichinose, Ichihei, Mizusawa, PKS1-9, 1-11, 1-12, and local varieties such as Dharwar, Haveri I & II, MR were moderately resistant.

Strains resistant to leaf rust disease (Cerotelium fici): Tsukasaguwa, Paraguay, Kamiso-401, Japan-II, Soundatti, S30, S36, TG, Mysore local, OPH-I & II were moderately resistant.

Strains resistant to bacterial blight disease (Pseudomonas mori): Hazaz, Goshoerami, Paraguay, Kamiso-401, Ichinose and Ichihei, Kairyoichinose, PKS1-4, 1-2 and local varieties viz., Haveri-II, Soundatti, S30, MR, TG, and RFS175 were moderately resistant.

Project outcome: The work provides basic information to the breeders to select parents for breeding programmes.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Control of insect pests of mulberry.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV

Project Period : 1986-87

Objectives :

· Survey and collection of predators and parasites for Diacrisia Obliqua and Eupterote mollifera.

· To study feeding habit of the predatory bug and its bio-ecology.

Results/Recommendations :Mealy bug: Maconellicoccus hirsutus (‘Tukra disease’): Dichlorovas, Oxydemeton methyl, Malathion, Methylparathion and Phosphomidon @ 0.2% concentration effectively controls mealy bug in mulberry.

Red headed caterpillar (Eupterote mollifera): Dichlorovas and Quinolphos, @ 0.2% concentration controls the pest.

Bihar hairy caterpillar (Spilosoma obliqua): Dicholorovas, Methylparathion, Malathion, Quinolphos, @ 0.2% concentration controls the pest effectively.

Wingless grasshopper (Neorthacris acuticeps nilgirensis) : Oxydemeton methyl (0.2%) and Dichlorovas were effective in controlling the pest.

Stink bug (Nazara virudula): Dinocap @ 0.1-0.2% is effective against the pest.

Army worm (Spodoptera litura): Furadon 3G @ 6 kg/acre (soil application), Dichlorovas or Malathion @ 0.2% concentration as foliar spray is effective in controlling the pest.

Thrips & Leaf hoppers (Pseudodendrothrips mori & Empoasca flavescense): Oxydemeton methyl and Dichlorovas are effective in controlling these pests.

Red/Crazy ants :BHC 10% @ 20 kg/acre or Heptachlor 50% @ 5-10 kg/acre are effective in reducing the menace. Aluminium phosphide tablets are effective as fumigants in killing the ants in the nest.

Project outcome: The fallowing recommendations were made from the study

• Chemical control of mealy bug in mulberry.
• Chemical control of red headed caterpillar in mulberry.
• Chemical control of Bihar hairy caterpillar in mulberry.
• Chemical control of wingless grasshopper in mulberry.
• Chemical control of stink bug in mulberry.
• Chemical control of army worms in mulberry.
• Chemical control of thrips and leaf hoppers in mulberry.
• Chemical control of red/crazy ants in mulberry.

The pesticides are available in the market. The recommendations are followed by sericulturists whenever the pest menace is considerable.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1986-87

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases- Cercospora leaf spot disease.

Personnel :Sukumar J, Prasad KV

Project Period :1986-90

Objectives :To study the epidemiology and to develop control measures for Cercospora leaf spot disease.

Results/Recommendations :

• To increase pruning height to 40 cm above ground in regions where the disease intensity is severe.
• Advancing the bottom pruning to March/April from June/July significantly reduces the disease intensity.
• Carbendazim, Captan, Captafol, Copper Oxychloride and Dinocap @ 0.1-0.2% concentration are effective in controlling the disease.
• In severely disease prone zones, soil treatment with Captan, Captafol or Wettable sulphur at 8 kg/acre suppresses the soil borne inoculum reducing the disease severity.

Project outcome :Related recommendation for leaf spot disease management in mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases-Studies on new diseases of mulberry reported.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV

Project Period : 1987-88

Objectives :To understand the epidemiology and control measures of new mulberry diseases.

Results/Recommendations : The following new diseases were reported on mulberry:

· Stem & twig blight - Phoma exigua

· Bud blight - Fusarium lateritium f. sp. mori Type-A

· Bud blight - Haplosporella longisporum

· Stem canker - Gliocladium roseum

· Black root rot - Lasiodiplodia theobromae.

Project outcome: New report on disease incidence in mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases-Studies on Lasiodiplodia stem canker.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV

Project Period : 1988-92

Objectives : To carry out detailed study of stem canker disease of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Repeated use of same nursery site should be discouraged.
• Planting of cuttings during unfavorable season should be avoided.
• Stacking of pruned stem portions besides nursery beds and gardens should be avoided.
• Captan solution; wound dressing with 0.2% Carbendazim or Captan spray effectively controls the disease.
• Pruning/cutting the stem 0.5 cm above the bud is advised to avoid the incidence of stem canker.
• Dipping the cuttings in 0.1% Carbendazim for 30 minutes prior to planting should be followed.

Project outcome : Control measures for Lasiodiplodia stem canker of mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1991-92

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases-Powdery mildew disease.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV

Project Period :1989-93

Objectives :To study the epidemiology and to develop a package for control measures for powdery mildew disease in mublerry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Foliar application of 0.1% Carbendazim or Captan effectively controls the disease.
• Wider spacing (4’ x 2’; 4’ x 2’ x 2’; 3’ x 3’) reduces the disease severity.

Project outcome :Control measure for powdery mildew disease of mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases-Seasonal incidence of some important nursery diseases of mulberry.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV, Nagendra Kumar TD

Project Period : 1992-94

Objectives :To develop management practices for mulberry diseases of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations : The following diseases were severe during:

• Rainy season: Leaf spot, bacterial blight.
• Winter season: Stem canker, root rot, rust and mildew.
• All season diseases: Root rot, root knot, stem canker.

Project outcome :Related database and recommendations are documented.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases-Leaf rust disease.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Prasad KV, Nagendra Kumar TD

Project Period : 1992-94

Objectives :To develop control measures for leaf rust disease of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Foliar application of 0.1% Carbendazim/Chlorothalonil controls the disease effectively.
• S13 variety is resistant to rust.

Project outcome :Identification of S43 variety mulberry as resistant genotype and related control measure for leaf rust disease.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the response of mulberry (Morus sp.) to phosphate solubilizing microorganism.

Personnel :Nagendra Kumar TD, Sukumar J

Project Period :1993-1998

Objectives :

· To isolate phosphate solubilizng fungi and bacteria from the rhizosphere soils of mulberry and farmyard manure.

· To screen the efficiency of isolated microorganisms to solubilize tricalcium phosphate and rock phosphate in Pikovskaya’s broth and on hydroxyapatite agar medium.

· To screen the response of mulberry to selected PSMs with two P source viz., superphosphate and rock phosphate.

· To study the feasibility of utilizing rock phosphate in place of superphosphate or substitute a part of it through rock phosphate.

· To study the rearing performance of silkworm fed on leaves from PSM inoculated plants.

· To study the response of mulberry to dual inoculation with PSM isolates and PSM-vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) combination

· To study the effect of PSMs on the survival, growth and root proliferation of mulberry saplings.

Results/Recommendations :Mulberry rhizosphere was found to harbour a variety of PS fungi and bacteria. A total of 1 fungal and 9 bacterial isolates were obtained from mulberry rhizosphere. In addition, 4 fungal and 5 bacteria were isolated from farmyard manure samples. Majority of the fungi isolated belonged to the genus Aspergillus while all the bacterial isolates were gram negative rods except one isolates which was gram negative coccoid form.

The overall comparison of all the inoculated treatments receiving different P sources showed that, with the exception of Trichoderma sp. (F-6) all others had a highly significant influence on the growth, biomass production and P2O5 uptake by mulberry.

Two fungal isolates viz., A. awamori (F-10), A. niger (F-14) and one bacterial isolate B-1 were selected along with the two reference organisms A. awamori and B. Megaterium var. phosphaticum. Inoculants in presence of SSP + MRP were superior over the inoculated treatments receiving MRP.

In presence of SSP + MRP, A. awamori (F-10) recorded 11.34 and 14.29 percent increase in leaf yield at 25 and 50 kg inoculum/ha respectively over the uninoculated control (SSP) followed by the ref. fungus A. awamori (11.19 and 13.86), A. niger (F-14) (10.92 and 13.87%), B. megaterium (10.50 and 13.03%) and B-1 (9.66 and 13.45%).

The bacterial isolates B-1 and B. megaterium var. phophaticum in combination with Glomus mossae showed highly significant increase in the growth parameters of mulberry as compared to the plants receiving the individual inoculations of PS fungal isolate and their combination with Glomus mossae.

The encouraging results obtained with A. niger (F-14) and A. awamori (F-10) combination in presence of MRP and SSP + MRP as P sources, suggested that there is a scope to explore further combinations of PSMs to strike at more number of suitable combinations with greater benefits on growth parameters of mulberry.

Project outcome :Related database and recommendations are documented.

Source of Information :Ph.D thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in mulberry.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Padma SD, Prasad KV

Project Period : 1994-99

Objectives :To develop integrated practice for management of root knot nematode in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Pretreatment of sapling roots in 100 ppm Carbofuran solution prior to planting.
• Integrating farm yard manure with neem cake and intercultivation of marigold plants. This controls disease and increases leaf by 13%.
• Application of double dose of farmyard manure (40t/ha/yr) controls disease and increases leaf yield by 27%.
• Application of Carbofuran @ 2.5 kg/ha/yr to reduce nematode population and subsequent maintenance through organic soil amendments and intercultivation of enemy plants such as marigold, and Sesamum.
• Planting nematode free saplings to prevent the spread of nematodes from diseased to disease free areas.
• Removal of alternate hosts such as weeds in mulberry gardens to reduce nematode population build up in gardens.
• To increase vigour of plants by providing adequate nutrition.

Project outcome :Related recommendations for root knot nematode management.

Source of Information: Annual Report :1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the epidemiology and control of mulberry diseases-Studies on Lasiodiplodia root rot disease of mulberry

Personnel : Sukumar J, Padma SD, Prasad KV

Project Period : 1995-99

Objectives :To carry out detailed study of root rot disease of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Wound dressing of plants with 0.2% Carbendazim immediately after pruning to be a regular practice.
• Soil treatment with Carbendazim/Captan @ 8kg/acre to be practiced.
• To integrate fungicide application with the nematicide Carbofuran @ one kg a.i./acre since root rot and root knot diseases are complementary to each other.
• Height of pruning should be increased to 20-30 cm above ground level and immediately after pruning the cut ends and the slumps should be sprayed with 0.2% Carbendazim solution.
• To avoid stacking of pruned stem portions besides gardens and nurseries to prevent multiplication of the pathogen.
• Drenching of soil around the uprooted infected plant with 0.2% Carbendazim or Captan solution.

Project outcome :Control measure for Lasiodiploidia root rot disease of mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on phosphate supplementation to mulberry through microbial association and biofertilizers-Isolation, screening and utilization of phosphate solubilizing microorganisms to improve growth and yield of mulberry

Personnel : Sukumar J, Padma SD, Thimma Reddy H, Nagendrakumar TD

Project Period : 1996-2000

Objectives :Detailed study on the PSMs for mulberry cultivation.

Results/Recommendations :The PSM inoculum containing B. megaterium, MPM-1, A. awamori and A. niger can be incorporated into the agronomic package to improve P use efficiency and leaf yield in mulberry. However, care should be taken while preparing the fungal inoculum since enormous amount of spores are released which could be harmful to the workers.

The inoculum should be used at 10 kg of lignite based inoculum/acre/year in two equal split doses. The first dose should be provided at the beginning of first harvest soon after basal pruning in the month of June and the second dose after two harvests and at the beginning of 3^rd harvest.

The inoculum should be applied along with farmyard manure (FYM). For this purpose FYM should be applied in two split doses.

P fertilizers viz., super phosphate alone, super phosphate and rock phosphate and rock phosphate alone can be used along with the inoculants. Use of rock phosphate can be decided based on soil testing and the full quantity can be applied in one dose. A 25 % reduction in P application can be achieved through the PS inoculants.

B. megaterium and A. azospirillum brasilense can be used combinedly for synergistic effect to increase leaf yield, N & P uptake. A 25% reduction in N and P fertilizer application can be achieved through these organisms. B. megaterium and A. brasilense have to be applied at 10 and 8 kg/acre/yr, respectively, in two equal split doses.

Roots of saplings can be dipped in a slurry of inoculum prior to planting to enhance profuse root development and better establishment of saplings in the field.

Project outcome: Phosphate solubizing biofertilizer technology for mulberry was developed. A product ‘Seriphos’- a P solubilizing bio-fertilizer for mulberry was developed.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 1999-2000

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on phosphate mobilization to mulberry through VAM fungal associations.

Personnel : Padma SD, Sukumar J, Prasad KV, Nagendrakumar TD

Project Period : 1997-2001

Objectives :To develop a comprehensive package on VAM inoculum for mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Glomus mossae and G. fasciculatum were efficient in mobilizing P for mulberry. The root and soil based inoculum should be applied at 100 kg/acre of established garden.
• The best method for secondary level multiplication of the fungus is on ragi roots in nursery.
• 50% of super phosphate can be replaced with rock phosphate in association with VAM application.
• In combination with ‘Seri-Phos’ or ‘Seri-Multiphos’ 25% of P application can be curtailed to save money.

Project outcome :Mulberry specific package for VAM inoculum and related management practice for mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on biocontrol of Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing stem canker and root rot disases in mulberry

Personnel : Padma SD, Sukumar J, Prasad KV, Nagendrakumar TD

Project Period : 1998-01

Objectives :To develop bio-based control measure for stem canker and root rot in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Leaf extracts of Calotropis gigantea and Trigonella forenum at 2% concentration inhibited the growth of Lasiodiplodia theobromae. This can be sparyed after every pruning. The cutting can be pre-treated with the extracts before planting.
• Trichoderma viride (BCF-1) & Pseudomonas fluorescens isolated and evaluated should be used to control root rot and stem canker in mulberry.

Project Outcome :The formulation developed ‘Seri-Bioguard’ should be used @ 5 kg per hectare in two equal doses enriched with 25-50 kg neem cake.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance of efficient microbial strains/isolates, production, supply and field demonstration of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers for mulberry–Phase-II of nitrogen fixing biofertilisers.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Padma SD

Project Period :1998-01

Objectives :Maintenance of efficient microbial strains.

Results/Recommendations :

• Azotobacter chroococcum (RFB), MPM-Azot-3 & 5, Azospirillum brasilense MPM-Azp-5 The inoculant should be used at 8 kg/acre/yr. in two equal split doses along with farmyard manure.
• 25-50% of nitrogen application can be curtailed by using the inoculant preparation depending on soil OC.
• The inoculants in combination with ‘Seriphos’ & Seri-Multiphos’ can increase leaf yield up to 12%.

Project outcome :Related data base on efficient strains are documented.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2000-01

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance of efficient microbial strains/isolates, production, supply and field demonstrations of nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizers for mulberry - Phosphate solubilising biofertilizers.

Personnel : Sukumar J, Padma SD

Project Period :1998-2002

Objectives :

· To isolate, screen and maintain efficient phosphate solubilizing microorganisms.

· To produce biofertilizers inoculum.

· To demonstrate the efficient strains in selected sericulturists mulberry gardens.

· To publish extension literature.

Results/Recommendations :

• The PSM inoculants MPM-14, 19, Bacillus polymixa and Agrobacterium radiobacter can be used for the production of inoculum.
• The inoculum to be used @ 25 kg/ha/year in two split doses along with farmyard manure.
• The inoculum can be multiplied by a special vermicompost enrichment technology by the farmers at a very low cost by purchasing only one kg of inoculum. This can reduce substantially the cost on biofertilizer procurement.

Project outcome :Related database and recommendations are documented.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2001-2002

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Improvement of soil health and fertility through combined inoculation of beneficial microorganisms for leaf yield and quality improvement in mulberry.

Personnel : Sukumar J

Project Period :2000-04

Objectives :Comprehensive studies on beneficial microorganisms in mulberry cultivation and soil health management.

Results/Recommendations :

Combined use of beneficial microorganisms viz., phosphate solubilizing bacteria (Bacillus sp. MPM-1, 9 & 14, B. polymyxa, B. megaterium), nitrogen fixing bacteria (Azotobacter chroococcum RFB, MPM-Azot-5, 8 and Azospirillum brasilense – MPM-Azp-5, 16) and phosphate mobilizing fungus VAM (Glomus mossae- MPM-VAM-1 & G. fasciculatum ) can curtail application of phosphorous and nitrogen by 25% at the same time improving the fertilizer use efficiency. Their use with full dose of fertilizers increases leaf yield by 11% while with 75% N and P the yield increase is 8%. The biocontrol agents Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum, P. fluorescence should be used at 5 kg/ha/yr in two equal split doses enriched in neem cake along with the biofertilizers to control root knot, root rot and stem canker diseases.

The work resulted in isolation and evaluation of a nematode controlling fungus Trichoderma harzianum which resulted in the development of a biocontrol product ‘Seri-Nematoguard’ which controls root knot disease by 70-75%. In addition, another nematode controlling fungus Paecilomyces lilacinus was also evaluated for the control of root knot disease. Inoculation with Trichoderma viride and Pseudomonas fluorescence reduced root rot and stem canker diseases by 70-75%. In addition, P. fluorescence and P solubilizing bacteria act as helper bacteria in improving root colonization by VAM fungus increasing P mobilizing efficiency.

Simpler methods for secondary level multiplication and biopelletisation of biofertilizer inoculants using earthworm as a tool and neem cake as the organic base for biocontrol agents were developed.

‘Seri-Nematoguard’ is recommended at 5 kg/ha/yr in two equal split doses to be enriched in 25-50 kg neemcake for a week.

The prepared mixture to be applied @ 1 kg/sq. m in nurseries to prevent root knot intensity in saplings.

Project outcome:The following products were developed for use by the sericulturists:

• ‘Seri-Multiphos’ – A multistrain phosphate solubilizing bacterial biofertilizer for mulberry.
• ‘Seri-Prakruthi’- A multistrain nitrogen fixing bacterial biofertilizer for mulberry.
• ‘Seri-Nematoguard’ – A fungus based biocontrol agent for root knot disease management in mulberry.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2004-05

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Studies on biocontrol of powdery mildew disease in mulberry

Personnel : Prasad KV, Padma SD

Project Period : 2001-2005

Objectives :Screening of botanicals and development of bibased management of powdery mildew disease of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :A herbal product ‘Seri-Mildewguard’ was developed after evaluating several plant extracts. ‘Seri-Mildewguard’ has to be administered at the rate of 11.25 kg/ha/crop in two split doses atan interval of 10 days. First spray with 5 kg extract in 250 litres of water has to be administered when the plants are in 5-6 leaf stage after pruning. The second spray with 6.25 kg extract in 313 litres of water has to be sprayed after 10 days of first spray. Spraying has to be done in the morning or evening hours during August to February months.

Project outcome: ‘Seri-Mildewguard’ herbal biofungicide was developed.

Source of Information: Annual Report: – 2004-05

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Integrated disease management of stem canker and root rot in mulberry.

Personnel :Padma SD

Project Period :2001-04

Objectives :To develop integrated management practice for stem canker and root rot in mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

• Integrated management can be employed in the control of stem canker and root rot diseases in mulberry. Aerial spray of Carbendazim @ 0.05% and suspension of Trichoderma. viride (10^6-10⁷ cells/ml of solution) controls stem canker.
• Aerial spray of carbendazim @ 0.05% and soil application of Trichoderma viride, inoculant @ 2 kg/acre/year in two equal split doses control root rot disease.

Project outcome: The fungus based technical product ‘Seri-Bioguard’ was released during the workshop.

Source of Information: Annual Report: 2004-05

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of protocol for preparation of sericulture waste-based compost.

Personnel : Sukumar J

Project Period :2001-04

Objectives :Effective recycling of sericulture based farm wastes.

Results/Recommendations :

The protocol (Seri-waste 800 kg; cow dung100 kg; garden soil 50 kg, compost 50 kg, rock phosphate 5% P₂O₅; C:N ratio 60:1 to be put layer by layer along with the consortium of lignocellulolytic microorganisms followed by monthly turning of the material) developed should be followed to prepare nutritionally and microbially enriched seri-compost in four months time.

The protocol for production of enriched sericulture waste based vermicompost developed (crushed stem, faecal matter, cow dung 10%; cellulolytic microbes one kg/ton, put in 4’ x 4’ x 3’ bin/pit with earthworms) should be followed to prepare microbially enriched seri-waste based vermicompost within 45-50 days.

Biopelletization of biofertilizer inoculants using earthworm as a tool was developed which is beneficial in secondary level multiplication of microbial inoculants to save on cost of inoculants and to increase the survival rate of inoculants. The method can save cost on 7-8 kg of inoculum/acre.

13-14 tons of compost can be prepared which reduces cost on farmyard manure.

Seri-waste based compost enriched with nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer inoculants with rock phosphate can curtail 25% of N application through fertilizers and total replacement of superphosphate application saving money.

Ligno-cellulolytic microorganisms were selected, evaluated and inoculum production was standardized. The product was developed which has to be applied at one kg/ton of waste material.

Vermiwash and vermicompost washings to be applied as foliar spray (1:5 & 1:10) to increase leaf yield and quality.

Project outcome:

• A protocol for preparation of seri-waste based compost.
• A protocol for preparation of enriched vermicompost.
• A protocol for biopelletisation of biofertilizer inoculants.
• A protocol for the preparation of pathosuppressive compost with biocontrol agents for control of root rot, root knot and stem canker disease management.
• ’Seri-Comporich’–A consortium of cellulolytic microorganisms was developed.

Source of Information: Annual Report:–2004-05

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Silkworm Breeding and Genetics

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, Conservation and Evaluation of silkworm Germplasm-Phase I.

Personnel :Krishna Rao S, Rajeshwari TS

Project Period :1984-1987

Objectives :Collection, Conservation and characterization of silkworm accessions.

Results/Recommendations :56 bivoltine accessions and 27 multivoltine accessions are maintained at Germplasm Bank of KSSRDI. They are reared in different seasons and rearing performance is catalogued.

Sources of Information : From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance of bivoltine silkworm germplasm.

Personnel :Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy, Mahadevappa, Latha R

Project Period :1984-Longterm

Objectives :Collection, Conservation and characterization of bivoltine silkworm accessions.

Results/Recommendations :74 bivoltine accessions are maintained at Germplasm Bank of KSSRDI. They are reared in different seasons and rearing performance is catalogued. Based on the rearing parameters, germplasm accessions can be selected for further studies.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Genetic resource unit (Silkworm germplasm).

Personnel : Krishna Rao S, Katti SR

Period :1984-1987

Objectives :

· To collect and maintain the silkworm races.

· To assess their performances in relation to seasons.

· To acclimatize them to local environment.

· To assess their combining ability with other bivoltine and multivoltine races.

Results/Recommendations :

· The selected bivoltine races may be used for further breeding studies as per the advice of Japanese experts.

· Promising races are to be reared along with popular races (as control) to draw conclusions in Govt. Silk Farms.

· The races N-P and S-P are to be reared in high temperature prevailing areas along with the popular races to study their performances during summer seasons.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on silkworm mutants and double cocoons.

Personnel : Krishna Rao S, Rajeshwari TS

Period :1987-1990

Objectives :

· To collect, maintain and study various silkworm mutants

· To analyze the double cocoons with reference to the behaviour during double cocoon formation, sex combination etc.

Results/Recommendations :Over 30,000 double cocoons have been analyzed. Out of these 50% of the double cocoons had male-female combination and 29% female-female combination. Further, 81% of the double cocoon had both the pupa facing same direction. Among male-male, male-female, female-female combinations, male-female is dominant in number and the ratio is 1:2:1.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Screening of bivoltine races for high temperature tolerance.

Personnel : Krishna Rao S, Katti SR, Sanaulla ML

Period :1987-1994

Objectives :To evolve hardy bivoltine race with a view to replace multi-bivoltine in the high temperature prevailing areas of Karnataka.

Results/Recommendations :The popular BV races KA, NB₄D₂ and new BV races NCTM, NP2, SP2 and new BV hybrids KA x NP2, NP2 x KA, KA x SP2, SP2 x KA, CT100 x NTM1, NTM1 x CT100, NTCM x CTM, CTM x NTCM, NTP x CM30P, CM3OP x NTP, and cross breeds, CPO x C-Nichi, CM3OP x C-Nichi and CT100 x C-Nichi were reared to evaluate their rearing performance in different seasons.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Screening of bivoltine races for high temperature tolerance.

Personnel : Krishna Rao S, Govindaraju ST, Venkataramu

Project Period :1987-1994

Objectives :To evolve hardy bivoltine race with a view to replace multi-bivoltine in the high temperature prevailing areas of Karnataka.

Results/Recommendations :The popular BV races KA, NB₄D₂ and new BV races NP2, SP2, KSO-1 and new BV hybrids KA x NP2, NP2 x KA, KA x SP2, SP2 x KA, KSO-1 x NP2, NP2 x KSO-1, KSO-1 x SP2, SP2 X KSO-1 were reared to evaluate their rearing performance in different seasons.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comparative study of the performance of the MV x BV and BV x BV hybrid (Kengeri TSC).

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Geetha Bai M, Ravikumar C

Period :1987-1996

Objectives :

· To adopt rearers having irrigated M5 garden.

· To improve the rearing technology of the rearers.

· To demonstrate comparative performances of MV x BV and BV x BV hybrid with farmers.

Results/Recommendations :Gradual increase in yield per 100 dfls was recorded for both the combinations. However, the performance of multi-bivoltine was always superior over bivoltine, multivoltine displayed consistent performances compared to BV. Marginal improved yield per 100 dfls was recorded by 15% of the farmers for BV over MV. Sept-Feb months are the most favourable months for good cocoon harvest.

Source of information :Annual Report:1996-1997

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, Conservation and Evaluation of silkworm Germplasm- Phase II.

Personnel :Katti SR

Period :1987-1989

Objectives :Collection, Conservation and characterization of silkworm accessions.

Results/Recommendations :121 bivoltine accessions and 34 multivoltine accessions were maintained at germplasm bank of KSSRDI. They were reared in different seasons and rearing performance is catalogued.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Comparative studies on the performance of bivoltine and cross breed hybrids (CB) in the Kolar region.

Personnel : Patil CS

Project Period :1987-88

Objectives: To demonstrate the comparative rearing of multivoltine and bivoltine hybrids under farmer’s conditions in Kolar region.

Results/Recommendations :Results revealed that CB and BV races could be reared simultaneously. In fact, by doing so improvement in the performance of CB crop increased due to strict implementation of disinfection and disease management packages recommended for BV. Therefore, poor performance of cocoon crops in the field cannot be related to introduction of bivoltine races.

Source of information :Annual Report:1988-89

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comparative performance of MV and BV hybrid rearings using row system mulberry leaves (of Kolar district).

Personnel :Chandrakala MV, Mallikarjunappa RS, Patil CS

Project Period :1987-1988

Objectives :To demonstrate the performance of multi-bivoltine and bivoltine hybrids in the same place under farmers conditions using row system mulberry garden leaves of Kolar district.

Results/Recommendations : 6 crops/farmers was completed during the period of study, wherein MV always performed superior over BV. The highest performance of 41 and 30 kgs/100 dfls for MV and BV hybrids respectively were recorded. Good mulberry garden maintenance and rearing management had relevance in cocoon yield.

Source of information :Annual Report:1988-89

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, conservation and evaluation of silkworm germplasm-Phase III.

Personnel :Krishna Rao S

Project Period :1989-1992

Objectives :Collection, conservation and characterization of silkworm accessions.

Results/Recommendations :128 bivoltine accessions and 34 multivoltine accessions were maintained at Germplasm Bank of KSSRDI. They were reared in different seasons and rearing performance was catalogued.

Sources of Information : From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of new multivoltine and bivoltine races evolved by CSB organizations.

Personnel :Chandrakala MV, Mahadevaiah CR

Project Period :1989-1990

Objectives :Evaluation of selected pure multivoltine and bivoltine silkworm races evolved by CSB, Organization.

Results/Recommendations :Among Multivoltine races MY1, P2D1 and KW1 showed better yield and MU11, AP2, PH11, PD1, KW1, KW2 and GNP showed better shell percentage. Among bivoltine races, only NB₁, CC₁ and P₅ showed better yield than others.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Breeding studies to evolve hardy silkworm races.

Personnel :Krishna Rao S, Katti SR

Project Period :1989-1991

Objectives :To evolve bivoltine silkworm races using suitable bivoltine/multivoltine hardy races for adverse conditions to replace the multi-bivoltine combination.

Results/Recommendations :NP2 x KA, KA x NP2, SP2 x KA, KA x SP2, KSO-1 x NP2, NP2 x KSO-1, KSO-1 x SP2, SP2 x KSO-1 - the identified hybrids for replacing the prevailing cross breed were field tested and recommended.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1990-91

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of superior polyvoltine races with improved productivity.

Personnel : Rajanna GS, Shivanandaradhya HS

Period :1992-2003

Objectives :

· Breeding of superior polyvoltine races with improved qualitative and quantitative traits without sacrificing their innate robustness.

· Identification of suitable hybrids for commercial exploitation.

Results/Recommendations :A total of 12 promising polyvoltine lines were evolved. The new polyvoltine race MH1 and its hybrids have performed significantly and consistently better over PM, PM x NB4D2, PM x CSR2 and PM x C.Nichi. Evolved 12 lines have shown significant improvement in the productive traits like cocoon yield by weight, single cocoon and shell weight. However, they were on par with control (PM) with regard to resistance traits like ERR and population rate.

The polyvoltine race MH1 is a viable alternative for Pure Mysore as a female component of cross breed.

Project Outcome :The new hybrids MH1 x CSR2 and MH1 x NB4D2 are recommended for commercial exploitation under irrigated commercial sericulture belts of Karnataka.

The new hybrid MH1 x C. Nichi is recommended for commercial exploitation under rainfed belts of Karnataka.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Collection, conservation and evaluation of bivoltine silkworm germplasm-Phase IV.

Personnel :Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy, Govindaraju ST, Mahadevappa, Latha R

Project Period : Longterm from 1992

Objectives :Collection, Conservation and characterization of bivoltine silkworm accessions.

Results/Recommendations :128 bivoltine accessions were maintained at Germplasm Bank of KSSRDI. They were reared in different seasons and rearing performance was catalogued. Based on the rearing parameters, germplasm accessions are selected for further studies.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of SL-KSPM, a sex limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore-Breeding of SL-KSPM.

Personnel :Rajendra Mundkur, Govindaraju ST, Mallesha Murthy

Project Period :1992-1997

Objectives : Breeding of a sex-limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore, SL-KSPM.

Results/Recommendations :By using SLX, a bivoltine sex-limited race and Pure Mysore through chromosomal substitution method, a sex-limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore, SL-KSPM was evolved.

Technologies Developed :SL-KSPM, a sex-limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance and evaluation of multivoltine silkworm races.

Personnel : Rajanna GS, Shivanandaradhya HS, Dinesh M

Project Period : Longterm from 1992

Objectives : Collection, maintenance and evaluation of indigenous and exotic multivoltine races for their utilization in breeding program.

Results/Recommendations :13 germplasm accessions were maintained and evaluated.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS18

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of superior multivoltine races with improved productivity.

Personnel : Rajanna GS, Shivanandaradhya HS, Govindaraju ST, Dinesh M

Project Period :1992-2005

Objectives :

• Breeding of superior multivoltine races with improved qualitative and quantitative traits without sacrificing their innate robustness.
• Identification of suitable hybrids for commercial exploitation.

Results/Recommendations :

· MH1 (RP1) MH2 (RP2), RP3, RP4, RP5, RP6, RP7, and RP8 polyvoltine races were evolved through conventional cross breeding method.

· MH1 x NB4D2, MH1 x NP2, MH1 x CSR2, MH2 x NB4D2 and MH2 x NP2 , RP3 x CSR2, cross breed combinations were identified for irrigated sericulture belts of Karnataka.

· MH1 x C.Nichi and MH1 x RP5 cross breed combinations were identified for rainfed sericulture belts of Karnataka.

Sources of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance of P4 stock of multivoltine race PM and supply of P4 and P3 Layings.

Personnel :Sekharappa BM, Radhakrishna PG, Hadimani MB

Project Period :1992-2000

Objectives : To maintain nuclear stock of PM and supply of P4 and P3 layings to DOS.

Results/Recommendations :Stock of Pure Mysore reared every month in cellular beds. Bed selection was done based on performance. P4 and P3 stock were supplied to Pure Mysore Seed area.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Field trial of MH1, MH1 x NB4D2 and MH1 x C. Nichi.

Personnel : Rajanna GS, Shivanandaradhya HS, Govindaraju ST, Dinesh M

Project Period :1993-2005

Objectives :To study field validation of MH1, MH1 x NB4D2 and MH1 x C. Nichi.

Results/Recommendations: Over 2.2 crore MH1 (P1) seed cocoons were successfully harvested by the farmers in H.D. Kote, Sargur, Mysore district, Aurad, Bidar district, Hebbur Seed area and 6 GSFs. The Govt. Grainages and Licenced Seed Producers across the state of Karnataka have processed and distributed MH1 x NB4D2 and MH1 x C. Nichi dfls in the respective commercial sericultural belts. Over 15 lakh MH1 x NB4D2 dfls, and 2.59 lakh MH1 x C. Nichi dfls were successfully harvested and cocoons transacted in Govt. Cocoon Markets situated across the state. The reelers have offered higher price for the cocoons and reeled on Charaka, Cottage basin and Multi-end reeling machines. The raw silk was transacted in the Silk Exchanges.

The new polyvoltine race “MH1” was officially handed over by KSSRDI to the Department of Sericulture, Govt. of Karnataka on 23^rd March 2002 for commercial exploitation

Sources of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance and supply of approved bivoltine races and selection criteria for multiplication.

Personnel : Raghuraman R, Maribashetty VG, Puttaswamy S, Venkatesh H

Project Period :1995-1996

Funding Source : PSFA, GOK, Bangalore

Objectives :

· To maintain the nucleus stock of commercial bivoltines and effective supply of layings to Dept. of Sericulture and evaluate the selection parameters for seed rearing.

· To understand the importance of the quality and quantity of leaf in seed crop raising and their significance in further multiplication.

Results/Recommendations :NB4D2 was maintained and supplied to DOS. Studies were conducted on variety, quality and quantity of mulberry leaf to raise seed crop.

Sources of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Evolution and evaluation of hardy bivoltine races.

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Radhakrishna PG, Muniraju E, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1996-2000

Objectives : To evolve and evaluate hardy bivoltine races.

Results/Recommendations :Using bivoltine hybrids obtained from outside the country, NTM1, NTCM, NTP, CN2, NTP-101, NTP-200, NTP-600, R-12, R-33, CT-100, CT-200, CTM and CM3OP were identified and hybrid combinations among them were attested.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of SL-KSPM, a sex limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore-Part II: Field trial of SL-KSPM.

Personnel : Rajendra Mundkur, Nagabhushana Gupta KN, Mallesha Murthy

Project Period :1997-2002

Objectives : Field trial of evolved sex-limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore, SL-KSPM.

Results/Recommendations :P₃ crops were reared in P₃ farm Bilidevalaya P₂ crops were reared with farmers of seed area female cocoons were processed at Govt. grainage, Bangarpet. Comparative data indicated that SL-KSPM was on par with PM in rearing performance. SL-KSPM yielded 2.35 times the layings yield of PM. Crossbreed of SL-KSPM x CSR2 was reared in Kolar gave an average yield of 42.86 kg/100 dfls when compared to 41.00 kgs in case of PM x CSR2.

The sex-limited multivoltine races SL-KSPM is similar to Pure Mysore can be used for commercial usage like Pure Mysore.

Technologies Developed :SL-KSPM, a sex-limited multivoltine race similar to Pure Mysore.

Remarks :While preparing crossbreed, only females of Pure Mysore are used. Males are rejected. SL-KSPM has the advantage of being able to separate females at the larval stage itself.

Source of Information :Annual Report:2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Breeding experiments to improve evolved races and to evolve new bivoltine races.

Personnel :Krishna Rao S, Rajendra Mundkur, Rajanna GS, Shivamallu ML, Mahadevappa L, Govindaraju ST

Project Period :1997-2000

Funding Source: SDC

Objectives :

• To improve the fecundity and neatness of NP2 and KSO-1.
• To evolve new productive bivoltine races.

Results/Recommendations :NP3, NP4, KSO-2, KSO-3, HND and HDO were evolved by employing the method advised by Dr K Ujigawa, silkworm breedsing expert from Japan.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of hardy bivoltine race-SD.

Personnel : Radhakrishna PG, Sekharappa BM, Muniraju E, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1997-2000

Objectives : To develop hardy bivoltine race.

Results/Recommendations :A hardy bivoltine race, SD was developed. The characters are plain larva, shorter Larval duration, 1.4 g cocoon weight, 19% cocoon-shell ratio, 85% pupation rate, 600 m filament length, 90% reelability, 14.15% raw silk % and 2.0 denier.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of selected bivoltine races for their suitability for breeding studies.

Personnel :Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy, Nagabhushana Gupta KN.

Project Period :1998-2003

Objectives :Batch wise evaluation and characterization of identified bivoltine silkworm germplasm accessions (I Phase:52 accessions) for breeding studies.

Results/Recommendations :Based on cumulative evaluation Index for 13 rearing parameters, the top ranking 10 accessions were SAPD, SAPO, YN, IN, IPD, ITAL-MD, Ital-PO, IPO, YSDP & YSOP, out of 52 accessions evaluated in the I phase.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Breeding of KS-10, a non-hibernating race which prevents diapause in bivoltine eggs.

Personnel :Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy, Latha R

Project Period :1998-2004

Objectives :Breeding of a non-hibernating race, KS-10, which prevents diapause in bivoltines.

Results/Recommendations :A non-hibernating race, KS-10 was developed, when KS-10 was crossed as male with any bivoltines as females, the eggs laid by bivoltines females, hatch like multivoltines without undergoing hibernation.

KS-10 race can be used to transform hibernating eggs into non-hibernating eggs.

Sources of Information : From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Large scale field evaluation of new bivoltine hybrids.

Personnel :Krishna Rao S, Rajendra Mundkur, Rajanna GS, Shivamallu ML, Mahadevappa L, Govindaraju ST

Funding Source: SDC

Project Period :1998-2002

Objectives : Large scale field evaluation of the hybrids of three newly evolved silkworm races, NP2, SP2 and KSO-1 .

Results/Recommendations :During the project period 5,18,267 dfls of new bivoltine hybrids were reared in 19 districts with 4,295 farmers and 162.2 tons of bivoltine cocoons producing an average yield of 31.3 kg /100dfls with the average cocoon rate of Rs.140.60/kg (CB rate: Rs.103.70).

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Small scale field evaluation of NTCM x CTM, NTM x CT-100 and PM x CN2 in different regions of Karnataka.

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Radhakrishna PG, Muniraju E, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1999-2001

Objectives : To evaluate NTCM x CTM , NTM x CT-100 bivoltine hybrids and PM x CN2 cross breed combinations.

Results/Recommendations :In collaboration with DOS, NTCM x CTM and NTM x CT-100 were field tested in Bangalore (R), Kolar and Tumkur districts. PM x CN2 was tested in rainfed conditions of Chamarajanagar Taluk.

Sources of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comparative evaluation of MH₁ x NB₄D₂, PM x CN₂ and MH₁ x CN₂ in relation to conventional hybrids.

Personnel : Radhakrishna PG

Project Period :2000-2003

Objectives :To assess the rearing performance and post cocoon parameters of MH₁ x NB₄D₂, PM x CN₂, MH₁ x CN₂ and MH₁ x C-Nichi.

Results/Recommendations :The new multi-bivoltine hybrid combinations MH₁ x NB₄D₂ was superior over its check PM x NB₄D₂ while MH₁ x CN₂ and PM x CN₂ were superior over their check PM x C. Nichi in the parameters considered.

Source of Information :Annual Report :2002-03

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Combining ability studies on the race KS-10, which as male triggers hatching in diapausing eggs of silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Personnel : Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy, Mahadevappa

Project Period :2004-2006

Objectives : To study the combining ability of KS-10 as male with bivoltine females.

Results/Recommendations :Four trials of combining ability test of KS-10 with bivoltine females were conducted, involving KS-10 as male and BRO-2, KSD-9, KSO-5 and CSR2 as bivoltine females. Results indicate that BRO2 x KS-10 is superior to other combinations. BRO-2 x KS-10 can be commercially utilized since the eggs of this combination hatches like multivoltine.

Technologies Developed :BRO2 x KS-10, a new non-diapausing combination similar to bivoltine hybrids.

Sources of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Combining ability studies on the race KS-10, with polyvoltine of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Personnel : Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy

Project Period :2004-2006

Objectives : To study the combining ability of KS-10 as male with polyvoltines.

Results/Recommendations :Four trials of combining ability test of KS-10 with polyvoltine silkworm races namely Pure Mysore, C-Nichi and MH1 were conducted. Results indicate that MH1 x KS-10 is superior to other combinations.

MH-1 x KS-10, a non-diapausing combination may be commercially utilized.

Technologies Developed :MH-1 x KS-10 a non-diapausing combinations of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Preliminary feeler field trial of KS-10 x CSR2 in Harohally TSC area (Bangalore rural district).

Personnel : Rajendra Mundkur, Mallesha Murthy

Project Period :2004-2006

Objectives : To assess the field response of the hybrid involving non-hibernating bivoltine race, KS-10.

Results/Recommendations :In respect of CSR% a significant improvement was observed in KS-10 x CSR2 compared to PM x CSR2. All other parameters showed no significant difference. This combination fetched Rs.20 more than PM x CSR2.

Sources of Information :From Project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comprehensive field validation and popularization of new silkworm races developed by KSSRDI: Part-II-Field popularization of MH1 and MH1 x CSR2 hybrid.

Personnel :Rajanna GS

Project Period :2005-2006

Objectives :

• To take up systematic field validation of field of MH1, MH1 x CSR2 under irrigated sericulture field conditions, covering different seasons.
• Supply of MH1 x CSR2 hybrid dfls to test centers under race authorization program (Phase VII).

Results/Recommendations:

· Seed cocoons from over 500 dfls of MH1 (P1) were successfully harvested at KSSRDI and BIRD-K Tiptur. Over 25000 dfls of MH1 x CSR2 produced and distributed by Licensed Seed Producers across the state of Karnataka.

· The farmers have successfully harvested cocoon crops with an average yield of over 60 kg/100 dfls. The cocoon crops have fetched higher rates (Rs. 10-20/kg more) compared to PM x CSR2 hybrid.

· The reelers at Sidlaghatta and Ramanagar have realized 6.0-6.5 renditta in cocoon crops of summer crops and 6.5-7.0 renditta during rainy and winter season.

· The MH1 (pure) and MH1 x CSR2 hybrids were well received by farmers, graineurs, reelers, weavers and DOS, GOK.

· An amplified program of MH1 and MH1 x CSR2 field program is under way.

Sources of Information :From Project Personnel

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Projects with incomplete/partial information

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project title :P₄ maintenance and P₃ seed supply maintenance of bivoltine races at KSSRDI under bivoltine development programme.

Personnel : Raghuraman R, Chandrakala MV, Puttaswamy S, Jayasimha HK

Project Period :1983

Objectives :

· To maintain the nuclear stock of P₄ bivoltine races viz., NB₄D₂, KA, NB₁₈, and NB₇.

· To supply disease free P₃ layings to the Dept. of Sericulture.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1983-84

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project title: Maintenance of nuclear stock.

Project Period :1984

Objectives :

· Maintain the nucleus stock of popular bivoltines.

· Effect supply of seeds to the department of sericulture, GOK.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1984-85

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project title: Maintenance of popular bivoltine stock.

Project Period :1985

Objectives :With a view to assess the performance of four popular races during different seasons and to effect supply of P₃ layings for use by Dept. of Sericulture.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1985-86

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project title: Improvement of the race Pure Mysore.

Project Period :1985

Objectives :To improve the cocoon characteristics of Pure Mysore.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1985-86

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project title: Studies on improvement of C-Nichi race.

Project Period :1985

Objectives :To improve the qualitative and quantitative characters of C-Nichi cocoons.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1985-86

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Improvement of mother parent in conventional cross breed.

Personnel : Rajeshwari TS, Krishna Rao S

Project Period :1987

Objectives : To improve the mother parent in conventional cross breed.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title : Comparative study of the performance of the MV x BV and BV x BV hybrid (Kolar district).

Personnel : Narasimha murthy CV, Chandrakala MV

Project Period :1987

Objectives :

· To improve the rearing technology of rearers.

· To demonstrate the comparative performances of MV x BV hybrid and BV hybrids.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Breeding experiment to introduce survival characters of Pure Mysore and C-Nichi and evolve new hardy Bivoltine races suitable for adverse conditions.

Personnel : Krishna Rao S, Rajeshwari TS

Project Period :1987

Objectives :To introduce hardy character of multivoltine races and to evolve new bivoltine races suitable to adverse conditions.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Breeding experiment to evolve hardy and robust bivoltine races suitable for Karnataka.

Personnel : Krishna Rao S, Rajeshwari TS

Project Period :1987

Objectives :To evolve hardy and robust Bivoltine races to various agro-climatic conditions of Karnataka.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Comparative evaluation of Pure and hybrids of bivoltines under similar conditions.

Project Period :1988

Objectives :

· To identify the relative performance between pure and hybrid race.

· To understand and the relevance of the level of management on performance.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1990-91

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance and improvement of stock races of silkworm Bombyx mori.

Personnel :Raju PJ, Raghuraman R

Project Period :1994-1995

Objectives :

· To evaluate rearing performance of inbred lines of the stock races for isolating promising bivoltine and multivoltine breeds.

· To establish multivoltine spinning white cocoons as an alternative to C-Nichi in the rainfed areas of Chamarajanagar.

· To utilize new multivoltine races to identify suitable hybrids as alternatives to the existing PM x C. Nichi hybrid.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Maintenance and supply of approved bivoltine races and selection criteria for multiplication.

Personnel : Raghuraman R, Maribashetty VG, Puttaswamy S

Project Period :1995

Objectives :

· To maintain the nucleus stock of commercial bivoltines and effect supply of layings to Department of Sericulture and evaluate the selection parameters for seed rearing.

· To understand the importance of the quality and quantity of leaf in raising seed crop and their significance in further multiplication.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1995-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Molecular aspects of immune response in silkworm Bombyx mori.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sekharappa BM

Project Period :1996

Objectives :To apply the current methodologies and expertise in the area of recombinant DNA research to study the disease susceptibility/resistance.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1996-97

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Rearing Technology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Screening of mulberry strains by moulting test.

Personnel :Chandrakala MV, Mallikarjunappa RS, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1984-1986

Objectives :To screen different mulberry strains maintained in the germplasm bank by conducting moulting test.

Results/Recommendations :No significant difference is found between strains based on moulting behaviour. Among 28 varieties, 10 showed better responses for the moulting test over other (Acc Nos. 11, 21, 16, 19, 12, 9, 10, 5, 22 & 8).

Source of Information :Annual Report:1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution and evaluation of rearing appliances-Rearing trays and mountages.

Personnel : Muttur SS, Mahesh R

Project Period :1985-87

Objectives :

· To facilitate the isolation of litter from rearing beds and also to provide enough aeration to the silkworm in the rearing trays.

· To fabricate the mountages with a view to minimize the silk waste while spinning to get uniform sized cocoons and to minimize the mounting capacity in a limited space keeping in view of the cost factor.

Results/Recommendations :

· Three types of rearing trays have been fabricated.

· Three types of mountages namely disc type rearing tray cum mountages having parallel ribs have been fabricated, evaluated and found suitable for rearing and mounting larvae.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1986-87

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the size of chopped leaf for silkworm rearing.

Personnel :Narasimhamurthy CV, Sekharappa BM, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1985-87

Objectives :To study the rate of moisture loss for different cut sized leaves as also their effect on rearing performance.

Results/Recommendations :The rate of moisture loss decreases with increase in chopped leaf size. The moisture loss is gradual for tender leaf while that for medium and coarse it is rapid and recorded more than 30% moisture loss within 4 hrs of chopping.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Effect of photoperiod on spinning behaviour of silkworms.

Personnel :Narasimhamurthy CV

Project Period :1985-87

Objectives :To understand the effect of light during spinning and on cocoon formation.

Results/Recommendations :The selected scoto/photoperiod treatment does not influence the spinning behaviour. In general around 80% of the worms start spinning by the end of 24 hrs, while the rest initiate by 48 hours.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution and Evaluation of rearing appliances-Fabrication of leaf chopping machine.

Personnel : Muttur SS, Raghuraman R, Sekharappa BM

Project Period :1985-1989

Objectives :

· To study the present practices in leaf chopping for different ages of silkworms

· To mechanize the leaf chopping process.

Results/Recommendations :It has been found that considerable labour is saved on leaf chopping process particularly in late age rearing. Also any unskilled person can operate the machine effectively.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1987-88

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Effect of spacing on silkworm growth and cocoon crop

Personnel :Narasimhamurthy CV

Project Period :1986-1987

Objectives :

· To know the impact of population density on silkworm growth and development

· To study the influence of reduced spacing on cocoon crop performance in a commercial cross breed.

Results/Recommendations :Results showed that overcrowding of silkworms leads to insufficient space for the free movement and for free feeding of the worms. Larvae crawl over one another. Crowded conditions also increase accumulation of gases, heat and fermentation of feed material and insufficient leaf. This results in unequal and unhealthy growth of larvae and often leads to crop loss.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1988-89

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies related to grown silkworms-appropriate shoot rearing technology.

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Gururaj CS

Project Period :1987-1989

Objectives :

· To develop appropriate shoot rearing methodology keeping the socio-economic and climatic conditions in view.

· To reduce the cost of cocoon production.

Results/Recommendations :Rearing method using shoots has been standardized and devised a new rearing racks using locally available materials and to suit to the farmers conditions.

· Labour saving upto 70% when compared with hour to hour requirements for leaf rearing method during late age.

· The leaf saving is about 15-25%.

· Cocoon characters and ERR is better in shoot rearing.

Project Outcome :Shoot rearing method

Source of Information :Annual Report :1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Use of isolation chamber for chawki rearing.

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Muniraju E

Project Period :1987-1990

Objectives :

· To develop a suitable isolation chamber using locally available materials to provide ideal conditions for chawki.

· To provide ideal rearing environment and hygienic conditions during chawki rearing.

· To identify the factors influencing optimal growth during chawki.

· To develop economically viable optimum growth during chawki.

Results/Recommendations :The developed isolation chamber for young age silkworm improves crop stability and yield by providing better hygiene and environment.

The developed isolation chamber is of 6” height, 4’ width and 5’ depth with a single front door (5.5’h x 4’w) having a glass window of 6’ x 9”. Two bottom and two top ventilators (9” diameter) with sliding doors for air regulation is provided. Thermostatically controlled blowing type room heater maintains the required temperature and humidity.

Advantages :

· Optimum temperature and humidity can be effectively maintained with minimum fluctuations.

· Moisture loss in the leaf is minimized.

· Larval growth and moulting behaviour is uniform.

· Larval duration is reduced and larval weight increased.

· ERR and crop stability improves chances of contamination with dust and pathogens minimized.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1989-90

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evolution of suitable rearing technology for the high temperature and low humidity areas.

Personnel :Narasimhamurthy CV

Project Period :1988-1994

Objectives :To stabilize the silkworm crop for dry arid zones of Northern Karnataka.

Results/Recommendations :Short term measures like use of wet gunny cloth, humidifiers and wet sand beds are being evaluated at different levels of silkworm rearing for their adaptability.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on standardization of rearing methods of young age silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Personnel :Muniraju E, Raghuraman R

Project Period :1989-1994

Objectives :

· To note the significance of different incubation methods on hatching behaviour, growth of larvae during chawki and their effect on subsequent growth.

· To evolve, evaluate and field survey on the performance of the appliance.

· To understand the relevance of constant and variable temperatures during different instars on rearing performance, fecundity, fertility status of eggs, food intake, food and water utilization and leaf-silk conversion rate.

· To evaluate selected few methods of leaf preservation that are easy to adopt.

· To identify appropriate method of handling chawki worms for improving stability of crop and cocoon yield.

· To reduce the number of feeds offered per instar and also the frequency of handling during chawki stage and record their impact on rearing.

· To note the relevance of the existing method, time, stage and mode of transportation on subsequent rearing performance at rearers level.

Results/Recommendations :

· From the study, it is evident that, the temperature and humidity complex at the recommended level ensures egg hatching. The significant role of minimum fluctuations in temperature and humidity during incubation on hatching is evident. Between the multivoltine and bivoltine races, the tropical race multivoltine has a better tolerance for the given situation over bivoltine.

· Black box at blue egg stage and postpone exposure to light by 24 hrs particularly for bivoltine enables good hatching.

· The keeping quality of leaf inside the chamber is always better. Consequently, the leaf consumed by the chawki worms inside the chamber is highest. Based on the limited survey, it is seen that there is assured consistency in crop performance when chawki is raised in isolation chamber. This is evidenced by an increase in yield by around 12 kg for every 100 layings reared inside the chamber over outside.

· Data indicates that increase in constant temperatures there is a decrease in water content of larva. It is 6720 mg at 26-26°C and 6024 mg/larva at 32-32°C. The consumption response is more pronounced in bivoltine as compared to Pure Mysore. From 6165 mg/larva at 26-26°C the consumption drops to 3365/mg for 32-32°C treatment reducing gradually through the other tested constant temperatures. Leaf silk conversion rate decreases with increase in temperature. The leaf fibroin conversion rate reduced with increase in temperature.

· Among the selected wet treatments, leaf is preserved well in buried pot with least risk resulting in improved nutritive value during young age have shown better performance which is reflected during late age as expressed by increases in survival and cocoon yield.

· It is evident from the studies, that non-handling of worms during chawki especially during summer and winter season when atmospheric conditions show high temperature/low humidity and moderate temperature/even humidity respectively facilitate faster rate of growth, reduced larval duration, with continued influence during later stages of development. During rainy season, the leaf quality is superior and therefore influences the cocoon parameters. The scope for modifying the management techniques during chawki to reduce the rate of chawki loss, improvement in productivity and reduced labour input can be effectively managed.

· Even with single feeding/day, the cocoon weight does not reduce when compare with 4 feedings treatment. The increase in cocoon weight is by 0.08, 0.06 and 0.05 gm in treatments tray shoot, box shoot, box leaf respectively over cut leaf. Perusal of the findings indicates that, chawki box is equally good for rearing performance but the leaf and labour requirements is slightly high compared to tray method.

· The survey based study clearly indicate that shifting of larvae can be preferred during moult and if required during 1^st moult (if chawki leaf availability in insufficient for the CRC) over head or bicycle for a short distance taking less than 30 to 45 minutes, for harvesting good crop. Shifting of worms before moult, for long distances for longer duration must be avoided.

Project Outcome :The following technologies were recommended

· Isolation chamber for young age silkworm rearing.

· Zero energy cooling chambers for silkworm egg incubation and for leaf preservation for young age silkworm rearing.

· Cost effective and simple paper black box for synchronized hatching.

· Single feeding per day technology for young age silkworm rearing.

· Temperature recommendations during silkworm rearing for better crop performance under tropical environments.

· Chawki transportation methods.

Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis, 1994

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Development of new rearing appliances.

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Radhakrishna PG, Muniraju E

Project Period :1992-93

Objectives :To come out with suitable rearing appliances which are cost effective and durable.

Results/Recommendations :The egg sheet preservation stand is ideal for the preservation of egg sheets in grainages up to disposal in cold storages during incubation, black boxing and also for transportation of egg sheets. This appliance can be introduced for the benefit of the industry in grainages in cold storages and in other places like CRCs, TSCs where egg sheets are being handled.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Standardization of rearing technology for Pure Mysore multivoltine race.

Personnel :Radhakrishna PG, Sekharappa BM, Hadimani MB, Muniraju E

Project Period :1992-1997

Objectives :To identify the rearing requirements like temperature, humility, spacing and quality of leaf for Pure Mysore.

Results/Recommendations :Based on the experimental results a standard rearing table for rearing pure race to raise seed cocoons has been evolved which can be adopted in the seed rearing for the improvement in quality.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Serial Number :163

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the young age silkworm rearing.

Personnel :Sekharappa BM, Shivakumar C, Radhakrishna PG, Muniraju E

Project Period :1992-1997

Objectives :

· To bring down the cost of production.

· To develop a simple and easy technology for chawki rearing.

· To improve crop stability.

Results/Recommendations :Based on the studies carried out so far, a tentative standard table to rear chawki upto III age giving one feeding/day is drawn.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Vinyl shed for late age silkworm rearing.

Personnel : Sekharappa BM, Radhakrishna PG, Muniraju E, Keshava Reddy KS

Project Period :1992-1995

Objectives :To study the feasibility of cost effective vinyl shed for late age silkworm rearing under tropics.

Results/Recommendations :

· A prototype, Vinyl shed of 20' x 40' floor area using Eucalyptus poles, G.I. wire and pegs was erected. Aluminium painted, black 200GSM thick shilpalin sheet for the roof and white woven HDPE fabric for the sides were used. The upper and lower ventilators were provided all along the width with 9" uzi fly proof mesh.

· Temperature and humidity inside the shed was recorded with the help of thermo hygrograph. Humidity was fluctuating according to manipulation whereas temperature was almost equal to outside the sheet, suggesting that the material used for roofing is not reflecting solar heat as expected.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1995-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Conversion of calculator into calculator cum egg counter.

Personnel :Radhakrishna PG, Sekharappa BM, Muniraju E

Project Period :1996-1997

Objectives :To develop a suitable device for accurate egg counting.

Results/Recommendations :The probe with a pen attached to a calculator is pressed gently against each egg. As a result counted eggs will be marked, at the same time calculator will record the number. This avoids remembering of counted numbers and enable to concentrated on marking. This improves the accuracy of counting and the efficiency. This modification does not affect the function of the calculator.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1996-97

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on reduction in number of feeds during late-age silkworm rearing- leaf feeding method.

Personnel :Sekharappa BM, Shivakumar C

Project Period :2000-2003

Objectives :To bring down the cost of production and to increase the crop stability through reducing the number of feeds.

Results/Recommendations :Number of feeds could be reduced from 3-4 to 2 feedings per day during late-age silkworm by covering the rearing bed with news paper without affecting the productivity. The rearing activity is simplified and save labour cost.

Source of Information : Annual Report :2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Effect of shoot rearing on performance and grainage behaviour of Pure Mysore race.

Personnel : Radhakrishna PG, Shivakumar C

Project Period :2001-2002

Objectives :To assess the impact of branch feeding on grainage behaviour in Pure Mysore race.

Results/Recommendations :Comparison of branch and leaf feeding methods revealed that branch feeding method showed improvement in respect of fecundity, egg recovery and hatched larval weight. Branch feeding can be followed at P₂ and P₁ levels. The technology offers advantage of simplification in rearing activities and this can be followed for raising seed cocoons.

Shoot rearing racks of 5’ width and 35’ feet length with GI and nylon net base support with 3 tiers has been developed and used in the experimental rearings. Shoots have been harvested at the bottom and feeds after the 3^rd moult upto spinning and the experiments repeated for all the seasons. The results showed improved ERR and cocoon crop with reduced disease incidence.

Advantages:

· Better keeping quality of leaf during storing and in the rearing bed.

· Handling of the silkworm is minimized, hence contamination and spread of disease are reduced. Better hygienic conditions can be maintained.

· Bed cleaning is required once (only after 4^th moult).

· Worms and leaves do not come in contact with the litter, hence chances of secondary contamination is minimized.

· Better aeration in the bed is ensured.

· Cocoon characters and ERR improves.

· Leaf saving up to 70% when compared to leaf feeding method.

· Cost of production is reduced.

Source of Information :Annual Report :2003-2004

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Silkworm Physiology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Effect of physical and chemical factors on growth and development of silkworm-Post harvest improvement of leaf quality by different methods.

Personnel :Narasimhamurthy CV, Chandrakala MV, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1987-1994

Objectives :

· To enhance the cocoon yield by using different fortification agents and metabolic activators.

· To study the response of various fortification agents under different physical and chemical environmental conditions.

Results/Recommendations : It was observed that spraying water on mulberry leaves before feeding during summer and winter seasons resulted in better cocoon yield. Supplementation with glucose, casein, vitamin B and C significantly improved cocoon and shell weights during rainy season.

Source of Information: Annual Report:1994-95

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Formulation of artificial diet for silkworm.

Personnel :Chandrakala MV, Sekharappa BM, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1990-1993

Objectives :

· To develop suitable indigenous artificial diet for experimental purpose.

· To study the performance of different popular races for artificial diet.

Results/Recommendations :Artificial diet based on the available commercial formulation containing mainly mulberry leaf powder and Soyabean meal was prepared. The popular bivoltine races were evaluated and NB₁₈ and NB4D2 silkworms were reared exclusively on artificial diet on a small scale for 3 generations. Silkworms of PM and PM x NB4D2 were reared on artificial diet upto 2^nd moult. The acceptance of the diet by PM was 30% and for that of PM x NB4D2 it was 60%.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Physiological and biochemical studies on nutrition in silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Personnel : Shivakumar C, Sarangi SK, Sekharappa BM

Project Period :1991-1995

Objectives :

· To study the effect of temperature and leaf quality on growth and moulting behaviour of young age worms.

· To study the effect of temperature and leaf quality on rearing performance and cocoon characters.

· To study the effect of temperature and leaf quality on food utilization and dietary water utilization pattern.

· To study effect of temperature and leaf quality on levels of protein, carbohydrate and lipid in silkworm.

Results/Recommendations :Both PM and NB4D2 showed increase in larval duration with increase in leaf maturity. Increase in rearing temperature as well as leaf maturity resulted in lower biomass accumulation independently, however, on combination effecting synergistically. ERR decreased with increase in leaf maturity and had add-on effect with rise in temperature. Lower test temperature with younger leaf produced heavier cocoons and higher fecundity. Food assimilation decreased with increase in leaf maturity while it is reared with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature from 28-30°C resulted in higher level of protein, carbohydrate and lipid while it decreased at 32°C temperature.

Feeding lower leaf maturity (tender) under rearing temperature not more than 28°C favours silkworm rearing performance.

Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Influence of pollutants on physiology of silkworms.

Personnel :Chandrakala MV, Maribashetty VG, Aftab Ahmed CA, Mahadevaiah CR, Shivakumar C

Project Period :1992-2002

Objectives :

· To study the physiological changes in silkworms by feeding mulberry leaf containing fluorides

· To study the effect of pollutants like fluorides, metals, dusts etc., on cocoon yield.

Results/Recommendations :Heavy metal concentration (Cu, Zn, Fe) concentration near Byramangala area is higher than the normal during summer in mulberry leaves. Combination of these elements has adverse effect on the survival of the silkworms. The crop losses are prevalent in Byramangala area mainly during 5^th instar. The difference in yield is 8-10 kg. In older gardens the cocoon yield was less.

General agronomical recommendations for crop monitoring and overcoming heavy metal toxicity may be followed based on individual case studies. Further, rearing environment and rearing techniques to be improved to curtail crop losses. In case of crop losses during 5^th instar due to seasons other than diseases, 5% lime solution can be sprayed on leaves and fed to silkworms to reduced crop loss.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003-04

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Physiological studies related to productivity in promising races-Studies on digestive enzyme activity in new BV/MV races.

Personnel :Maribashetty VG, Chandrakala MV, Jyothi HK, Aftab Ahmed CA

Project Period :1994-1998

Objectives :

· To study the digestive enzyme activity of new BV races and its correlation with yield traits.

· To understand the efficiency of promising races with regard to mulberry leaf consumption, digestion and assimilation, in turn conversion to silk.

Results/Recommendations :

· The activity of amylase and protease is higher in new bivoltine races viz. NP2, KSO1, SP2 etc., in comparison with NB4D2 and KA.

· The food and water utilization efficiency in new races is higher compared to control races.

Source of Information : Annual Report: 1997-98

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Use of phytoecdysone for uniform spinning of cocoons by silkworm Bombyx mori.

Personnel :Chandrakala MV, Shivakumar C, Maribashetty VG, Jyothi HK, Aftab Ahmed CA

Project Period :1996-2002

Objectives :

· To study the effect of phytoecdysone on the growth and development of silkworms.

· To study the effect of phytoecdysone applications on spinning behaviour in silkworms.

· To study the effect of phytoecdysone on cocoon yield and reeling parameters.

Results/Recommendations :

· Solvent extraction of the identified plants on application enables uniform spinning by silkworms.

· Single application when 5 % of larvae reach spinning stage at the rate of 20 mg reduced moulting duration.

· The phytoecdysone application did not alter cocoon characters or reeling parameters. Phytoecdysone induced early and uniform spinning resulting in higher mounting efficiency.

· Crude extracts from the identified plants can be used at commercial level to obtain uniform spinning and cocoons.

· Phytoecdysone would not have deleterious effect on cocoon crop when applied at appropriate time.

· Application of phytoecdysone would enable effective labour and leaf management.

Project Outcome :’Chetana’- a product for uniform spinning, commercialized in 2002.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 2001-02

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Effect of anti-juvenile hormone (AJH) on trimoulting behaviour in silkworms.

Personnel :Chandrakala MV

Project Period :1996-1999

Objectives :To induce trimoulting behaviour in silkworms with the use of anti-juvenile hormone analogues.

Results/Recommendations :Two synthetic hormones (AJH) analogues tested SSP-11 and Jinhu during 3^rd and 4^th instars resulted in trimoulting behaviour in bivoltine hybrids (KA x NB4D2). These analogues can be administered to produce trimoulting silkworms when fine silk filament is required.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1999-2000

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of multi x bivoltine hybrid (BL67A x CSR101A) through semi-synthetic diet rearing.

Personnel :Maribashetty VG, Chandrakala MV, Gururaj CS

Project Period :2002-2004

Objectives :

· To evaluate the new silkworm hybrid (BL67A x CSR101A) through semi-synthetic diet rearing (during chawki stage).

· Rearing of identified hybrids on mulberry leaf from 3^rd instar to spinning stage.

Results/Recommendations :

· As only one feed is given during each instar of chawki, mandays are saved and chawki loss is avoided.

· No significant differences were found between two races in respect of all parameters.

· However, the larval weight and cocoon volume in case of PM x NB4D2 are slightly higher than BL67A x CSR101A.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Silkworm Seed Technology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Cold acid treatment for the bivoltine silkworm eggs of Bombyx mori.

Personnel :Manjula A, Hurkadli HK, Veereshy S, Malleshmurthy

Project Period :1984-85, 1987-1988

Objectives :Identification of safe period of room temperature/cold acid treatment for bivoltine pure and hybrid silkworm eggs under different agro-ecological conditions.

Results/Recommendations :The time/duration of room temperature acid treatment for oval races (Chinese) and dumbell races (Japanese) varies. At room temperature of 24°C and 27°C irrespective of races the duration of treatment remains as 30±5 minutes. However, the duration differs at higher temperatures of 30°C, 33°C and 35°C oval races required 20±5 minutes of treatment at 30°C and 10±5 minutes at 33°C and 35°C. Whereas, the dumbell races required 15±5 minutes at 30°C, 33°C and 35°C to prevent the eggs from entering into diapause.

The duration of room temperature acid treatment for hybrid combinations at 24°C, 27°C, 30°C, 33°C and 35°C require 35±5 minutes, 35±5 minutes, 30±5 minutes, 20±5 minutes and 15±5 minutes duration of acid treatment respectively.

The room temperature acid treatment method is simple and can be easily advocated to all the bivoltine grainages. It does not involve any special equipment and electricity.

The popular silkworm eggs of pure and hybrid races can be safely acid treated with 1.11 sp.gr. HCl (at 15°C) at varying room temperature 24°C to 35°C.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on acid treatment after different chilling period for bivoltine silkworm eggs.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Manjula A, Veereshy S, Venkatesh CM

Project Period :1984-85, 1987-1988

Objectives :To find out short term and ordinary chilling procedures/methodology for bivoltine silkworm eggs under tropics.

Results/Recommendations :By adopting short term (STC) and ordinary chilling (OC) schedule, the bivoltine bushing schedule could be planned anywhere between 40-70 days and 60-120 days respectively. The hatching behaviour is above 90% and rearing performance of such eggs is on par with that of freshly laid silkworm eggs.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the hot acid treatment to the eggs of different bivoltine races.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Veereshy S

Project Period :1985-86, 1987-1988

Objectives :Identification of safe period of acid treatment for bivoltine pure and hybrid silkworm eggs with varied concentrations of hydrochloric acid under different agro-ecological conditions.

Results/Recommendations :The bivoltine pure and hybrid silkworm eggs were utilized for artificial hatching using different concentrations of HCl. In the present investigation for the silkworm eggs of NB7 and KA races at 1.065, 1.07, 1.08, 1.09 and 1.10 specific gravity of HCl, the duration of acid treatment is 6 minutes and 30 seconds, 5 minutes, 45 seconds, 3 minutes, 15 seconds, 2 minutes 30 seconds respectively. The eggs of NB18 and NB4D2 races take 15 seconds more than oval races. Similarly the hybrids of silkworm eggs also require 15 seconds more than pure races. Higher the concentration of HCl, the duration of treatment comes down with respective different races. The hatching percentage was always more than 93% in all the specific gravity of HCl used. The rearing studies conducted have clearly indicated that the larval weight, cocoon weight, ERR and cocoon shell ratio were always better than controls.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on acid treatment at different hours of oviposition.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Manjula A, Veereshy S

Project Period :1987-88, 1990-1991

Objectives :Identification of safe period of acid treatment for pure and hybrid silkworm eggs under different agroclimatic conditions.

Results/Recommendations :The present study on acid treatment for artificial hatching conducted at different room temperatures existing at different seasons clearly indicates that safe period and range of acid treatment vary from race to race and season to season. The silkworm eggs of pure and hybrid races can be safely acid treated at 24°C, 26°C, 28°C, 30°C, 33°C and 35°C between 14 to 36 hours, 17-30 hours, 17-27 hours, 13-17 hours, 8-15 hours and 7-11 hours respectively. The hatching percentage was more than 94% in the above treatment.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the oviposition time in silkworm under normal and altered conditions.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Manjula A, Veereshy S

Project Period :1989-1990

Objectives :

· To find out the exact time of acid treatment of bivoltine eggs to suit different regions of Karnataka.

· Synchronized hatching of eggs to prepare ready reckoner schedule for short term chill and ordinary chilling schedules.

Results/Recommendations :In all the test material two peaks in the oviposition pattern have been observed. One between 10 am to 2 pm and another between 2 pm to 6 pm. The zero hour calculations for hot/cold acid treatment, short term/ordinary chilling gets modified as 4 pm during summer, 5 pm for rainy and 6 pm for winter season as against present practice of preservation at 8 pm.

The present method of calculating the “zero hour” at 8 pm for bivoltine evolved for temperate condition should be modified 4 to 6 pm depending upon the seasons/temperature prevailing in different agro climatic zones of Karnataka. The above has significance keeping in view variations in RH, which is in the range of 60-80% at lower temperatures as well as 15-30% at high temperature.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on hibernation schedule for bivoltine silkworm eggs under tropical conditions.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Veereshy S, Vekataramu

Project Period :1989-90 1996-1997

Objectives :

· To find out the suitable period of aestivation at 23-25° C.

· To effectively utilize the hibernated silkworm eggs throughout the year.

· To prepare a ready reckoner on short term and long term hibernation schedule for tropical conditions.

Results/Recommendations :A package of hibernation schedule, a study to preserve bivoltine silkworm eggs for a period of 4-12 months has been developed. Simultaneously silkworm rearing studies were also taken up to know the efficacy of technology developed. The details of the same are as follows.

Bivoltine eggs aestivated at 24±1°C for a period of 10 days and 20 days can be preserved in intermediary temperatures 20°C, 15°C and 10°C for a period of 3 days each. At 5°C layings of respective combination can be preserved for a period of 60-160 days. Thus the brushing schedule of eggs of popular bivoltine races aestivated for 10 and 20 days can be programmed between 105 to 205 days and 125-215 days respectively.

Eggs aestivated for 30 days can be preserved in cold storage at 20°C-10 days, 15°C – 5 days, 10°C – 3 days, 5°C – 60 days and 2.5°C – 50-150 days. The diapause terminated dfls can be safely release from the lower temperature (5°C and 2.5°C) anywhere between 110-210 days depending upon the races. Thus with 30 days aestivation methodology, the brushing schedule can be programmed between 161-261 days.

Similarly eggs aestivated for 40 and 50 days can be passed through the intermediary temperature for different length of days, i.e., 20°C-30 days, 15°C – 20 days, 10°C – 10 days. Then the layings were subjected for two step refrigeration. In the first step, the dfls were preserved at 5°C and 2.5°C for a maximum period of 60 days each. Thereafter, they were shifted to 15°C through intermediary care (5°C- 1 day, 10°C – 1 day) and preserved for two days. This facilitates embryo to develop C1 and C2 stage. Subsequently said dfls were re-refrigerated at 2.5°C by adopting intermediary care (10°C – 3hrs, 5°C – 3 hrs). Under 40 days aestivation the layings can be released through intermediary care i.e., 5°C – 10 days, 10°C – 10 days, 15°C-2 days and 20°C – 1 day whereas in case of 50 days of aestivation the sequence of release through intermediary phase can be 5°C-15 days, 10°C-10 days, 5°C-10 days, 20°-2days. Thus bivoltine pure and hybrid dfls of popular races aestivated for 40 and 50 days can be safely cold stored for a period of 240 to 320 days and 250 to 350 days respectively. The experiments conducted with different hibernation schedule, the hatching percentage was always more than 90% on a single day. The rearing performance and reeling parameters were on par with that of controls.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Cold storing schedule for multivoltine eggs-Studies on long term refrigeration of multivoltine and multi-bivoltine eggs.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Veereshy S, Vekataramu

Project Period :1990-1994

Objectives :

· To determine suitable preservation duration at 23-25° C.

· To find out minimum and maximum cold storage period at 5 and 2.5° C.

· To prepare a ready reckoner for long term refrigeration of multivoltine and multi-bivoltine silkworm eggs.

Results/Recommendations :The eggs of multivoltine (PM) and multi-bivoltine (PM x NB4D2) of silkworm eggs were preserved at lower temperature to postpone the hatching.

The disease free layings preserved at 24-48 hrs after oviposition (25°C temperature and 75±5 RH) can safely be cold stored at 5°C for a maximum period of 18 days. Under unavoidable circumstances, the refrigeration/hatching point can still be postponed for a longer period by adopting two steps refrigeration method. The eggs of pure and cross breed silkworm after maximum days of safe preservation at 5°C can be shifted to 15°C for 2 days so as to reach C1 and C2 embryonic stage. Such eggs can again be re-refrigerated at 2.5°C. Thus with double refrigeration the Pure Mysore silkworm eggs (24-30 hrs, 36-42^nd and 48-50 hrs after oviposition) can be safely cold stored for a total period of 28 days, 27 days, and 26 days respectively. Similarly, the crossbreed layings (24-30, 36-42^nd and 48-50 hrs of oviposition) can be safely cold stored for a total period of 75, 65 and 54 days respectively.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Grainage behaviour of new races- Evaluation of races for acid treatment.

Personnel :Hurukadli HK, Gururaj CS, Krishna Rao, Veereshy S, Mangala S Nayak

Project Period :1994-1996

Objectives :

· To study the grainage behaviour of new races evolved by the Institutes from cocoon preservation to egg production.

· To develop package for artificial hatching.

· To develop package for both short term long term preservation.

Results/Recommendations :

· Hot acid treatment: It is recorded that SP2, NP2 and KSO1 require 5 minutes to 5 minutes 30 seconds acid treatment, whereas the hybrids NP2 x KSO1, KSO1 x NP2, SP2 x KSO1, KSO1 x SP2 require 5 minutes 30 seconds to 6 minutes duration to achieve hatching off over 94%.

· Cold acid treatment: At 24°C and 27°C room temperature NP₂, SP₂, KSO₁ and their related hybrids require 30±5 minutes acid treatment. At 30°C the NP₂, SP₂ and their related hybrids require 20±5 minutes acid treatment, whereas KSO1 pure race require 15±5 minutes treatment. At 33°C and 35°C silkworm eggs of pure and their related hybrids needs 15±5 minutes acid treatment. The hatching percentage in all the experimental batches was always more than 94%.

Source of Information : Annual Report:1995-96

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Silkworm seeds production and distribution in Karnataka-an economic analysis.

Personnel :Anantharaman MN, Raghuraman R, Vaman HJ

Project Period :1995-2001

Objectives :

· To understand the existing pattern of production and procurement of Mysore seed cocoons, production of crossbreed layings and cocoons and to know the nature and extent of relationship of these variables with relevant independent variable.

· To assess the functional relationship of the variables that lead to silkworm seed production and cocoon production.

· To observe the trends and growth of the related variables that lead to cross breed layings production.

· To find out the demand and supply pattern of silkworm seed and to suggest necessary modifications.

· To study the impact of excess/shortfall in production of silkworm seed on the sericulture industry.

· To study the impact of seasons effects on silkworm seed production.

· To develop econometric models for demand, supply/production, seasonality, forecast and planning.

· To note the essentiality, the intricacies involved in silkworm seed production process in view of the environment and silkworm interaction.

Results/Recommendations :

· Available good quality seed cocoons during August and winter should be utilized for seed preparation and preservation in the subsequent demand seasons by adopting scientific methods developed.

· The problem of production of inferior quality cocoons by the farmers should be dealt systematically by

Ø upgrading the farmers rearing conditions

Ø keeping the rate differential between seed cocoons and reeling cocoons a high level and finally, applying the policy of ‘perform or perish’.

· Adhoc/seasonal/occasional seed producers will have to be discouraged.

· Collecting of indents from all the farmers and grainages for seed and seed cocoons respectively will have to be strictly enforced for assessment of laying requirement.

· The concept of quality seed rearers could be introduced in place of seed area rearers on an experimental basis for quality improvement in seed production and supply.

· Transactions of all seed cocoon markets will have to be computerized for better decision making by the farmers and grainages. The seed cocoon quality and other information will have to be flashed on the monitors through network facility for the grainages to enable procurement of seed cocoons of their choice.

· Data from progressive farmers indicate a very close relationship between area under mulberry and the layings brushed (r=0.936). This implies that the area under mulberry is a very dependable predictor for the laying requirement. The third degree polynomial in area, namely Y=417+4227.5X + 11.2 X² – 79.2X³ (R²=90.3%). Where Y=laying requirement and X=irrigated area under mulberry in hectares, gave a reliable estimate of laying requirement.

· Monthly production analysis gave a clear trend in seed production, i.e., two peaks one each in June and October, three troughs each in April, August and December-January ad six transitions each in May, July, September, November, February and March. However, this trend differs from the one obtained based on the sampled LSPs data. Here except during April, December and January, the rate of production remained just above 8% of the total annual production indicating minimum fluctuations.

· The period from mid April to July and September-October will be crucial for seeds cocoon procurements as the quality of seed cocoons is likely to suffer due to high demand, at the present level of 50% cocoons qualifying for seed preparation.

· During July and November-December as the demand for seed cocoons will be generally low, chances of good quality seed cocoons being used for reeling purpose will be high. Hence, there will be scope for utilizing the good quality cocoons for seed preparation and preservation for meeting the future demand.

· As there is no practice of collecting indents for seed cocoon requirements from LSPs, precise estimation of seed cocoon requirement/production will become difficult.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on artificial hatching of pure and hybrids silkworm eggs after short term and ordinary chilling.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Veereshy S, Venkataramu

Project Period :1997-1999

Objectives :

· To find out the suitable preservation period at 24°C, 5°C and conditions for acid treatment for maximum hatching.

· To identify suitable method for utilization of excess layings prepared.

· To prepare short term and ordinary chilling schedules for new races as a ready reckoner.

Results/Recommendations :

· Experiment has revealed that layings of all combinations can be safely preserved at 5°C for a minimum period of 40-75 days and 65-115 days in case of STC and OC batches respectively. The hatching percentage recorded was always above 92%. The layings released before and after due dates of optimum period/days gave poor hatching rearing results.

· The present findings of short term and ordinary chilling schedules for new races, NP2, KSO1, NP2 x KSO, and KSO x NP2 can be advocated to the grainages to preserve eggs for different durations (40-115 days).

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on oviposition time in new bivoltine silkworm races at different temperatures for tropics.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Veereshy S, Venkataramu

Project Period : 1997-1998

Objectives :

· To find out the exact time for acid treatment to the eggs of new bivoltine races to suit different regions of Karnataka.

· To prepare synchronized batches of loose/sheet eggs.

Results/Recommendations :

· Maximum eggs were laid at temperature 24-27° C as compared to at 30-33° C. In all the temperatures maximum numbers of eggs were laid during first three hours of depairing. It is interesting to note that moths of hybrid combinations oviposited more than 60% of eggs during first three hours of depairing. Subsequently oviposition pattern reduced with advancement of time after depairing. The results indicate that about 75-80% of eggs were dispensed during six hours of depairing. The fecundity gets reduced with increase in temperature

· For subjecting eggs of new bivoltine races (NP2, KSO and related hybrids) to common acid treatment and short/ordinary chilling 6 pm could be taken at zero hour for calculating hours of oviposition.

Source of Information :Annual Report: 1998-99

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Improvement of fecundity in bivoltine and multivoltine silkworms-Influence of coloured light on emergence and fecundity.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK, Narasimha Rao Ch, Veereshy S, Venkataramu, Gururaj CS

Project Period :1998-2003

Objectives :

· To find out the effect of different ecological (physical/chemical) factors on oviposition to recover the eggs inside the female abdomen and thus improving the fecundity.

· To evolve specific approaches/methods for improving the fecundity.

Results/Recommendations :Early harvest of bivoltine seed cocoons leads to higher meltage leading to reduction in emergence of moths and egg recovery, though there was an improvement in fecundity. While such a phenomenon was observed in multivoltine, it was not statistically significant. Processing of seed cocoons oriented in head up vertical and slanting positions improved egg recovery, number of eggs per laying and number of eggs per gram and the response was pronounced in multivoltines.

Oviposition rhythm was found to be faster in the silk moths to higher temperature at optimum humidity without affecting fertility. With the temperatures experimented upon (24-30°C), fecundity was found to be comparatively less in case of bivoltines with increase in temperature.

Exposure of silkworm pupae/moths to different coloured lights though not indicated significant differences in fecundity, the results on percentage recovery of layings and total realization of eggs together with fecundity point out that red light in bivoltine (NB4D2) and yellow and red light in multivoltine (PM) have positive effects on the grainage performance. Seasonal differences in the intensity of light appeared to have also influenced the grainage behaviour and fecundity.

The egg laying substrata (sheet and cloth) in moist condition (at humidity 80±5%) favoured improvement in fecundity especially in bivoltine silkworms. Fecundity and percentage of hatching significantly low with the paraffin paper substratum with increase in unhatched eggs.

Preservation of seed cocoons at 5°C-10°C between 7^th and 9^th day of spinning for 2-6 days did not show adverse effect on moth emergence, fecundity, egg recovery and hatching. Fecundity was found to be low in the silk moths preserved at low temperatures, while fewer number of eggs are laid with decrease in temperature (Range 7.5-15.9% in NB4D2 and 11.8-15.9% in Pure Mysore). Unfertilized eggs increased with decrease in temperature.

Source of Information :From project personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on long term refrigeration of multivoltine MH1 and multi-bivoltine MH1 x NB4D2 silkworm eggs.

Personnel :Hurkadli HK

Project Period :1998-2002

Objectives :

· To find out suitable preservation duration at 24±1°C.

· To find out minimum & maximum safe period of cold storage at 5° and 2.5°C.

· To prepare a ready reckoner for long term refrigeration of MH1 and MH1 x NB4D2 silkworm eggs.

· To test the efficacy of long term cold storage on the rearing performance & post cocoon parameters.

Results/Recommendations :

· The layings of MH1 and MH1 x NB4D2 can be safely cold stored for maximum period of 45 & 70 days respectively.

· Defined scheduled for preserving the eggs at different intermediary temperature will have to be ensured for obtaining proper hatching.

· The layings can be preserved for 35 and 65 days respectively when effected after 36-42 hours of oviposition.

· Sexing of race will have to be adopted as male and female moths emerge more or less simultaneously.

· MH1 layings can be safely preserved up to 45 days while MH1 x NB4D2 up to 70 days.

· The ready reckoner prepared for MH1 and MH1 x NB4D2 for different embryonic stages is to be adopted in silkworm eggs producing centers.

Source of Information :Annual Report:2001-02

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Emergence behaviour and grainage performance of new bivoltine race MH1_.

Personnel :Hurukadli HK

Project Period :1998-2002

Objectives :

· To study the emergence pattern of MH1 in different seasons.

· To study the fecundity and recovery of layings in different seasons.

· To study the effect of seasonal variations in voltinism of the race.

Results/Recommendations :

· The peak of emergency of moth in MH1 was on the second day.

· The pattern of moth emergence in respect of both male and female were more or less similar from 1^st day.

· Emergence is completed within 3 days irrespective of seasons.

· The moth emergence is of the orders of 80% and above irrespective of seasons.

· The laying recovery was more than 30% irrespective of season.

Source of Information :Annual Report:2001-02

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Project No.:KSS

Project Title :Studies on improvement of seed quality, fecundity and handling of eggs in the silkworm, Bombyx mori L in tropics.

Personnel :Venkataramu, Hurkadli HK

Project Period :2002

Objectives :

· To improve the seed crop production.

· To reduce high mortality rate during rearing and grainage operation.

· To identify promising varieties of mulberry genotype with better stability for seed cocoons and fecundity over the environment.

· To understand the relation between the seed quality and bioassay parameters.

· To study the effect of some anabolic chemicals on silkworm growth and seed production.

· To study the effect of different day of harvesting and orientation of pupae in the cocoons, preservation on seed quality and quantity.

· To know response of chemicals on the fecundity and hatching behaviour.

· To identify the optimum duration on refrigeration of bivoltine and polyvoltine eggs and related bioassay studies.

Results/Recommendations :

• Evaluation of mulberry varieties for rearing parent silkworms and in turn for seed production under irrigated conditions indicated that S36, Viswa (DD) and M5 are ideal varieties, which showed significant results on egg recovery and fecundity. Further, feeding the silkworms with S36 during chawki and S36 or Viswa during late age improve the grainage performance reflecting the nutritive superiority of these genotypes. However, it is also observed that good silk yielding mulberry varieties with improvement in ERR and CSR need not be suitable for seed production.
• Amongst the six mulberry varieties evaluated for silkworm seed crop rearing under rainfed conditions, S1635 and S13 recorded better cocoon yield, S₁₆₃₅ followed by Viswa and S₁₃ registered significant improvement with respect to seed parameters.

· Evaluation of tree mulberry plantations with reference to seed crop revealed that bush plantations are more suitable than tree plantations. Though there was an improvement in the rearing performance with the mulberry grown as trees, this was not reflected in the grainage performance compared to that with bush mulberry. However, considering the utility of tree plantations in hilly areas, waste lands, border rows and as avenue trees the present studies revealed that some varieties are promising for rearing parent seed crops. Out of the eight varieties studied, African and Viswa were found to be superior.

• Studies on fortification of mulberry leaves on growth and fecundity of silkworm B. mori revealed that administration of Glucocorticosteroid (Dexamethasone) increases biomass accumulation. 75 to 100 ppm of Dexamethasone has positive effect on cocoon weight, pupal weight and also egg weight. There was no negative effect of Dexamethasone fortification on ERR, cocoon shell weight, emergence behaviour of moths and on fecundity.
• Harvesting of seed cocoons at later stages of pupal development from 6^th day of spinning onwards facilitates improved grainage performance as seen from the results of high moth emergence and egg recovery in NB4D2 and PM.
• Orientation of pupae in the cocoons appears to play a role on the grainage performance. In the process of preparation of silkworm layings, orientation of seed cocoons in head up position (Vertically or slanting) during their preservation showed significant improvement in fecundity in both NB₄D₂ and PM. The study projected the need for fabrication of special mountages for mounting parent silkworms.
• Studies on effect of different colours of light representing different wavelengths of light during the preservation of pupae and till oviposition on grainage behaviour revealed that red and blue coloured lights in NB4D2 and red and yellow lights in PM have positive influence on egg recovery.

· Studies on the effect of the chemical stimulants have indicated that there was no improvement in fecundity compared to control. But some chemicals viz., Picric acid, Ethyl alcohol and Sodium thiosulphate etc., act as deterrents for egg laying.

• Olfactory stimuli from certain essential oils used in the experiments had negative effect on the oviposition behaviour of moths, suggesting the need for avoiding such chemicals in the grainages.
• Studies on the effect of some disinfectant formulations have indicated significant positive influence. Low concentration of 0.25 % and 0.5 % Formaldehyde, 0.2 to 0.3 % “Sanitech” and 0.5 % “Suchi” had positive influence on fecundity in both NB₄D₂ and PM. This influence was further enhanced when moisture in the microenvironment of oviposition room was increased.
• Studies on the cold preservation of the eggs of new bivoltines have indicated that NP2, SP2, KSO1 and their related hybrids NP2 x KSO1, KSO1 x NP2, SP2 x KSO1 and KSO1 x SP2 can be preserved for a period of 40-70 days under short term chilling (STC) method, while the same races can be safely preserved for 65-115 days when ordinary chilling (OC) method is employed.
• Studies on hibernation of the eggs of new bivoltines indicated that depending upon the aestivation period the total period of consignment varies. Thus the studies have revealed that the layings of NP2, SP2, KSO1 and their related hybrids NP2 x KSO1, KSO1 x NP2, SP2 x KSO1 and KSO1 x SP2 aestivated for 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 days can be safely preserved for 205, 215, 271, 330 and 360 days respectively.
• Studies on the preservation of nine multivoltine races viz., MU303, MY1, Nistari (w), Nistari (gy), Sarupat, Thai, Nistid, MH1 and PM and two multibivoltine hybrids of MH₁ x NB₄D₂ and PM x NB₄D₂ indicated that the total period of cold preservation at 5°C and 2.5°C depends upon the age of the embryo at the time of preservation. The results indicated that compared to pure races their cross breeds (multi x bivoltine) could be preserved for longer time. Accordingly, the layings of the multivoltines viz., MU303, MY₁, Nistari (w), Nistari (gy), Sarupat, Thai, Nistid, MH₁ and PM at 24-30^th h, 36-42^nd h and 48-50^th h of oviposition can be safely preserved for 30-35, 25-30 and 25-30 days respectively. Further, the eggs of the multibivoltine hybrids of MH1 x NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2 at 24-30^th h, 36-42^nd h and 48-50^th h of oviposition can be safely preserved for 70-75, 65 and 55-60 days respectively.

Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, 2002

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Silkworm Pathology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on easy detection of pebrine spores.

Personnel : Geetha Bai M, Patil CS, Muniraju E

Project Period :1983-84

Objectives : To facilitate easy and accurate detection of pebrine spores in Grainage.

Results/Recommendations :Screened several chemicals and stains to develop a method for easy and accurate detection of pebrine spores. The technique of negative staining has been developed and standardized. The method is simple and inexpensive wherein spores do not take stain but are clearly visible under dark background like twinkling stars in dark sky.

Project Outcome : The method has been extensively demonstrated to the seed area staff of DOS, Government grainages and private graineures of the industry.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on pebrine disease.

Personnel :Geetha Bai M, Muniraju E

Project Period :1984 -1987

Objectives :

· To identify the non-toxic chemicals for silk worms that can control pebrine.

· To note the susceptibility of various silk worm races to pebrine during different seasons.

· To study the secondary contamination in larval stages.

Results/Recommendations :Toxicology tests revealed that among the tested chemicals chloramphenicol, chloroquinine, lomomycine and septra, were not toxic. However, reduction in body weight was recorded when enterovioform and potassium permanganate were used. As far as spore germination behaviour, where in chloramphenical, chloroquine, enterovioform, ethylene oxide, lomomycine and septrum solutions when used only ethylene oxide was found to be effective in killing the spores. However, the above chemicals through leaves supplied to pebrinised batches did not control the disease.

Source of Information : Annual Report :1986-87

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Screening of chemicals against pebrine disease.

Personnel : Patil CS, Geetha Bai M, Muniraju E

Project Period :1984-85

Objectives :To screen chemicals effective in killing/arresting the multiplication of pebrine spores.

Results/Recommendations :Screened several chemicals for killing/arresting the multiplication of pebrine spores. Among them, Formalin and Ethylene dioxide were found effective in killing the spores, while the same were not found effective during in vivo studies; however, these could be used as disinfectants.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Susceptibility of silkworm races to pebrine disease.

Personnel :Patil CS, Geetha Bai M, Muniraju E

Project Period :1984-86

Objectives :To study the racial susceptibility of multivoltine and bivoltine races against pebrine spores.

Results/Recommendations :Racial susceptibility of multivoltine and bivoltine races against pebrine spores was studied by conducting bioassay experiments that has practical importance in control of pebrine disease.

Multivoltine races are more resistant, while bivoltine races were found to be susceptible. Among multivoltine races C. Nichi was more resistant and among bivoltine NB7 was most susceptible.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on muscardine disease of silkworm and its control.

Personnel : Patil CS, Krishna M, Sharadamma P

Project Period :1984-88

Objectives : To screen chemicals and fungicides for control of muscardine disease and to develop fungal disease specific control/preventive method.

Results/Recommendations :Muscardine disease is caused by several kinds of fungal species. It starts during rainy season and becomes rampant in winter. Though, some methods exist for controlling the disease, but they are not easy for adoption and farmers were in need of more specific and ready product. In this direction, several chemicals and fungicides screened and formulated an effective fungal disease specific bed disinfectant called “Suraksha”. Application of “Suraksha”to the crops controlled fungal diseases effectively and increased the cocoon yield, 10-12 kg/100 dfls extra.

Project Outcome :Three kgs of “Suraksha”is recommended for 100 dfls rearing during winter season i.e., from October to February.

Technology is licensed on royalty basis to M/s “Suraksha” Biochem. Pvt. Ltd., for commercial production and marketing.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Management of white muscardine disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Personnel : Veeranna G, Muniraju E, Sharadamma P, Krishna M

Project Period : 1984-85

Objectives :

· Conduct the survey and demonstration of existing method of muscardine control in traditional sericulture belt of Karnataka.

· Screening of different fungicides individually in combinations and different concentrations in vitro and in vivo against Beauveria bassiana a causative agent for muscardine disease in silkworm.

Results/Recommendations :Survey was conducted in traditional sericulture belts of Karnataka comprising of 70 villages in 13 taluks on the rate of the incidence of muscardine disease visiting the individual sericulturists house and advocate the control measures.

The demonstration of the control of muscardine disease using Dithane M45 with kaolin in the proportion of 1:99 and 2:98 during the chawki and adult stages respectively by inviting the sericulturists in a village and neighbouring villages by intimating through the Department of Sericulture or through All India Radio with date and time for a particular village. Like that totally in 80 centers, the demonstrations of control of muscardine disease were carried out in villages and also in cocoon markets. Based on the recommendations made to the sericulturists, a brochure was prepared for the benefit of sericulturists. This is the first brochure emanated from the KSSRDI.

Experiments were conducted by screening the different fungicides in vito and then in vivo using different concentrations and combinations. It was found that Dithane M45 and Foltop/Captof at 1:1 proportion in combination with Kaolin and lime powder was effective in controlling the muscardine diseases

Though, the sericulturists have practiced Dithane M45 in the proportion of 1:99 and 2:98 in Kaolin (base) for chawki and adult stages respectively which was not proper. The mixing method of fungicide with Kaolin was standardized and recommended to the sericulturists to control muscardine disease.

Project Outcome :

· It is recommended to increase the temperature in the rearing house during early morning and night using the electric heater or by burning charcoal (Aggistige).

· It is recommended to keep the rearing bed very thin to reduce the bed humidity to prevent growth of pathogens.

· It is recommended to open the doors and windows for cross ventilation to throw out the accumulated humidity in the rearing house.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on the viability of pebrine spores.

Personnel : Patil CS, Muniraju E

Project Period :1985-86

Objectives :To study the viability of pebrine spores in different environments and role of sunlight in inactivation of pebrine spores

Results/Recommendations : Pebrine spores were found viable for varied periods from 3 – 12 months in different substrates viz., wet and dry soil, compost and rearing room conditions. Direct exposure of pebrine spores to sunlight for 1 hour during summer and more than 8 hours during winter inactivated pebrine spores.

Project Outcome :Recommended to decompose litter for one year before applying to field. Advocated for exposure of rearing appliances for natural disinfection by sunlight for decontaminating rearing trays.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title : Methods of disinfection and hygiene in sericulture

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P

Project Period : 1985-1988

Objectives : To improve and develop appropriate disinfection method suitable to socio-economic conditions of Karnataka sericulturists.

Results/Recommendations :

· Disinfection using 5% bleaching powder (W/V) containing 1% available chlorine proved effective in killing silkworm pathogens and could be used as an alternate to formalin.

· Bleaching powder being a contact type of disinfectant was found most suitable to the farmer’s open type of rearing houses and cost effective and recommended.

· Disinfection activity of formalin/bleaching powder was further improved by adding 0.05% detergent to the disinfection solution and recommended.

· Suggested for addition of 0.5% slaked lime powder to 2% formalin solution before disinfections to increase its efficacy against viral pathogens.

· Recommended composting of silkworm litter and bed refuge for 1 year and exposure of all appliances to direct sunlight for more than 10 hours for natural disinfection.

· Simplified method of calculating disinfecting area considering floor area of rearing house and estimating quantity of solution was standardized and recommended.

· Concept of mass disinfection considering part or complete village as a unit was demonstrated in the field and recommended.

· Role of sanitation in and around rearing houses/personal hygiene, disposal of dead and diseased worms/bed refuge and litter etc., were made known to farmers and suggested.

· Effective methods of disinfection of different types of rearing houses and appliances were repeatedly demonstrated to the farmers.

Project Outcome :Regular disinfection using bleaching powder and strict implementation of disease prevention methods, maintaining hygiene has reduced the disease incidence at the farmers level, increased the crop stability and cocoon production.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Use of appliances for disinfection.

Personnel :Patil CS, Muniraju E

Project Period :1985-86

Objectives :To evaluate the suitability of Auto mist aerosol disinfector and sprayer in disinfecting the rearing houses.

Results/Recommendations : Formalin is recommended to spray to the rearing house using a sprayer and it is a difficult task because disinfecting person is directly exposed to formalin, which poses many health hazards and hence the evaluation of equipments for safe disinfection was undertaken. Auto mist aerosol disinfector micronize the disinfectants to form tiny particles (0.5 to 1.0 microns) that spread uniformly in space and stay for longer period for enhanced anti microbial activity enabling effective disinfection without entering disinfecting person into rearing room. Additional disinfectant can be poured with manual pump from outside.

Project outcome :Automist aerosol disinfector is recommended and it is effective, more easy to handle and safe for disinfection.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Survey on sericultural practices and Silkworm diseases in traditional sericultural areas of Karnataka.

Personnel : Patil CS, Geetha Bai M, Muniraju E, Sharadamma P, Krishna M

Project Period :1985-86

Objectives : To assess the extent of crop loss due to various diseases in the traditional sericulture belt of Karnataka and analyze factors contributing.

Results/Recommendations : The study was conducted in traditional sericulture areas of Karnataka viz., Bangalore, Kolar, Mandya and Mysore districts which were further classified into 3 regions based on the irrigation facilities as Irrigated, Semi irrigated and Rain fed. The information was collected from 155 Sericulturists in 31 villages for a period of one year. Data on socio- economic conditions of rearers, extent of mulberry garden, rearing practices, rearing house, disinfection, hygienic conditions, disease incidences, literacy status etc. were collected through questionnaire and analyzed.

The survey gave a clear picture of sericulture status and the factors contributing for diseases and the weak points in sericulture industry. The farmers of these areas loose cocoon crop to an extent of 35-40% annually due to diseases. Analysis of data clearly indicated a significant correlation between the incidence of diseases and abiotic factors.

Project Outcome :The measures to be adopted to overcome drawbacks are suggested. This comprehensive database served as a future guideline for the formulation of projects in disease control/prevention strategies to be adopted.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on unidentified microsporidian (KSSDI-A) pathogenic to silkworm.

Personnel : Geetha Bai M, Muniraju E

Project Period :1985-87

Objectives :To determine the susceptibility of silkworms to unidentified microsporidian and also the effect on different tissues.

Results/Recommendations :All the tested races are susceptible to the microsporidian, the susceptibility is less when the infection is at a later stage excepting in Pure Mysore. The infection was of severe order in malpighian tubules, fat bodies and hindgut.

Source of Information :Annual Report:1986-87

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on pathogens infecting silkworm.

Personnel : Patil CS, Krishna M, Sharadamma P

Project Period :1986-92

Objectives : Isolation and identification of new pathogens infecting silkworms.

Results/Recommendations : Isolated and purified new species of bacteria and fungal pathogens and two new strains of viruses from dust and faecal samples and diseased silkworms. Studied their infectivity, disease symptoms and characterized the pathogens using light and electron microscope.

Streptococcus feacalis, Aspergillus flavus, and Alphanocladium album causing bacterial and fungal diseases respectively and two strains of non-occluded viruses, Bng KV- I and II that cause viral flacherie have been fully characterized.

Project Outcome :Control/preventive methods for the diseases caused by these pathogens have been developed and recommended.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on bed disinfectants for control of grasserie and flacherie diseases.

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P

Project Period : 1986-89

Objectives :

To determine the role of contamination of rearing room and appliances in development of grasserie and flacherie diseases.

To evolve a disease specific effective bed disinfectant for control of grasserie and flacherie diseases of silkworm.

Results/Recommendations :For developing a control measures, in vitro screening of several chemicals and their formulations against bacteria, and in vivo screening of chemicals against NPV, CPV, KV and bacteria was effected. An effective chemical formulation in the form of powder was developed and named as, ‘“Sanjeevini” (“A”-powder), for control of viral and bacterial diseases to use during April to September. Small-scale field evaluation conducted for 1 year in Bangalore and Kolar rural district. Application improved the crops consistently with increased cocoon yield to the extent of 5-6 kg/100 dfls.

Project Outcome :Three kg of ““Sanjeevini”” is recommended for 100 dfls to use during summer and rainy seasons for prevention/control of grasserie and flacherie diseases. Technology licensed to M/s “Suraksha” Biochem. Pvt. Ltd., Bidar on royalty basis for commercial production and marketing.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on cross infectivity and pathogenicity of microsporidians of tasar silkworm, Antheraea mylitta to mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.

Personnel :Patil CS, Jyothi HK

Project Period :1987-88

Objectives :To find out the role of tasar silkworms as an alternate source for pebrine cross infection to mulberry silkworms.

Results/Recommendations : Spores isolated from tasar silkworms were infected to mulberry silkworms and vice versa. Analysis of tissue pathogenicity and infection rate revealed the cross infection of tasar pebrine spores to mulberry silkworms. For control of pebrine disease it is recommended not to rear mulberry seed crops near tasar area.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on Aspergillosis of silkworm in Karnataka.

Personnel :Patil CS, Krishna M, Sharadamma P

Project Period :1987-89

Objectives :To study the extent of Aspergillosis disease incidence in the sericulture field and its control

Results/Recommendations :Study was taken to survey on distribution of Aspergillus in the sericultural environment, infection effect on different ages of silkworms and control measures.

Analyzed dust and faecal samples collected from farmers of Kunigal, Kolar and isolated Aspergillus flavus species. Bioassay studies were conducted to study the age specific susceptibility and dosage mortality response and control of disease. It was observed that Aspergillus species are ubiquitous in the sericulture environment and the mortality of worms /pupae were significantly high for the pathogen load 57x10⁶ and 90x10⁵ compared to others indicating that the mortality is based on pathogen load. Chawki worms are highly susceptible

Project Outcome :Mortality was dependent on age of the host and pathogen load. “Suraksha”, a fungal disease specific bed disinfectant is highly effective in controlling Aspergillosis disease.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title : Survey on occurrence of diseases in seed areas during different seasons.

Personnel :Patil CS, Geetha Bai M, Sugun R, Muniraju E, Sharadamma P, Krishna M

Project Period :1987-89

Objectives :To assess the extent of crop loss due to silkworm diseases in seed areas.

Results/Recommendations : Survey was conducted in 3 bivoltine and 1 multivoltine seed area covering 163 farmers from 21 villages for a period of 1 year. In all 6 visits were made to each area viz., Bivoltine seed areas viz., Anekal, K.R. Pet and Sirsi and multivoltine seed area, Kunigal. Information was collected on sericultural practices, disease incidence, and source of infection and socio economic aspects of selected farmers. Pathogens were isolated from larval samples, dust and faecal pellet samples and analyzed. Extent of crop loss varied from region to region. Least disease incidence was noted in Sirsi - bivoltine seed area while bacterial flacherie was more in multivoltine seed area. In general grasserie was high in bivoltine seed areas. Pebrine incidence was high in K.R. Pet followed by Anekal and Kunigal.

Project Outcome :The measures to be adopted to contain diseases have been suggested.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the usage of bed disinfectants for the control of flacherie diseases.

Personnel :Sugun, Venkatesh H

Project Period :1987-1990

Objectives :To determine the feasibility of using some chemicals and their mixture for control of bacterial flacherie disease of silkworms.

Results/Recommendations :It is observed that the chemicals A & C appeared to be encouraging when compared with B. Meanwhile oral administration of chemical A (1%) was also encouraging with the respect to control of bacterial disease incidence compared to untreated controls.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Effect of plant extracts against Kenchu virus disease of silkworms.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P

Project Period :1988-90

Objectives : To evaluate the medicinal plants for control of Kenchu virus disease.

Results/Recommendations : Studies conducted to explore the possibility of using plant extracts for control Kenchu disease of silkworm by in vivo method using aqueous leaf extracts of Eucalyptus, Tulsi, Pudina and Keezarnelli plants against Kenchu virus that cause flacherie disease in silkworms showed positive results. Further screening of seed kernel extract of Pongamia glabra, Neem seed oil, seed extract of Calophyllum inophyllum, leaf extract of Aglaia roxburghiana, extract of Swietania mahogany and lemon grass proved to be effective in controlling viral flacherie.

Project outcome :These studies shows that plants contain potential anti viral properties could be used in controlling disease.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on usage of bed disinfectants for control of silkworm disease.

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Krishna M

Project Period :1988-1990

Objectives : Effect of bed disinfectants evolved on silkworm rearing.

Results/Recommendations :Application of bed disinfectants either single or in combination had no adverse effects on the development of silkworms. The formulations are season specific; their cost-benefit ratios are high and are suitable to the socioeconomic conditions of the farmers.

Project Outcome :Recommended for commercial production and field application.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on the physiology and biochemistry of NPV infected silkworms Bombyx mori L.

Personnel :Gururaj CS, Sekharappa BM, Sarangi SK

Project Period :1989-1995

Objectives :

· To study the biochemical and physiological changes associated with NPV infection.

· To develop easy/early diagnostic technique of NPV infection.

Results/Recommendations :

· Per oral inoculation technique was developed in Bombyx mori wherein the exact dose of pathogen is inoculated.

· Metabolic profile of NPV infection and control was analyzed with respect to carbohydrates, proteins and lipids. Results indicate that biochemical changes are observed from 2^nd instar onwards.

· Activity of digestive enzyme was analyzed.

· Chronological variation in food consumption and utilization was studied.

· Haemolymph cation levels and heart beats were recorded which can be used as an early diagnostic technology.

· Rate of oxidation of food can be used as an important parameter to study disease resistance in Bombyx mori L.

· Heart beat rate can be an early diagnostic technique for NPV infection.

Project Outcome :

· Per oral inoculation technique in silkworm Bombyx mori.

· Rate of oxidation of food can be used as an important parameter to study disease resistance in Bombyx mori L.

· Heart beat rate can be an early diagnostic technique for NPV infection.

Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Large scale demonstration and popularization of new bed disinfectants for control of silkworm diseases.

Personnel :Patil CS, Sugun R, Sharadamma P, Krishna M

Project Period :1990-92

Funding Source : DBT

Objectives :Large scale field demonstration and popularization of two new bed disinfectants- ““Sanjeevini”” (A-Powder) and “Suraksha”(B-Powder).

Results/Recommendations :Realizing the field applicability and potentiality of “Sanjeevini” and “Suraksha” in increasing cocoon production and thereby improving the socio-economic status of the sericulturists, DBT, New Delhi funded for large scale demonstration and popularization. Under this programme, 200 farmers from 20 villages of 5 traditional sericulture districts of Karnataka were covered and 2,30,247 dfls were treated with respective bed disinfectants while 53,495 dfls served as control. Field demonstration for 2 years indicated an increase in the yield of 6-8 kKgs per 100 dfls in case of ““Sanjeevini”” and 10-12 kgs per 100 dfls in case of “Suraksha”as compared to non treated batches.

Project Outcome :The formulations were readily accepted by the farmers and recommended for field use.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on serological methods for detection of viral pathogens infecting silkworms.

Personnel : Patil CS

Project Period :1990-92

Funding source :DBT

Objectives : To detect the pathogens infecting silkworms using serological methods and to standardize the method of early detection of the disease.

Results/Recommendations :Kenchu, a kind of viral flacherie cause heavy loss during chawki stage and the pathogen is a non-occluded, sub microscopic virus and is not visible under light microscope and hence this disease is diagnosed as bacterial flacherie. Studies were conducted for easy diagnosis of virus by application of serological techniques such as Immuno diffusion; Latex agglutination and Enzyme Linked Immunoabsorbent Assay (ELISA) were standardized for in situ detection of Kenchu virus.

Project Outcome : Considering the sensitivity of the test and the suitability for adoption to the field and cost and benefit, the Latex agglutination test was found more appropriate technique to apply in the field and is recommended.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Large scale production and supply of “Suraksha” bed disinfectant.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Venkatesh CM

Project Period :1992-94

Funding source :PSFA

Objectives :Large scale production and supply of “Suraksha” DOS for control of muscardine disease.

Results/Recommendations : “Suraksha”- a new bed disinfectant formulated for control of fungal disease had a very heavy demand evidenced from the field trial experiments. The PSFA has sanctioned Rs.3 lakhs for production and supply of “Suraksha” to DOS till the alternate arrangements are being made for commercial manufacture.

Project Outcome : About 50 tons of “Suraksha” was produced and supplied to the farmers through DOS, GOK. “Suraksha” was well received by DOS and farmers and it was recommended for patenting/licensing for commercial production.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on pebrine disease in silkworm Bombyx mori.

Personnel :Prasad NR, Patil CS, Prabhuswamy N

Project Period :1992-1994

Objectives :

· Studies on pebrine detection.

· Studies on dynamics of disease spread in the silkworm population.

· To test and confirm the reported methodology used by Lin et al (1991) to control transovarian transmission of pebrine.

Results/Recommendations :Pebrine spores appeared in blue egg stage and in larvae even after the eggs were treated with hot HCl. Significant multiplication of spores was observed as even denied by many fold increase in spores. The eggs were burns and did not hatch when treated at increased temperature of 50°C for 20 min. In vitro treatment of spores at 43°C for 10-20 min duration could not inactivate the pebrine spores. Hence, methodology published by Lin et al is unsuitable to control pebrine diseases.

Source of Information :Annual Report :1993-94

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on improvement of bed disinfectants.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB, Ramegowda T

Project Period :1993-94

Objectives :To further improve the efficacy of “Sanjeevini” powder and determine the storage effect of “Sanjeevini” and “Suraksha” on its quality.

Results/Recommendations : Realizing a scope for further improvement of formulation several additional chemicals were screened for improving the efficacy of “Sanjeevini” powder by conducting both in vivo and in vitro studies against major silkworm pathogens and the efficacy of “Sanjeevini” was further improved by 10%.

Project Outcome : Recommended for licensing/patenting for commercial production. The shelf life of “Sanjeevini” and “Suraksha” was fixed to 6 months from date of manufacture.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Large scale field trial of new silkworm races developed by silkworm breeding unit- Bidadi, KSSRDI.

Personnel : Patil CS, Prasad NR, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB, Ramegowda T

Project Period :1993–95

Objectivess : To evaluate the performance of new bivoltine races under farmer condition.

Results/Recommendations :Ensuring disease free environment through disinfection and disease management at various levels of rearing is very important for the stabilization of new silkworm races to express their genetic potentiality. The field trial of new bivoltine races developed by silkworm breeding unit, Bidadi was taken up in Bangalore rural region and the programme was supported in terms of disinfection, hygiene maintenance, regular crop inspection, bed disinfectants supply and ensuring application and implementation of other disease prevention measures.

New races performance was found better in the field with strict implementation of disease prevention methods, which has helped in crop improvement and the same package was recommended.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on flacherie disease of silkworm Bombyx mori L and its control methods.

Personnel : Prasad NR, Venkatesh CM, Govindaraju ST, Keshava Reddy KS

Project Period :1994-1999

Objectives :

· Isolation and identification of various bacterial strains/species causing flacherie disease in silkworm.

· To study the effect of different rearing conditions on disease manifestation.

· To develop suitable preventive and curative/control measures for flacherie.

Results and recommendations:

· All bacteria seen in diseased worms are not responsible for causing flacherie disease. 11 types of bacteria (cocci, and bacillus) causing flacherie disease in silkworm were isolated and pure cultured.

· The disease causing capacity of pathogenic bacteria are not uniform. It varies from 12-59% (when tested for LD 50)

· The pathogen load require to cause mortality was 10⁶ cells/ml.

· Indigenous antibiotics were found to be effective in curing bacterial flacherie in infected silkworm. These antibiotics were effective both early and late instar infections. The antibiotics effective even in different seasons without loosing the efficacy. Three feedings of antibiotic treated leaf on IV instar day 1 and V instar day 1 are sufficient to reduce the bacterial load in the gut. The antibiotics are effective to the tune of 25-30 % in increasing the survivabil­ity of the infected larvae when infected rate was 50-60 percent.

Project Outcome :Use of “Cure Spray” (antibiotic based formulation) is recommended to control/cure bacterial flacherie.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on improvement of detection methods for pebrine spore.

Personnel :Prasad NR, Govindaraju ST, Keshava Reddy KS

Project Period : 1994-2000

Objectives :

· Limits of dilution of homogenate for visibility of the pebrine spores.

· Efficiency of filtering devices for homogenate of mother moth.

· Improvement of visibility of spore by specific staining method.

· Detection and separation of pebrine like contaminants and interfering materials during moth examination.

Results/Recommendations :

The limits of dilution during mother moth examination: The visibility of spore in the microscope is largely determined by the concentration of spores and dilution of the homogenate. It was observed that when spore load in stock 1413 per field was diluted 10 times, the spore per field reduced to 156 per field. Further, in 100 times dilution, the spore seen per field was 2 per field. When the same was diluted 1000 times, pebrine spores were not seen even they were in the homogenate. Hence the limit of dilution for 10⁶ spores/ml was 10^-2 (100 time dilution). If the dilution of the homogenate increased further, the chance of missing the spore in microscope was very high.

Efficacy of filtering devices used to filter the homogenate of mother moth: The pebrine spore recovery after filtering through different materials was studied. 73.9% of spores were recovered when filtered through blotting cloth; similarly cotton also recorded 73.4% recovery for purified spores. When spore along with homogenate was filtered cotton found to be efficient than any other (47%).

Specific staining method for quick visibility of spores: To over come the wrong decision during examination of slides, a positive staining method has been developed which facilitates easy visibility of spore and is also clearly differentiates from the spore like artifacts. One to two drops of 2% crystal violet stain for one to one and half minutes on smear of the slide pre treated with 20% KMnO4 solution (for 15 seconds) will specifically stain the spores which look deep purple even in low spore load amidst spore like artifacts.

Detection and separation of pebrine like contaminants and interfering materials during moth examination: Recently, particles resembling pebrine spores during moth examinations were reported leading wrong decision for presence of pebrine spores. These particles were isolated and studied. An easy method of detection and separation from water was developed. These particles were identified as diatoms, which are present in different size and shape. The route of entry of these particles to homogenate of moth was found to be through water used in the grainage. They are not pathogenic and did not multiply in silkworm body, and hence not transovarially transmitted.10 ml of 10% K₂CO₃ solution to a litre of test water create turbidity if such diatoms are present, after 40-45 minutes the turbidity settled at the bottom, on examination using slide, the clear shape and size of diatoms are seen. Positive staining differentiates diatoms with that of pebrine spore. By de-ionizing the water the diatoms are removed and the water is free from such particles.

Project Outcome :

· Do not dilute the homogenate required for microscopic examination.

· Cotton is a cheap and effective filtering device to filter the homogenate of mother moth.

· Positive staining method is recommended especially for early and late emergence of moth. In addition, the method could be followed when confusion arise due to low spore load, spore resembling artifacts.

· De-ionized water is to be used in grainage to prevent the entry of diatoms and such artifacts, which confuse the moth examiner.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Survey for finding out the relevance of existing technologies for the agro-climatic zones of Karnataka.

Personnel :Anantharaman MN, Patil CS and other scientists

Project Period :1994-1995

Objectives : To find out the relevant technologies for different agro climatic regions of Karnataka.

Results/Recommendations :During the study, 3 categories of farmers; Elite, Medium and Poor were noticed. There was a considerable variation in perceiving technologies among the above group of sericulturists. Wide difference in technology acceptance among the traditional and new area farmers was noticeable and some technologies were well accepted and others not. The type of suitable technologies needed to particular zones have been recommended.

Project Outcome :There is a scope to improve/modify some of the existing technologies to suit to the socio-economic and regional conditions of farmers.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Silkworm disease monitoring and testing.

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB

Project Period :1994-96

Objectives : To establish a separate disease testing and monitoring facility.

Results/Recommendations :Disease-monitoring laboratory was established. Created awareness about disinfection and disease management to the farmers. Collection and testing of larval samples to determine seasonal and regional disease incidence helped in understanding frequency and intensity of different diseases in different seasons.

Project Outcome :The information generated is vital for developing efficient technology for disease prevention and control prevention strategies.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on the evaluation of chemicals for disinfection of rearing houses and appliances.

Personnel : Patil CS, Venkatesh CM, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB

Project Period :1994-2001

Objectivess :To formulate a new disinfectant for effective disinfection of rearing houses and appliances.

Results/Recommendations :A survey conducted indicates limitations of formalin and bleaching powder as disinfectants and the programme was taken to develop an alternate disinfectant for control of diseases. Several chemicals and their combinations were screened by in vitro and in vivo against bacteria, Kenchu virus and fungal pathogens and formulated; ‘Chlorofect’ from promising short-listed ones. Further its efficacy was evaluated seasonally.

Similarly by conducting in vitro and in vivo screening of mild chemicals, a formulation was developed and named as ‘Suchi’ for personal hygiene.

Project Outcome :

Chlorofect - A new contact type broad-spectrum user friendly germicide developed. It is suitable to any type of rearing houses and appliances. Technology is licensed on royalty basis to M/s “Suraksha” Bio-Chem. Pvt. Ltd, Bidar, for commercial production and marketing.

Suchi - A liquid formulation is a Sanitizer cum disinfectant has both germicidal and cleaning property. It is non–irritant, has pleasant odour and no health hazards on the user. Recommended for maintaining personal hygiene during rearing. Technology is licensed on royalty basis to M/s Triumph Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Mysore for large-scale commercial production and marketing.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on silkworm diseases during chawki stage and their control.

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB, Ramegowda T

Project Period :1994-2001

Objectives :

• To determine the extent of disease incidence during chawki stage
• To find out the source and route of contamination
• To evolve suitable remedial measures for prevention of diseases during chawki stage.

Results/Recommendations :Experiments on sterilization of mulberry leaf and feeding to chawki worms were conducted by bio assay method followed by small-scale field evaluation. Most of the silkworm diseases do occur during chawki stage and gets amplified during late age resulting in poor crop.

Pests of mulberry leaf play an important role in secondary contamination and mulberry leaves are found to be the main source of contamination.

Decontamination of mulberry leaf by washing in antibiotic solutions like Septron and then feeding to silkworms minimizes the disease incidence during chawki stage and stabilizes the cocoon crop. Small-scale field evaluation programme confirmed the results of the laboratory trials.

Project Outcome :Method of decontamination of mulberry leaf using Septron and feeding to chawki worms for prevention of diseases is recommended.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on viral and bacterial disease of silkworm in relation to mulberry leaf quality.

Personnel : Venkatesh CM, Patil CS

Project Period :1994-2000

Objectives :To study the correlation between the mulberry leaf quality and disease development in silkworm.

Results/Recommendations :

· The varied difference in cocoon productivity among sericulturists shows the direct relation with mulberry leaf quality besides the other factors.

· Application of recommended doses of FYM + NPK provides the nutrients required to mulberry plant to enrich the leaf quality.

· Among the leaf preservation method studied, the mulberry leaves preserved (stored) covering wet gunny cloth show minimum post harvest degradation (leaf quality) changes in leaves. However, prolonged preservation beyond 12 hours leads to considerable loss of leaf quality. This method is suggested to adopt during adult silkworm rearing.

· Mixing of different maturity (age) and types of leaves (quality) becomes improper composition and feeding such leaves to silkworms lead to mal nutrition and prone to viral and bacterial disease.

· Providing nutritious mulberry leaves to silkworm facilitated proper growth and development, which in turn helps for developing resistance in silkworms against viral and bacterial diseases.

Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis,2000

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Molecular biology of the immune response in silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Personnel :Patil CS

Project Period :1996-2000

Objectives :

· To analyze naturally existing disease resistance in Bombyx mori L.

· Fully elaborate the Bombyx mori immune protein response

· Select immune proteins, which influence disease and further characterization.

Results/Recommendations : Cellular and humoral immune response in protecting silkworms against attaching pathogens in MV and BV races was established. Cellular and humoral defense reaction in bivoltine silkworm with respect to the challenge of pathogenic bacteria; Bacillus pantothenticus in comparison with non-pathogenic, Escherichia coli have been studied. Within minutes of injecting bacteria into haemocoel, profound changes in differential haemocyte count (DHC) and total haemocyte count (THC), clumping of granulocytes and plasmatocytes followed by pathocytosis and nodulation were observed. Injection of E. coli caused no mortality but B. pantothenticus was highly virulent to kill the host at the same dose within 10-12 hrs of post injection (PI). More than 80% of free circulating bacteria were eliminated in both cases from haemolymph within 3-6 hrs of PI by initial cellular defense reaction. Bacterial concentration in the haemolymph remained low level even upto 72 hrs and did not increase in number thereafter in case of non-pathogenic bacteria injected larvae, while bacteria multiplied rapidly after 6 hrs of PI and larval death in case of pathogenic bacteria injected larvae. Injected E. coli provoked humoral defense reaction after 12 hrs of PI whereas same effect was after 30 hr of PI in case of B. pantothenticus. As a humoral reaction, new 16 kDa proteins was induced in the haemolymph against challenge of bacteria and this was predominant and stayed longer period in MV silkworm than in BV race. The protein was isolated, characterized and its function was deduced.

In silkworm, cellular defense mechanism sets in within 5-10 minutes. Pathogenic bacteria are somehow escaping from the cellular and humoral defense reaction causing to the death of silkworm while non-pathogenic bacteria succumb to the defense reaction.

Project Outcome :MV races are more efficient in immune response and this information could be used as marker in screening of races for resistance/tolerance.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on Kenchu disease in silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P

Project Period :1996-2000

Objectivess :To survey on the incidence of Kenchu disease in different sericultural areas of Karnataka and to isolate, purify and characterization of Kenchu virus.

Results/Recommendations :Random sampling during chawki stage and analysis of larval samples revealed that incidence of Kenchu virus disease was high in multivoltine and CB rearing areas compared to bivoltine area. Three crops were found discarded during chawki stage due to KV infection in Kanakapura, Melur and Thittamaranhalli TSCs during the study indicating its severity. Isolation and purification of virus by 10-40% sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation showed 4 bands. Spectrophotometer analysis revealed the fraction 12 and 18 contain virus particles. SDS PAGE revealed three polypeptide with mol. wt. ranging from 49-52. Among the plants screened, eucalyptus, tulsi, pongamia, and neem seed oil were highly effective in activating Kenchu virus.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on the development of Nosema bombycis Naegeli and its effect on the development of the host Bombyx mori L.

Personnel :Jyothi NB, Patil CS

Project Period :1996-2003

Objectives :Ultra structural studies on the multiplication of Nosema bombycis and its effect on the midgut and silk glands of silkworm.

· Development of Nosema bombycis in the silkworm gonads and its effects on the fecundity and disease transmission.

· Immune reaction of silkworm with respect to Nosema bombycis infection.

· Effect of carbendazim on the development of Nosema bombycis in silkworm.

Results/Recommendations :

· Study revealed that the infected male moths transfer the spores along with the sperms and seminal fluid to the bursa copulatrix of the female moth, but the same is not transferred to the progeny however, it appears during mother moth examination indicating false positive presence of pebrine spores in the female moth. This is the first record of venereal transmission in silkworm

· Ultra structure of testis and ovary revealed development of the spore in all the stages of silkworm reducing the cellular components significantly.

· Ultra structural developmental cycle of Nosema bombycis and histopathological changes in the host forms the basis for studying other microsporidians-infecting silkworm.

· Silkworm lacks both cellular and humoral immune response to Nosema bombycis infection.

· Carbendazim treatment controlled pebrine multiplication during larval stage but resurgence of the disease occurs during moth stage and the same is confirmed ultra structurally.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :An alternate method for mother moth examination for detection of pebrine disease.

Personnel :Patil CS, Dass CMS, Jyothi NB

Project Period :1997-1999

Objectives : To develop an alternate method for mother moth examination for detecting spores especially when the infection level is very low.

Results/Recommendations : The present method of pebrine testing has many practical limitations, especially when the spore load is very low. When spores were observed in the haemolymph, then all other tissues including moth homogenate sample contained large number of spores. But when the infection rate was low, it was difficult to detect spores in the homogenate of mother moth while it was easy and unambiguous in the wing and its base tissue preparation.

Significant reduction in fecundity and hatchability was observed in female infected and crossed with uninfected male. Pebrine infects to male silkworms and multiplies to the same extent in male as in female but it has very little effect on fecundity and seed parameters.

In the experiments of mating of uninfected female with infected male, pebrine spores were found transferred to bursa copulatrix of female moth along with sperm bundles and spermatic fluid during copulation leading to Venereal transmission. Venereally transmitted spores become source for secondary contamination for the hatched worms but they did not pass to next generation.

The homogenate prepared from uninfected female crossed with infected male though show spores during moth examination but this moth would have laid pebrine/disease free layings. Thus burning of dfls on the basis of spores found in mother moth homogenate is falsely positive. Spores appear in the wing only if the female moth is infected and not the spores acquired during mating.

Project Outcome : A technology of “wing and its base tissue examination for pebrine detection in silk moth” an alternate to mother moth examination was developed.

Advantages:

· Wings lack fat body and other tissue debris hence the spore detection is easy and unambiguous.

· Spores appear in the wings only when the female is infected but not when spores are acquired during copulation.

The method is simple, easy to perform; accurate, unambiguous even when initial infection is very low.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on Thatte disease of silkworm Bombyx mori L in Karnataka and its control methods.

Personnel : Prasad NR, Keshava Reddy

Funding Source :PSFA

Project Period : 1997-2001

Objectives :

· Identification of 'Thatte' disease and collection of information on extent of damage and disease spread in Karnataka.-detail survey

· Isolation, identification and characterization of causative organism of ‘Thatte' disease.

· Studies on mode of infection, symptomology of the disease at field as well as experimental infection.

· Reasons for the expression of the disease during 5^th instar.

· Development of preventive and curative control methods.

Results/Recommendations :

Incidence and extent of damage :The information on incidence of disease spread, extent of damage was collected from 412 farmers in three seasons from 28 villages comes under the area of survey. 86.41% (Max. 94.5% and mini.75%) of farmers, 77% (max. 36.38% and min. 22.12%) of crops and 30.04% of crop loss were recorded due to the disease in Kanakapura taluk.

Symptomology, field and experimental infection: The typical symptom of the disease was mass death of worms with in 10-24 hours during 5^th instar fifth or sixth day, where worms looked normal without any external deformities.

Etiology based on pathogens infection: It was observed from these experiments that the pathogens are not primarily responsible for Thatte disease. The pathogens seen in such silkworms are secondary invaders.

Isolation of pathogens from the thatte diseased worms collected form the field: Nine types of bacteria including four bacilli and one streptococcus were isolated form dead worms due to thatte. At the end of the study it was found that these bacteria are not primarily responsible for thatte symptoms.

Etiology based on synergistic role of bacteria and virus of silkworm: Based on these studies it was observed that there was no synergetic role of bacteria and virus in causing thatte disease.

Etiology based on restricted aeration and accumulation of CO₂ with or without pathogens: Worms up to 12 hours under restricted aeration could survive and spun cocoon. The percent survival or cocoons spun was reduced. 24 h of restricted aeration all the worms showed typical thatte symptoms and they failed to spun cocoons. The gut bacteria increased when the worms were subjected to restricted aeration. It further increased when the worms were infected with bacteria followed by restricted aeration.

Experiments on curative and preventive measures: It was observed that when restriction of aeration was released before 10-12 hours the worms survived and spun cocoon. When the restriction was allowed more than 16 hours the worms though survived died later with spinning very flossy cocoon or died without spinning. When the restriction of the air was more than 24 hours all the worms died with typical symptoms of thatte as reported.

Based on the study it is recommended to:

· The rearing houses should be provided with sufficient ventilators. The ventilators should ensure cross circulations of air suction into the house and out side the house. Bottom and top ventilators should be provided in addition to the windows. The gases released during respiration are hot and have a tendency to move up and trapped at the houses if proper top ventilators are not provided. The movement of air in a rearing hose depends on the free path for entry and exit of air. Hence a top and bottom ventilators just above the ground level will solve the problem.

· Farmers need to open existing windows and doors especially during fifth instar with proper protection for Uzi fly.

· Long pipes as exhausts should be provided in the ceiling of the house, which acts as suction pipes for airflow. Exhaust fans could also be used.

· Farmers should brush the required number of dfls depending upon the capacity of the house as recommended.

Source of Information : Annual Reports:1995-2001

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Screening of new silkworm races against major silkworm diseases.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB, Venkatesh CM

Project Period :1998-2000 & 2006-2007

Objectives : To determine the degree of susceptibility of new silkworm races developed in KSSRDI, in comparison with commercially important races to different silkworm pathogens.

Results/Recommendations :Silkworm races (KSO1 x SP2, KSO1 x NP2, PM x NB4D2 and MH1, SL-KSPM in comparison with PM as control) developed at KSSRDI were subjected for screening against different silkworm pathogens (NPV, Kenchu virus, fungi and pebrine spores) for understanding their disease susceptibility/tolerance levels in different seasons before these are released to the field.

The screening results indicate that PM and PM x NB4D2 are tolerant to pebrine disease followed by KSO1 x SP2 and KSO1 x NP2, MH1 and SL-KSPM. While, MH1 and SL-KSPM disease are more susceptible for muscardine compared to the control race PM. And the KSO1 x NP2 and KSO1 x SP2 are more tolerant to Kenchu disease as compared to CB, while among multivoltine, MH1 is more tolerant followed by SLKSPM in comparison with PM and KSO1 x NP2 and MH1 races are found more susceptible to NPV.

Among the races used for crash programme, MH1 x CM3OP and MH1 x Tokai are more tolerant to Kenchu virus while for NPV, PM x CM3OP and PM x Tokai are more tolerant compared to controls PM x CSR2.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS1

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title : Monitoring of pebrine disease in the seed areas.

Personnel : Patil CS,

Project Period :1998-2006 (Long term)

Objectives :To collect the field data from seed area on seasonal incidence of pebrine and to develop pebrine surveillance method and control of disease.

Results/Recommendation: Pebrine disease has been damaging the sericulture industry very seriously. To keep the disease under control, continuous monitoring and surveillance is a must. Seasonal surveys are being conducted in batches during summer, rainy and winter seasons from April 1998 in collaboration with SSTL, Kodathi. Besides, Larva/pupa/moths/faecal pellet samples were collected randomly from different levels of seed multiplication by the Mysore seed area/Bivoltine seed area (Anekal TSC). So far more than 20000 samples have been tested and the percentage of pebrine infection is 1%. Suitable prophylactic measures have been suggested.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on Pebrine disease and its control.

Personnel : Patil CS, Jyothi NB, Dass CMS

Project Period :1998 - 2000

Objectives : To study the dynamics of pebrine disease spreading and to develop method to monitoring pebrine incidence during silkworm rearing.

Results/Recommendation: Studies were on the dynamics of disease spreading during large scale rearing by mixing the infected somatic marker larva with uninfected in different ratios and monitoring the spread of disease. Faecal matter and infected corpses serve as source of contamination. Rate of spread of pebrine disease in silkworm colonies depend on the number of infected worms introduced in the healthy population during rearing.

Rate of multiplication of spores in the midgut and progression of disease has a direct relationship between the appearance of spores and their number in the faecal pellet. The spores appear in the faecal pellet within 24 hr of appearance of spores in the mid gut and their number increased with time. Multiplication and appearance of spores in midgut and subsequent appearance in pellets was late for 4-5 days in Pure Mysore as compared to NB4D2. Forecasting of the disease occurrence in the field could be easily assessed by larval faecal pellet examination. Technique of pebrine disease diagnosis based on faecal pellet examination was demonstrated and trained DOS field staff of seed area.

Project Outcome :Developed faecal pellet examination to detect the pebrine spores.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Development of novel in-house method of determining quality of bleaching powder.

Personnel : Prasad NR, Keshava Reddy KS

Project Period : 1998-2000

Objectives :

• Development of in house method of determining concentration of bleaching powder.
• Demonstration of the novel method.
• Patenting, popularization of the method and commercialization.

Results/Recommendations :

• A simple test paper was developed to find out the strength of the bleaching powder used for disinfections. Demonstrated and released as technology.
• Production, demonstration and marketing of Test Paper to evaluate bleaching powder used for disinfections.
• The technology was filled and accepted for patenting through NRDC.
• The shelf life of the Bleacheck was increased to one year as per RRC.

Table: Chlorine percentage and corresponding corrections for attaining 5% bleaching powder solution.

Change in colour of paper

Strength of

the solution

Chlorine (%)

in solution

Additional powder to be added to bleaching powder to make it 5% (33% chlorine)

White

1 percent

6.60

800 g

Pale yellow

2 percent

13.20

600 g

Light brown

3 percent

19.80

400 g

Brick red

4 percent

26.90

185 g

Dark brown

5 percent

33.00

0.00 g

Source of Information : Annual Reports:1995-2001

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Development of computerized Image Analysis System to detect pebrine spore Nosema bombycis in silkworm Bombyx mori L.

Personnel :Prasad NR, Keshava Reddy KS

Funding Source : PSFA

Project Period : 1998-2000

Objectives :

· To find out the feasibility of CIAS to detect pebrine spore.

· Standardizing the parameters of the pebrine spore like shape, size movement, density etc. required for detection by CIAS.

· Standardizing the limits of dilution of the sample in which pebrine spore has to be detected.

· Standardizing the procedure for preparation of homogenate used for CIAS.

· Developing a complete dedicated image analysis system to detect pebrine spore in sericulture, based on cost effectiveness

Results/Recommendations : The samples of pebrine spores in various combinations with the pebrine like artifacts were prepared and the slides were scanned using the image analysis system in IRAH, Bangalore as trial run. The images there obtained were processed and analyzed for the working efficiency of the system. Photographs were taken and the data was analyzed. It was indicated in the trial run that by using the image analysis system it is possible to differentiate the pebrine spore from that of non-pebrine within few seconds. In addition to the normal shape of spores seen at full view against polar view was studied to recognize the spore even its round shape seen from polar view.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Evaluation of Sanitall-Plus for disinfection of rearing houses and appliances (Joint Collaborative studies).

Personnel :Patil CS, Venkatesh CM, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB

Project Period :2000- 2002

Results/Recommendation: Jointly developed a general disinfectant called Sanitall-plus for disinfection of silkworm rearing houses and appliances. Sanitall is as effective as formalin and bleaching powder in respect of cocoon harvest and benefits. It is a contact type of disinfectant and suitable to any type of rearing houses. It is non-corrosive, non-toxic, non-irritating and user friendly. Field trial conducted over 205 crops has shown an increase of 5.92 kg/100 dfls.

Project Outcome :Developed Technology Sanitall-plus licensed to M/s Pure Chemical Laboratories Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore for commercial production and marketing.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Comparative evaluation of bed disinfectants evolved by different Sericulture Research Institutes.

Personnel : Patil CS, Sharadamma P

Project Period :2000-2001

Objectives :To evaluate efficacy of bed disinfectants developed by different R & D Institutes in control of diseases.

Results/Recommendation :Six brands of bed disinfectants that exist in the field were subjected for seasonal evaluation by different organizations including KSSRDI simultaneously without declaring brand names.

Project outcome :All the brands were effective in prevention of diseases if used regularly and there was no significant difference in their performance and are recommended to field use.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on transfer of new technologies programme.

Personnel : Patil CS

Project Period :2000 –2001

Objectives :To conduct bench mark survey and Transfer of Technology to improve crop performance in the field.

Results/Recommendation: Benchmark survey was conducted for the assessment of technologies existed and adoption level in the field before taking the Transfer of Technology in villages viz. BS Doddi, of Kanakapura taluk, Tanganhalli and D. Nagenhalli, of Koratagere taluk of Karnataka state.

Implemented Technology Transfer Programme for dissemination of technologies in the selected villages of Melur and Hoovalli of Kolar district and Tanganahalli and D. Nagenahalli. of Tumkur district.

In Melur many farmers do not have own mulberry garden and depend on lease and purchase, so the quality was not assured. Garden maintenance is a traditional, Kolar system, majority depend on CRC and limited own chawki brushing. Adopted shoot feeding method and apply “Sanjeevini”, “Suraksha” and “Uzi powder”. Showed interest in adoption of new technologies.

The technologies developed by Institute can be adopted in Hoovalli village with ease. Some of farmers could be trained and there is a general awareness in the village in respect of developed technologies.

In Tanganahalli and D Nagenahalli the farmers adopted technologies in a limited way. Groundnut is the main crop. Repeated insistence is required for technology adoption.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on the pebrine disease of silkworm.

Personnel : Patil CS, Jyothi NB

Project Period :2002-2007

Objectives :

· To isolate and characterize microsporidians infecting silkworms.

· To screen chemicals/botanicals to develop curative method for control of pebrine disease.

Results/Recommendation :Pebrine though is mainly caused by Nosema bombycis, other microsporidians have been reported from time to time in Japan and other countries. Many a times spores having different shape and size are encountered and cause confusion during testing. At time it becomes difficult to decide to reject or to retain such batches. To clarify these problems an in depth study with regard to various microsporidians infecting silkworms and their pathogenicity is required.

Six types of microsporidians isolated from different sericulture areas were cultured and maintained in laboratory. During the period, studied morphometry, infection and spore production rate, tissue specificity and transovarian transmission ability. Microsporidians studied though showed differential multiplication and transovarial transmission rate, but their virulence is generally lower compared to N. bombycis. These spores are capable of producing high degree of infection over a long period. Ultrastructure and transovarial transmission ability varied among different source of spores.

Among the several chemicals screened to develop curative method for pebrine disease, carbendazim (98% pure) was effective in controlling pebrine infection during both larval and moth stages if per oral treatment is before 48 hrs of post infection and it arrested the further multiplication of pebrine spore if treatment is continued.

Ultrastructure of pebrine spores from the treated batches showed abnormalities like vacuolation, elongation of meront, sporont sporoblast and spore stages. Out of 62 plants extracts screened against pebrine spore by in vivo method, none of them were effective in curing the disease.

Project Outcome : Treatment to the seed cocoon crops by Carbendazim if pebrine is noticed at adult stage of rearing is recommended to arrest multiplication of spore and further spread of disease but the affected seed crop should be sent to reeling.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Joint technology development to control silkworm diseases (KSSRDI and Growel Formulations Pvt. Ltd Hyderabad).

Personnel : Prasad NR, Keshava Reddy KS

Project Period :2002-2003

Objectives :

· To develop technology/product to control silkworm diseases jointly by KSSRDI and Growel Formulations Pvt Ltd., Hyderabad.

· To screen the product Fulsilk in vitro and in vivo and modification suitably and filed Testing.

Results/Recommendations :The formulation Fulsilk was found to be effective in reducing flacherie disease (Induced) in all the concentration s studied. The mortality due to infection was reduced from 66% (infected control) to a maximum to 6.67% in 100-ppm level. Though reduction in mortality in infected larvae was seen in all the concentrations of treatment, 100 ppm and 500 ppm were more effective in curing disease. Infected larvae showed the survivability from 33.33 % (infected control) to 93.33 % showing improvement of 60% after treating with the formulation. The larval weight, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight and shell percentage were not affected by the chemical showing the non-toxic effect of the chemical. The larvae gained weight as the concentration of the chemical increased from 10 to 10000 ppm.

Project Outcome :The formulation Fulsilk tested and modified under joint collaborative study has revealed the potential effectively against mixed bacterial pathogens of the silkworm. Hence the formulation can be taken to field evaluation before recommending to use to control the flacherie disease.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :”Musguard”- bed disinfectant for control of muscardine disease of silkworms (Joint collaborative studies).

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB

Project Period :2002- 2004

Objectives :To develop fungal disease specific bed disinfectant.

Results/Recommendation :Developed a bed disinfectant specific to fungal diseases as joint technology product called “Musguard”, which is effective in prevention/control of fungal diseases of silkworm.

Project Outcome :“Musguard” is a specific product for controlling fungal diseases in silkworm during winter season. The developed technology licensed to M/s Growel Formulations Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad for commercial production and marketing.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Simple “add and read” kit to assess the quality of lime powder.

Personnel :Prasad NR, Keshava Reddy KS

Project Period :2003-2004

Objectives :

• To develop simple in-house method to find out the quality of lime.
• Demonstration of the novel method.
• Patenting, popularization of the method and commercialization.

Results/Recommendations :The kit consists of one glass test tube with five marks on it and a container with sensitive chemical reagent. It also contains a small handbill giving information on how to use the kit to assess the quality of lime powder.

Method of use/Procedure to test the lime:

• Take the lime sample to be tested in to the test tube provided up to the mark 1 and add 4-5 drops of the sensitive reagent to it. If the pink colour is developed, it indicates the presence of lime in the sample.
• Continue to add the reagent till the pink colour developed become colourless and observe the mark on the test tube at which the pink colour disappeared.
• If the pink colour disappeared at mark 1, it depicts the presence 25% of lime in the sample. If the colour disappeared at mark 2 it denotes 50% of lime and if it is at mark 3 it denotes the presence of 75% of lime and if the colour disappeared at mark 5 it confirms 100% of lime and is pure lime.
• The test takes about 2-3 min and is simple economical and does not need technical skill.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Development of ‘Reshme Aishwarya’-a general bed disinfectant for control of silkworm diseases (Joint collaborative studies).

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P, Jyothi NB

Project Period :2003-2005

Results/Recommendation :Reshme Aishwarya a general bed disinfectant was developed for control of silkworm diseases is effective in prevention/control of fungal, viral and bacterial diseases of silkworm and recommended as a general bed disinfectant during silkworm rearing.

Project Outcome :Technology developed Reshme Aishwarya licensed to M/s Santhosh Enterprises, Pvt. Ltd., Bangalore on royalty basis for commercial production and marketing.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Bio-control of diseases of silkworm, Bombyx mori L through botanical formulations.

Personnel :Patil CS, Sharadamma P

Project Period :2005-07

Objectives : To evaluate medicinal plants against different silkworm pathogens and Development of botanical prophylactic/curative measures for control of silkworm diseases

Results/Recommendation :The present method in practice for reducing the incidence of diseases is through chemical based disinfectants and this has practical limitation. Therefore, new ways of controlling silkworm diseases without chemicals using botanicals is inevitable.

Aqueous total extracts from plants extracted and screened by in vitro experiments for pathogens of Aspergillus, white muscardine spores and gram positive and gram negative bacteria and by in vivo experiments against NPV, Bacteria, Pebrine, Kenchu pathogens by direct contact, tray contamination and exposure methods and developed formulation with suitable carrier and evaluated seasonal efficacy.

Seasonal evaluation of herbal-based bed disinfectant has shown 30-40% more ERR compared to infected control rearings and it is effective in controlling silkworm diseases.

Project Outcome :Herbal based bed disinfectant recommended for silkworm disease control.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Screening of silkworm races for NPV resistance and susceptibility for marker assisted breeding of silkworm races.

Personnel :Rajanna GS, Patil CS, Pushpalatha G

Project Period :2005-07

Objectives :Identification of polyvoltine and bivoltine races/lines for NPV resistance and susceptibility respectively.

Results/Recommendation :During the period, three trials of 13 bivoltine and 10 polyvoltine germplasm silkworm races were screened against NPV and short-listed. The short listed races were again screened for confirmatory results and selected 2 of each NPV tolerant and susceptible from BV & PV races. The identified races were :

NPV tolerant :Bivoltine…… …. KGE –10, Polyvoltine ….... KGP-12

NPV susceptible :Bivoltine…… KGD-40, Polyvoltine ……. KGP-9

Mass reared and dfls prepared were supplied to SBRL, Kodathi, APSSRDI, Hindupur and CSRTI, Mysore in coded numbers for common screening and in this KGP-12 has emerged as most NPV tolerant race. Further work is under progress at SBRL/CDFD/APSSRDI for identification of DNA markers for baculovirus resistance. Studies on host parasite relationship in regard to peritrophic membrane and its biochemical analysis were carried out at KSSRDI.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Entomology

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Biological control agents of uzi fly, E. bombycis (Louis)

Personnel :Veeranna G, Nirmala MR, Jyothi HK

Project Period :1986

Objectives :

• To find out the biological agents (pathogens, parasitoids) to control the uzi fly menace.
• To determine the potential biocontrol agent(s) to contain the uzi fly infestation.

Results/Recommendations :Seven hymenopteran parasitoids were identified for the first time on uzi fly. They are Nesolynx thymus (Girault) (Eulophidae) an ecto-pupal gregarious parasitoid, Trichopria sp. (Diapriidae) an endo-pupal gregarious, Dirhinus anthracia Walker (Chalcididae) an ecto-pupal solitary, Exoristobia philippinensis Ashmead (Encyrtidae), an endo-pupal gregarious, Pachycrepoideus veerannai Narendran & Anil (Pteromalidae), an ectopupal gregarious, Spalangia endius Walker (Pteromalidae), an ectopupal gregarious and Nesolynx dipterae (Eulophidae) an ecto-pupal gregarious parasitoid. Cultures of these parasitoids were maintained for further studies. A detailed study of these parasitoids of uzi fly on the biology and beneficial attributes, i.e. life cycle, culturability, fecundity, competition behaviour among the parasitoids, suitable diet for long life span and more fecundity, temperature tolerance, searching capacity, etc were taken up in the laboratory to determine the potential candidate(s) for releasing programmes to combat the uzi fly menace in the field. The life table statistics of the above mentioned parasitoids was constructed using the formula å e-rx lxmx = 1 to find out generation time, doubling time, net reproductive rate, finite rate increase, and intrinsic rate of increase

Based on the results of the beneficial attributes and life table studies, N. thymus, E. philippinensis, Trichopria sp and D. anthracia were found to be potential parasitoids of uzi fly. Later, D. anthracia was deleted from the list of potential parasitoid because of the fact that we could not get the continuous cultures due to inbreeding. The technique of mass culturing of these parasitoids in the laboratory was developed.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Biology of uzi fly, E. bombycis (Louis)

Personnel :Veeranna G, Prasad NR, Nirmala MR, Jyothi NB

Project Period :1986-87, 1991-92, 1998-99

Objectives :

• To study the mating behaviour of uzi fly.
• To determine the presence of sex-pheromones in uiz fly and related aspects.
• To find out the longevity and fecundity of uzi fly developed on different instars of silkworms.

Results/Recommendations :It is observed that the female attracts male by eliciting the pre-mating behaviour. Presence of sex-pheromones was confirmed by EAG studies. Uzi flies do not mate during night time or in the dark.

Results indicated that the uzi fly developed on the 5^th instar was longest life span followed by IV, III and II instar. The highest fecundity of uzi fly developed on different instars was recorded during the rainy season compared to that of winter and summer season. The highest longevity and fecundity was observed in the uzi fly developed on 5^th instar larvae irrespective of seasons.

Project Outcome :It is recommended that sericulturists have to protect the silkworms from the uzi fly infestation from I instar onwards till spinning as uzifly lays eggs on I and II instars also and extra care should be taken on 4^th and 5^th instars as it prefers to lay more number eggs on these instars.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Control of uzi fly, Exorista bombycis by semiochemicals.

Personnel :Veeranna G, Nagasundara KR, Nirmala MR, Jyothi HK

Project Period :1987-88

Objectives :

· To isolate and identify the different components of the bio-active crude extract, extracted from 4^th/5^th instar of silkworms.

· To test the different isolated components from bio-active extract on uzi fly and EAG to find out its efficacy.

· Synthesize the bio-active components in the laboratory

· To test the synthesized components in different proportions and combinations by bio-assay studies.

· To test the effective combinations in the laboratory and field to trap the gravid female uzi fly.

Results/Recommendations :Encouraging results was not obtained which attributed to the synthetic kairomone concentration/quantity is not sufficient to compete with the natural kairomones released by the large number of larvae in a village. In addition to this, the dispensers used for dispensing the kairomones are not suitable. Though the desirable objective of the project are not achieved for some reasons, the useful and valuable information were generated for making these information for further studies in this direction.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Serial Number :110

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on insect pests of Bombyx mori in grainages.

Personnel :Geetha Bai M, Muniraju E, Mahadevappa L

Project period :1987-1989

Objectives :

· To conduct detailed studies on the biology and ecology of various insect pests and their natural enemies.

· To develop appropriate control measures taking in to consideration, the safety of Bombyx mori.

Results/Recommendations :Survey for insect pests in grainages and their natural enemies was conducted in some grainages in Karnataka. Seven species of beetles, one predatory earwig and an ant predator were recorded during this survey.

· The most common and important pest of Bombyx mori in grainages was Dermestes ater L (Coleoptera:Dermestidae). This pest preyed on eggs, pupae and silk moths, besides damaging cocoons and feeding on dead organic matter.

· Paracarophenax dermestidarum Rack (Acarina:Acarophenacidae), a mite predator of Dermestes ater eggs was recorded for the first time in India. This bio-control agent of Dermestes ater is host specific and does not harm Bombyx mori.

· The predatory earwig, Labia arachidis Yersin (Dermaptera:Labiidae) preys on silk moths. Life cycle of L. arachidis was studied in the laboratory. It is an ovo-viviparous and cannibalistic species. Mother earwigs show maternal care and take care of eggs and nymphs for 3-4 days after egg laying.

· An entomogenous fungus, Aspergillus flavus Link (Moniliales:Moniliaceae) was recorded on Dermestes ater and this fungus is infective to Bombyx mori.

· Two microsporidians pathogens were recorded from L. avachidis for the first time. One of them was identified as Nosema sp.

· Dermestes ater and L. avachidis were susceptible to pebrine causative pathogen Nosema bombycis Naegeli (Mimosporidia:Nosematidae), in laboratory studies.

· An integrated pest management (IPM) programme was recommended for management of insect pest in grainages.

Cultural and mechanical methods :

· Pierced and cut cocoons should be removed from the grainage premises within four days from the date of completion of grainage operations and stored away.

· Grainage premises and place of storage of cocoons should be thoroughly cleaned, so that continuity of life cycle of the pest insects is disrupted.

· Pierced and cut cocoons should be auctioned once a month, instead of three months or more.

· Possibilities of utilizing these cocoons to produce hand spun yarn locally to be explored, so that storage for long durations can be avoided.

· Doors and windows in grainages to be provided with wire mesh to avoid entry and exit of insect pests.

· Possibilities of utilizing plastic trays (HDP) instead of wooden and bamboo tray in grainages to be explored, since the latter have crevices where pest insects breed.

Chemical control :

· Pierced and cut cocoons after sun drying should be dusted with 5% malathion and stored.

· Wooden trays harbouring grainage insect pests should be dipped in 0.2% malathion emulsion for 2-3 minutes. After 10 days, the trays should be washed in water; sun dried, and can be reused. Stands, walls, windows and doors should be sprayed with 0.2% malathion emulsion and washed thoroughly.

· DDVP or Dichlorovos (1 ml of DDVP (EC=76% in 1 lit. of water) can be used instead of malathion emulsion.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of mechanical control method (individual tray covering) to contain the uzi fly menace in the field.

Personnel Veeranna G, Nirmala MR

Project Period :1989

Objectives :To evaluate the individual tray covering method to control uzi fly in the field.

Results/Recommendations :It was evident from the data that upto 4^th instar the rate of uzi fly infestation was negligible compared to control. However uzi fly infestation was high in 5^th instar larvae in individual trays covered rearings. It was attributed that the brim/neck was smaller so that while feeding the silkworm larvae would come in contact with the nylon net covering, which facilitates the uzi fly to lay eggs.

This method is suitable to contain the uzi fly infestation when the brim / neck of rearing tray should be atleast 5 inches in height.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Chemical control of uzi fly, E. bombycis (Louis)

Personnel : Veeranna G, Nirmala MR, Jyothi HK

Project Period :1989 and 1997

Objectives:

· To screen the commercially available chemicals to contain the uzi fly infestation.

· To screen the botanicals on different stages of uzi fly.

Results/Recommendations :The different chemicals namely organic acids and pesticides were tested on uzi fly eggs as ovicide. Based on results, a chemical formulation was prepared in the powder form. This formulation repeatedly tested against uzi fly eggs present on the silkworm larvae. It was observed that 100% mortality of uzi fly eggs and young maggots inside the body of silkworm were recorded without affecting the silkworm health and growth. This formulation was tested many times to confirm the results. Time/day and number of applications and quantity of uzipowder required for 100 dfls were worked out. After confirming the consistent results in the laboratory, shelf life of this formulation called "Uzipowder" was determined by keeping it in air tight plastic containers in different days and tested their efficacy in killing the uzi eggs. It is found that up to 90 days, the efficacy of this formulation was cent percent. Then, uzipowder prepared and supplied to the sericulturists of different districts. The feed back received from these sericulturists indicated that the cocoon yield increased between 10 and 14 kgs/100 dfls.

Project Outcome :"Uzipowder"- a chemical formulation is recommended to contain the uzi fly infestation in the field. This formulation is highly effective in killing the eggs on the body and young maggots inside the body of silkworm without any deleterious effect on silkworm health and growth.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of uzi fly infestation during different regions and

seasons of Karnataka.

Personnel : . Veeranna G, Ch. Narasimha Rao, Remegowda T, Aluregowda, Anil, Mruthyunjaya Rao

Project Period :1991

Objectives : Survey on the rate uzi fly infestation in different regions and seasons in traditional and non-traditional areas was conducted in different types of rearing houses by stratified multi-stage sampling design method.

Results/Recommendations :The uzi fly infestation was found highest in the traditional area compared to new areas. The extent of infestation recorded ranged from 0- 84% (Av. 8.37%) during different seasons of the years. On an average uzi fly infestation in traditional areas was 12.65, 5.19 and 1.55% during rainy, winter and summer season, whereas it was 6.57, 1.73 and 2.50% in non-traditional areas. The rate of uzi fly infestation in particular rearings depends upon the extent of control method(s) adopted by the sericulturists. It was recorded that the rate of uzi fly infestation was highest in V instar larvae (16.03%) followed by IV (9.36%), III (6.16%), and II instar larvae (5.69%). The uzi fly infestation was almost nil in the first instar larvae.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Socioeconomic survey of sericulturists with relation to perception.

Personnel : Veeranna G, Ch. Narishmha Rao, Nirmala MR, Jyothi HK, Aluregowda, Remegowda T, Anil, Mruthyunjaya Rao

Project Period :1991-1992

Objectives :A socio-economic survey of sericulturists pertaining to uzi fly control

Results/Recommendations :A total of 533 sericulturists coming under different variables broadly classified into traditional, non-traditional zones; poor, marginal and elite sericulturists. The sericulturists with a common house for rearing cum dwelling and with a separate rearing house were sampled during the survey. It was found that the wealthier sericulturists have separate rearing houses and they have 78.90% of their total in income is from sericulture. Middle class are depending on the sericulture only 79% and all of them have 10- 20% of crop loss due to uzi fly infestation. All the farmers welcome the new technologies to be adopted in the field to control uzi fly menace. Impact on increased income from the new technology was felt to increasing the living standard; food, clothing, house, education, medical, invest on sericulture and debt servicing. The above mentioned investments in order of priority. In the case of sericulture, they are interested to provide the irrigation facilities to mulberry garden, separate rearing houses and improvement of existing rearing houses.

Regarding the involvement of women in sericulture, the survey was conducted to determine the involvement of women in different sector of sericulture activities such as mulberry cultivation, silkworm rearing, grainage activities, reeling twisting, weaving, dyeing and printing and by-product of silk, etc during 1992. The data obtained from the survey were analyzed. Results indicated that 35.21% of the work force constitutes the women involvement in various segments of silk industry from soil to silk fabric. Extent of women involvement in each sector is as follows: mulberry cultivation 49.26%, silkworm rearing 44.36%, reeling 44.63%, silk twisting 49.02%, silk weaving 48.61%, byproduct 21.1% and grainage 14.82%. It was observed that the female labour is very much preferred in various activities of silk industry because of low wages, highly skilled, patient and concentrating on the given work.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Demonstration of integrated management of uzi fly in the field.

Personnel :Veeranna G, Nirmala MR, Aluregowda

Project Period : 1991-1994

Objectives :

• To determine the integrated efficacy of the uzicide and biocontrol agent (N.thymus) to contain the uzi fly menace in the field and increase the cocoon production.
• To find out the efficacy of individual component (biocontrol) in minimising the uzi fly infestation in the field.
• To study the establishment of parasitoid in the released area.
• To standardize the commercial production of biocontrol agents and cost of production.

Results/Recommendations :Data on the rate of uzi fly infestation was collected from the treatment and control villages from III instar onwards till spinning. Data were analyzed statistically using Student "T" test for comparison of infestation of uzi fly in treated and control rearings.

The uzi fly infestation during different months of the year in the treated rearings (Uzicide and N. thymus) (Gadasalli village) ranged from 0.58 to 2.56 percent (Av. 1.26%), whereas it ranged from 5.15 to 18.86 percent (Av.10.12%). The maximum uzi fly infestation was noticed during rainy and winter seasons (10.97&11.74). Maximum infestation during these seasons might be due to congenial atmosphere for breeding and survival and highest rearing activity of silkworm. On an average, the uzi fly infestation was reduced by 87.43 per cent compared to control.

The efficacy of single component (N. thymus) in the released villages was determined. The uzi fly infestation in the released villages ranged from 3.89 to 7.95 (Av.5.65) and 4.00 to 7.20 (Av.5.35) percent respectively, whereas it ranged from 5.00 to 9.65 (6.88) percent in control village. On an average, the uzi fly infestation in N. thymus released villages was 5.35 and it was 6.88 in control village. Therefore, the contribution of single component was only 27.5 percent.

Establishment/recovery of parasitoid from the release area during the release and after stopping of the release was made. The recovery of N. thymus during was from 0.19 to 59.92 percent. Maximum recovery was recorded during April, 92. After gap of six months of release of parasitoids, the recovery of parasitoids varied. The maximum recovery was observed during February ’93 (14.88%) and least in December ‘92 (1.22%). During 1994, the parasitoids were not recovered from the released area. After establishment of parasitoids, the inoculate releases are necessary to maintain its population.

The commercial production of N. thymus for 20,000 dfls rearing per month by establishing the insectary was worked out. Production of N. thymus on uzi fly puparia and house fly puparia was worked out. The cost of production for 100 dfls including the profit of 12.5% for one lakh parasitoid was around Rs.30/-

The integration of uzicide and biocontrol agent to combat the uzi fly menace was found to be highly effective to minimize the uzi fly infestation in the field to the extent of 87% compared to control. The contribution of N. thymus (biocontrol agent) in minimizing the uzi fly infestation in the field is about 27%. This parasitoid can establish in the existing field condition, but it requires inoculate releases to maintain the population of parasitoid.

Project Outcome : It is suggested that the integration of uzicide and biocontrol agents was found to be effective in controlling uzi fly infestation up to 87% and that can be adopted by the sericulturists to protect their rearings from uzi fly infestation.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on some natural enemies of Spilosoma obliqua walker (Lepidoptera:Arctidae) and certain other Lepidopteran pests infesting mulberry.

Personnel : Marimadaiah B, Geetha Bai M

Project Period :1994-2003

Objectives :

· To study the seasonal prevalence of Spilosoma obliqua and Diaphania pulverulentalis and some of their natural enemies.

· To study the biology of Spilosoma obliqua and Diaphania pulverulentalis and some of their parasitoids in the laboratory.

· To study the feasibility of utilizing selected natural enemies in an integrated pest management programme.

Results/Recommendations :

· Nesolynx dipterae, a hyperparasitoid of Spilosoma obliqua through corvinoides was recorded for the first time and this is a new record. Nesolynx dipterae could be cultured in the lab on pupae of uzifly, Exorista bombycis.

· Spilosoma obliqua was colonized in the lab and its average life cycle duration was 52.05 days at 24°C.

· Phanerotoma noyesi is the most common and important parasitoid of Diaphania pulverulentalis among parasitoids recorded.

· The average life cycle duration of Diaphania pulverulentalis at 20, 25 and 30°C was 33.24, 25.19 and 17.2 days.

· The average life cycle duration of Phanerotoma noyesi at 20, 25 and 29°C was 25.51, 23.71 and 17.48 days.

Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis.

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Biology and management of mealy bug, Maconellicocus hirsutus (Green) causing tukra to mulberry.

Personnel : Veeranna G, Nirmala MR, Manjunath Gowda, Ramegowda T

Project Period :1994-2000

Objectives :

• To conduct the field survey on the mealy bug infestation and the extent of damage in different regions and seasons.
• To study the effect of infestation on the quality of mulberry.
• To screen the mulberry varieties resistant to mulberry
• To screen the chemical against mealy bug, having least residual toxicity.
• To screen the biological control agents already reported and other agents, if any

Results/Recommendations :Results indicated that the moisture content, total soluble proteins, soluble sugars and total lipid contents were found high in the mealy bug affected leaves compared to control

Bio-assay results revealed that the duration of larval stage was same which were fed with tukra and normal leaves. Weight of 10 larvae in 5th instar and ERR, single cocoon wt., shell wt and shell per cent in tukra fed larvae were found significantly high (P < 0.05).

In the light of the above results of biochemical constituents and bioassay indicated that the mulberry leaves infested with mealy bug are no way inferior to healthy leaves as food of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Tukra leaves have comparably better nutritive value as that of healthy leaves. However, the yield of mulberry is reduced in mealy bug infested plants which also depends on the intensity of attack.

Based on the results, it is graded as DD variety is more tolerant/resistance followed by M5, S-54 and S-36.

A predatory beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouzierie (Pseudococcida:Hemiptera) a coccinelid bettle got from the Division of Entomology. IIHR, Bangalore, were cultured on the mealy bugs which were cultured on the sweet pumpkins in large numbers in the Entomology Unit, KSSRDI. About 1000 beetles were released in four installments during 1996-97 in mealy bug affected plots of KSSRDI at the rate of 250 beetles/acre as per the recommendation at KSSRDI, mulberry garden. Observations were made on the efficacy to control the mealy bug infestation. It was found that the beetles could not traced in the released place and no effective control was achieved.

Six commercially available neem products, Neemark, Econeem, Vijayneem, Nimbicidine, Achook, and Rakshak were tested in 3% concentration (as such) to find out the efficacy of these products in killing the different stages of mealy bug. These neem products were sprayed on the mealy bug cultured on the sweet pumpkin in the laboratory. Observations were made on the mortality of mealy bugs from 3^rd day onwards up to 8^th day after spraying. It was found that no encouraging results were obtained when compared to control (0.2% DDVP).

Project Outcome :

• It is recommended to control the mealy bug in mulberry plantation, 4% Neem seed kernal extract can be sprayed and mulberry leaves should be given from the sprayed garden after 15 days of spray.

· Mealy bug affected leaves can be given to the silkworm as feed as the mealy bug affected leaves are no way inferior to normal ones.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on bionomics and integrated control of grasshopper pests of mulberry with special reference to Neorthacris acuticeps nilgirensis Uvarov.

Personnel : Geetha Bai M, Ramegowda T, Marimadaiah B, Narayanaswamy KC

Project Period :1994-95 to 2000-2001

Objectives :

· To study the seasonal prevalence and the life history of some grasshopper pests of mulberry.

· To screen some plant extracts against orthopteran pests of mulberry.

· To screen insecticides against orthopteran pests of mulberry.

· To develop a comprehensive IPM package against orthopteran pests of mulberry.

Results/Recommendations :

Cultural and mechanical methods:

· Deep ploughing or digging has to be undertaken soon after commencement of monsoons to expose grasshopper eggs to sunlight and natural enemies and destroy them.

· Weeding the mulberry plantations and bunds is recommended to deprive the pest of alternate shelters.

· Keeping water in containers to attract bird predators will enable reduction of the pest.

· Hand collection and destruction of the pest during dawn and dusk, when the pest is inactive is recommended.

Application of plant extract :Neem extract, 2.0% (Azadirachtin, EC+0.03%) has to be sprayed 20 days after pruning or leaf plucking. If the infestation is severe, undertake second spraying 10 days after the first spray. To spray one acre of rainfed mulberry plantation, 100 lit. of the neem extract is required. Mulberry leaves can be fed to silkworms 10 days after spraying.

Chemical control :DDVP or Dichlorovos, 0.076% (1 ml of DDVP) (EC=76%) in 1 lit. of water) can also be used instead of neem extract.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Bionomics and integrated control of Spilosoma obliqua and other important lepidopteran mulberry pests.

Personnel : Geethabai M, Marimadaiah B, Ramegowda T, Narayanaswamy KC

Project Period :1994-1995 to 2004-05

Objectives :

· To record the seasonal prevalence and conduct life-table studies of different species of lepidopteran pests of mulberry and their natural enemies.

· To conduct host-specificity tests of natural enemies, keeping in view, beneficial insects and feasibility studies of using them in IPM programmes.

· To develop an IPM programme for control of lepidopteran pests.

· To estimate the extent of damage caused by lepidopteran pest attacks.

· To determine the role of mulberry pests in transmission of silkworm diseases.

Results/Recommendations :

· Two new parasitoids of S. obliqua namely Meteorus spilosomae sp. n. Narendran and Rema (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) and Agiommatus geethae sp. n. (named after the project leader, Dr M. Geetha Bai) Sureshan and Narendran (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) were recorded besides, Glyptapantales obliquae Wilkinson, Apantales taprobanae Cameron, Cotesia ruidus (Wilkinson) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), Carcelia corvinoides Van der Wulp and Exorista sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae). Nesolynx dipterae (Risbec) (Hymenoptera:Eulophidae), a hyperparasitoid of Spilosoma obliqua through C. corvinoides was recorded.

· Two predators, viz., Isyndus heros F. (Heteroptera:Reduviidae) and Eocanthecona furcellata Wolf (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) were recorded.

· Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SobNPV) was the most common natural enemy of Bihar hairy caterpillar.

· The Bihar hairy caterpillar was found infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SoNPV). Beauveria bassiana (Babs.) (Moniliales:Moniliaceae) infected Bihar hairy caterpillars were collected from the field. Cocci and bacilli were isolated from field collected Bihar hairy caterpillars.

· Spilosoma obliqua is susceptible to pebrine spore, Nosema bombycis Naegeli (Micropsoridia:Nosematidae) in laboratory studies due to secondary contamination and transovarian transmission.

· Tissue specificity of pebrine spores in S. obliqua was studied. Pebrine spores were observed in haemolymph, fat bodies, muscle cells, foregut, midgut, malpighian tubules and integument.

· S. obliqua is also susceptible to Beauveria bassiana and Aspergillus flavus Link (Moniliales:Moniliaceae) isolated from Bombyx mori in laboratory studies and these pathogens isolated from Spilosoma obliqua caterpillars were infective to Bombyx mori.

· Spilosoma obliqua is susceptible to BmNPV and Bombyx mori is not susceptible to SoNPV.

The leaf weber Bell moth, Archips micaceana Walker (Lepidoptera:Totricidae):

· A survey was conducted to study the seasonal occurrence of A. micaceana and its parasitoids in Kanakapura taluk for two years from August 2001 to July 2003 at monthly intervals. Infestation of mulberry plants by leaf weber begins during monsoons in August and increases, reaching a peak during winter in January.

· Two parasitoids, viz., Apantales parasae Rohwer (Hymenoptera:Braconidae) and Parasierola sp. (Ganiozus sp.) (Hymenoptera:Bethylidae) were recorded for the first time.

· Studies on life cycle and age-specific fertility life table were conducted at 24±1°C, 70-80% RH.

· Occurrence of diseases in A. micaceana was studied in five different study areas as described earlier in case of leaf roller. Only bacilli were recorded from the field collected leaf weber caterpillar.

· The leaf weber caterpillars are not susceptibe to BmNPV.

· A. micaceana is not susceptible to N. bombycis in laboratory studies.

· The leaf weber caterpillars were susceptible to Beauveria bassiana in laboratory studies. This is the first report of susceptibility of A. micaceana to Beauveria bassiana in the laboratory.

Cutworm Spodoptera litura (F), (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae):

· Occurrence of disease in S. litura was studied in fives study areas as described earlier in case of leaf roller. The cut worms were found infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SlNPV), Beauveria bassiana, Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) (Moniliales:Moniliaceae), cocci and bacilli.

· S. litura is susceptible to N. bombycis due to secondary contamination and transovarian transmission in laboratory studies. However, the degree of susceptibility is less compared to leaf roller.

· Cross infectivity of N. bombycis isolated from S. litura to Bombyx mori was studied in the laboratory. Pebrine spores isolated from S. litura were infective to silkworms and this indicates its potential in transmission of pebrine disease to silkworm.

· S. litura is also susceptible to Beauveria bassiana and Aspergillus flavus and these pathogens are infective to Bombyx mori in laboratory studies. In addition to these S. litura is also susceptible to green muscardine causative pathogen N. rileyi isolated from Bombyx mori and vice-versa.

· S. litura is not susceptible to BmNPV and Bombyx mori is not susceptible to SlNPV.

D. Tussock caterpillar, Euproctis fraterna Moore (Lymantridae):

· Occurrence of diseases in Euproctis fraterna was studied in five different study areas as described earlier in case of leaf roller. Only cocci were isolated from Euproctis fraterna during this survey.

· Euproctis fraterna is susceptible to N. bombycis due to secondary contamination and transovarian transmission and this pathogen isolated from Euproctis fraternal is infective to Bombyx mori in laboratory studies.

· Euproctis fraterna caterpillars are not susceptible to BmNPV.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Bionomics and integrated control of Diaphania pulverulentalis and other important lepidopteran mulberry pests.

Personnel :Geetha Bai M, Marimadaiah B, Ramegowda T, Narayanaswamy KC

Project Period :1995-96 to 2006-07

Objectives :

· To conduct detailed studies on the bionomics and biology of leaf roller pest.

· To develop on integrated pest management programme to control the menace of the leaf roller pest.

· To determine the role of mulberry pests in transmission of silkworm diseases.

Results/Recommendations :

· The leaf roller pest of mulberry Diaphania (Margaronia) pulverulentalis (Hampson) (Lepidptera:Pyralidae) was recorded in Karnataka for the first time.

· Infestation of mulberry plantations begin after the on set of south-west monsoon and were severe during October to December and the population declined from January after decrease in relative humidity and continues till the beginning of next summer.

· Recorded five parasitoids of leaf roller and all the five are new records. They are Phanerotoma noyesi Zelte, Apantales agilis Ashmead, A. bisulcata Cameron, A. recusans Walker (Hymenoptera:Chalcididae).

· Two species of predators of leaf roller caterpillars, viz., Isyndus heros F. (Heteroptera:Reduviidae) and Ecanthecona furcellata Wolf. (Heteroptera:Pentatomidae) were recorded for the first time.

· Recorded an alternate host plant for leaf roller, Sonchus brachyotis (Asteraceae) and this is a new record.

· Studies on life cycle of leaf roller pest at 20±1°C, 25±1°C and 29±1°C was conducted in the laboratory.

· Age specific fertility life tables of D. pulverulentalis was constructed at 21±1°C, 25±1°C and 30±1°C.

· Studies on mating, oviposition, fecundity, mortality during development, longevity and sex ratio was conducted.

· Effect of temperature and relative humidity on pupal mortality and emergence of leaf roller moths was studied in the laboratory.

· Studies on life cycle of Phanerotoma noyesi at 20±1°C, 25±1°C and 29±1°C was conducted.

· Age specific fertility life tables of Phanerotoma noyesi was constructed at 21±1°C, 25±1°C and 30±1°C.

· Studies on mating, parthenogenesis, oviposition pattern and fecundity, sex ratio, adult nutrition and longevity of Phanerotoma noyesi was conducted.

· Effect of host age and host density on parasitism by Phanerotoma noyesi was studied.

· Five species of Trichogramma viz., T. chilonis, T. achaea, T. dendrolini, T. evanescens and T. japonicum were tested against leaf roller eggs. All trichogramma species except T. japonicum parasitized leaf roller eggs. Highest emergence was noticed in case of T. chilonis.

· Chelonus blackburni, a hymenopteran parasitoid accepted and oviposited in leaf roller eggs, but did not complete its development, suggesting that this parasitoid is not suitable against leaf roller.

· Suitability of Telonomus remus another hymenopteran egg parasitoid was tested. This parasitoid did not oviposit in leaf roller eggs.

· Commonly used laboratory hosts for culturing Phanerotoma noyesi was tested using Chilo partellus, Pthorimaea operuculella, Sitotroga cerelella, Corcyra cephalonica, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura and Plutella xylostella and these insects were not suitable because Phanerotoma noyesi did not accept them or it failed to complete its development on them.

· Safety test of Phanerotoma noyesi against Bombyx mori was conducted using freshly laid eggs to pineal stage eggs. Phanerotoma noyesi did not attack eggs of Bombyx mori and hence is safe.

· A small scale field trial for testing integrated pest management (IPM) programme was conducted in Anedoddi village, Kanakapura taluk from October 2002 to February 2003. Two parasitoids, Phanerotoma noyesi and T. chilonis were multiplied in the laboratory and were released in the field. Based on earlier studies on bionomics and biology of Phanerotoma noyesi and the small scale studies recommendation for biological control of leaf roller of mulberry, which can be a part of an IPM was recommended.

· Occurrence of diseases in leaf roller was studied in mulberry plantations at Yerehalli, Thyloor, Breeding stations of KSSR&DI, Bidadi, Kumbalagodu and KSSR&DI, Thalaghattapura for two years at monthly intervals. The leaf roller caterpillar was found infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (DpNPV), muscardine causative pathogen, Beauveria bassiana and Aspergillus flavus besides cocci and bacilli.

· Beauveria bassiana and Aspergillus flavus were recorded from leaf roller for the first time during this study.

· D. puverulentalis was found to be susceptible to pebrine spore, N. bombycis is laboratory studies, both due to secondary contamination and transovarian transmission for the first time during this study.

· Bombyx mori is susceptible to N. bombycis isolated from D. Pulverulentalis.

· Tissue specificity of pebrine spores in leaf roller caterpillars were studied. Pebrine spores were observed in haemolymph, fat bodies, muscle cells, foregut, midgut, hindgut, malpighian tubules and integument of leaf roller caterpillars.

· The leaf roller is also susceptible to Beauveria bassiana and Aspergillus flavus isolated from Bombyx mori in laboratory studies and these pathogens isolated from leaf roller were infective to silkworm.

· The leaf roller is not susceptible to BmNPV and Bombyx mori is to susceptible to DpNPV indicating host specificity of these viruses.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of multiple parasitoid release to contain uzi fly infestation in the field.

Personnel :Veeranna G, Nirmala MR

Project Period :1996-1999

Objectives :To evaluate the efficacy of multiple parasitoids, E. philippinensis and Trichopria sp. release in the identified village in containing the uzi fly infestation.

Results/Recommendations :Data on the rate of uzi fly infestation was collected during the project period and the control villages. Three years pooled data on the rate of uzi fly infestation showed that the uzi fly infestation in different months of the year ranged from 2.08 to 6.18% in the released village (Av.3.10%), whereas it ranged from 6.0 to 11.25% in control village (Av.10.54%) and thereby reduction of uzi fly infestation by 49.83% compared to control was noticed. The recovery of these parasitoids was about 11%.

Results showed that these two parasitoids behaved normally as in the laboratory and recovery of these parasitoids from the released village was more or less similar. The percentage of infestation was reduced by 49.83% compared to control. The sericulturists of the parasitoids released village also felt the reduction of uzi fly infestation compared to previous years.

Project Outcome :It is suggested that the multiple parasitoid release may be included as one of the method in IPM. It is also advised to take up a large scale field trial of multiple parasitoid release evaluation with respect single species to determine the contribution of E. philippinensis and Trichopria sp. in reducing the infestation and also popularization of the biocontrol programme.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Control of uzi fly using botanicals.

Personnel :Veeranna G, Nirmala MR

Project Period :1997-98

Objectives :To test the efficacy of insecticidal properties of of plants.

Results/Recommendations : The plants having insecticidal properties were identified after the discussion with the scientist working on medicinal plants. Initially six plants namely Lantana (Lantana camara), Tridax (Tridax procumbens), Ruta (Ruta graveolens), Cassia (Cassia tora), Ocimum (Ocimum canum) and Pongamia (Pongamia glabra) leaves and four commercially available neem products namely, Vijayneem, Econeem, Rakshak and Neemark in different concentrations in the liquid and powder forms were tested on the uzi fly eggs, maggots and pupae. The repellent activity of three plant leaves in the powder form was studied. The results indicate, no significant effect on the uzi fly eggs in different concentrations either in the liquid form (1- 4%) or powder form (10, 15, and 20%). However, the significant repellent activity on the adult uzi fly was observed when 20% pongamia leaf powder with kaolin was dusted on the silkworm body in the presence of control batches. It was recorded that the Econeem and Vijay neem were effective at three times and two times higher than recommended doses respectively in killing the uzi fly maggots. Econeem and Rakshak were effective on uzi fly pupae in the recommended doses, whereas Neemark and Vijayneem were found significantly effective at two to three times higher doses than recommended in killing the pupae respectively compared to normal.

Project Outcome :Econeem and Rakshak are effective in killing the uzi fly pupae in recommended doses that can be used in the cocoon markets to kill the uzi fly pupae.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Evaluation of the efficacy of multiple parasitoid release to control of uzifly.

Personnel :Veeranna G, Nirmala MR

Project Period :1999-2003

Objectives :

• To evaluate the efficacy of multiple and single species releases to bring down uzi flyu infestation in identified areas.
• To determine the role of host density for life span, parasitization and progeny production of potential parasitoids of uzi fly.

Results/Recommendations :

The parasitoids Nesolynx thymus (Girault), Exoristobia philippinensis (Ashmead) and Trichopria sp. Were released in identified villages as single and multiple species at the rate of 30,000 male and female during 4^th/5^th instar and after harvesting at of 20, 20 and 60% for three years. The recovery of parasitoids was assessed. The role of host density for life span, fecundity and progeny production were examined.

Lowest uzifly infestation (4.92%) was recorded where multiple parasitoids were released followed by over 6% when single species is released. The efficacy in controlling the uzi fly infestation during different seasons was noted. The life-span of adults, rate of parasitization and progeny production are host density dependent.

The single species or multiple release in the vicinity of rearing houses would reduce infestation by 59%. The parasitoids established themselves in the released area. This method can be used as one of the IPM components.

Source of Information :From Project Personnel

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Silk Reeling

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies related to moisture content in raw silk yarn.

Personnel :Mangannanavar DR, Nagesh M, Parashivamurthy HR

Project Period : 1982-83

Objectives:

• To determine moisture content of the raw silk yarn produced by different reelers using charaka, cottage basin and filature.
• To identify the differences in the moisture content values of silk in relation to drying process as well as atmospheric conditions.
• To identify the effect of storing time on the properties of raw silk with special reference to the moisture content and storage condition.

Results/Recommendations:

• Moisture content of raw silk varies with the season, with higher values during rainy season and low in winter and summer.
• Variation in atmospheric conditions leads to variation in moisture content in the silk lots during storing period in different seasons.
• Charaka silk has high moisture content due to improper drying of silk.

Project outcome: A ready reckoner chart has been prepared for the use of the silk exchange authorities for measuring the moisture content for the assessment of correct weight of raw silk.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies on the effect of reeling water on productivity and quality of raw silk.

Personnel :Bhandiwad R, Shankar AG, Ganachari SD

Project Period :1986-87

Objectives:

· To find out the effect of water on productivity and quality of silk.

· To evolve methods to improve the quality of water.

Results/ Recommendations :

· Water standards for Indian silk reeling industry was developed.

· Suitable treatment method for correction was identified.

Standard water characteristics for Indian reeling industry

Sl.

No.

Characteristics

Concentration

1

pH

6.5 – 7.5

2

Conductivity(Micromhos/cm at 25°C)

100 – 500

3

Total Alkalinity (ppm)

50 - 150

4

Total Hardness (ppm)

(difference between total alkalinity and total hardness)

Less than 30

Classification of water according to its concentration

Description

Condition

Class

Medium concentration

Total Hardness > Total Alkalinity

A

Total Hardness = total Alkalinity

B

Total hardness < total Alkalinity

C

High concentration

Total Hardness > Total Alkalinity

D

Total Hardness = total Alkalinity

E

Total hardness < total Alkalinity

F

Very high concentration

Conductivity more than 2500 micro mho/cm

G

Project outcome :Technologies developed are

• Classification of different sources of water used in silk reeling industry.
• Developing suitable water standard for Indian reeling conditions.

· Evolved silk reeling water treatment methods.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies to evolve improved methods of reeling bivoltine and crossbreed cocoons on semi-automatic/automatic reeling machine.

Personnel :Shankar AG,Mangannanavar DR, Bhandiwad R, Nagesh M, Parashivamurthy HR

Project Period :1987-91

Objectives:

• To study different process parameters employed in semi- automatic and automatic reeling machines.

· To evolve alternate process parameter for reeling bivoltine and crossbred cocoon to get optimum productivity and quality.

Results/Recommendations:

• Classification of Bivoltine cocoons as A, B & C grades based on the shell content.
• To dry cocoons in hot air drier to achieve complete driage.
• Processing in cocoon boiling machine by treating at various temperature levels based on their grades.

· The recommendations of the experiments were provided to the filature authorities for implementation.

Project outcome :Technology for processing locally available cocoons on automatic reeling machines was developed.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Cocoon sorting table.

Personnel :Muttur SS, Bandiwad R, Vijayeendra MK

Project Period :1987-88

Objectives: To sort out good quality cocoons from the lot before reeling process.

Results:

• The laboratory model of the sorting table has been designed and fabricated.
• The simple wooden table with fluorescent tube illumination from the bottom can be effectively used for separating defective cocoons in the lot.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Development of micro-processor based system for silk testing and grading (In collaboration with BITRA, Bombay).

Project Personnel : Bhandiwad R, Shankar AG, Ganachari SD, Yashoda R

Project Period :1989-90

Results/Recommendations :The testing gadgets developed and installed at different markets.

Project outcome:

• Winding analyzer for measuring the winding breaks of the yarn while testing.
• Modification for wrap-reel for auto stop at selected length of yarn.
• Development of data acquisition system display and printing of yarn denier standard deviation and CV%.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Studies in reeling bivoltine cocoons on multi-end reeling machine for achieving optimum productivity and quality.

Project Personnel :Shankar AG, Mangannanavar DR, Bandiwad R, Parashivamurthy HR

Project Period :1990-1994

Objectives:

• To study the existing methods for different quality raw materials viz. cocoons.
• To study the effect of process parameters on productivity and quality of raw silk.

· To evolve suitable methods for reeling the bivoltine cocoon on multi-end reeling machine for achieving optimum productivity and quality.

Results/Recommendations:

Partial hot air drying

· Steam stifling method has to be replaced by hot air drying the cocoons, for a period of 90 min. to achieve a driage of 20-25%.

· Hot air drying of cocoons reduces silk waste and decrease cleanness defects.

· Cocoons can be stored for longer period.

Cocoon conditioning :Partially dried cocoons has to be conditioned for a period of 48 hours to reduce cocoon wastage.

Cocoon sorting :

· Defective cocoons in the lot have to be separated using a cocoon-sorting table. Only good cocoons have to be reeled for quality raw silk production.

· Sorted out defective cocoon can be reeled separately to produce coarse yarn.

Croissure length

· The length of coiling in the croissure has to be 8-10 cms.

· For obtaining the required length, the pulley assembly has to be re-set as per machine manufacturer’s settings and should not be altered.

· Old bobbin type pulleys have to be replaced by new poly-propylene/nylon pulleys.

Reeling speed :The speed for reeling cocoons should be maintained at about 150-200 rpm.

Re-reeling speed

· Re-reeling speed has to be maintained at about 150-160 rpm.

· Uniform drying temperature of 40-45ºC has to be maintained for drying the skeins.

Project outcome:

· Partial hot air drying process for cocoons.

· Cocoon conditioning.

· Cocoon sorting.

· Appropriate Croissure length.

· Appropriate Reeling speed.

· Appropriate Re-reeling speed.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Design and fabrication of cocoon boiling machine.

Personnel : Shankar AG, Bhandiwad R, Albanur C, Nagesh M

Project Period : 1994-99

Objectives:

• To evolve technique for boiling cocoons similar to the principle involved in continuous cocoon boiling machine.
• To soften cocoons shell uniformly in all the layers.
• To improve the yield of silk, cleanness and neatness properties of raw
• silk yarn.
• To design and fabricate the equipment suitable to achieve the objectives.

Results/ Recommendations :

· Cocoon has to be hot air dried for boiling by vacuum method.

· Water bath temperature for CB cocoons – 50-55ºC

· BV cocoons – 55-60ºC

· Vacuum pressure for CB cocoons – 300-400 mm of Hg.

· BV cocoons – 500-550 mm of Hg.

· Vacuum pump should have an air displacement of 50 lts. /sec.

· Brushing of the treated cocoon has to be carried out in a pan with perforations at the bottom and with a wooden handle. Temperature of brushing bath has to be about 85-90ºC.

· Brushing should be carried out for 30-45 seconds and not beyond 60 seconds. Dropped old and new cocoon have to be brushed together.

· Uniform softening of the cocoon layers can be achieved by processing hot air dried cocoon in vacuum boiling process.

Comparison with other cooking methods (with partial dried cocoons)

Crossbreed

Bivoltine

Vacuum Pressure

500 mm

550 mm

Parameters

A

B

C

A

B

C

Imbibition

75

83

53

86

92

41

Raw silk %

12.6

11.4

11.07

18

15.7

14.9

Silk Waste %

22.1

26.9

29.9

12.52

12.68

15.7

Cleanness %

90

88

90

93

93

88

Neatness %

88

75

68

90

91

88

A – Vacuum Permeation method, B – Conveyor method, C– Open pan method

Project outcome :Cocoon boiling process in a low temperature bath by vacuum method has been developed and equipment for cocoon boiling fabricated.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Design and fabrication of economic denier indicator devices for reeling contrivances.

Personnel : Bhandiwad R, Shankar AG, Ganachari SD

Project Period :1995-96

Objectives:

· To design, develop and fabricate different types of indicators working with or without electricity or both.

· To evaluate the efficiency of these gadgets in the laboratory and in the field.

· To bring out efficient and economical models for the field application.

Results/Recommendations :Laboratory model acrylic glass sensor that can be retrofitted on to the existing cottage basin and multi-end reeling machine was developed.

Conditions:-

· Cocoons have to be hot air dried.

· Cocoon reelability has to be more than 80%.

· Metal buttons has to be used for obstructing slubs.

· Uniform reeling speed has to be maintained.

· Long croissure (8-10 cms.) has to be inserted.

Comparison of uniformity characteristics of raw silk produced

Sl.

No

Particulars

Glass

Sensor

Mild steel sensor

Stainlesssteel sensor

Acrylic

sensor

1

Average denier (denier)

20.9

20.8

22.2

21.7

2

Size deviation (denier)

0.72

1.62

1.45

1.13

3

Maximum deviation (denier)

1.4

2.75

2.75

1.87

4

Co-efficient of variation (%)

3.4

7.8

6.5

5.2

Project outcome :

· Stainless steel buttons with the hole size as per specifications has been developed.

· Laboratory model acrylic glass sensor that can be retrofitted on to the existing cottage basin and multi-end reeling machine was developed.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Comparative study of various processing and reeling contrivances with respect to productivity and quality.

Personnel :Shankar AG, Bhandiwad R, Albanur C, Halliyal VG, Parashivamurthy HR

Project Period :1995-2000

Objectives:

• To evaluate and compare the production and quality of the yarn produced on charaka, cottage basin and multi-end reeling machines from various type of cocoon viz. bivoltine and crossbred.
• To study the economics of these contrivances.

Results/Recommendations:

• Partial hot air drying of cocoons is suitable over steam stifling method for increasing raw silk yield and reducing silk waste.
• Open pan cooking for hot air drying cocoons is not suitable.
• Raw silk quality improvement can be achieved by hot air drying the cocoons.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Field demonstration and implementation of identified new technologies evolved by silk technology division.

Personnel :Shankar AG, Bhandiwad R, Ganachari SD, Parashivamurthy HR, Nagesh M

Project Period : 2002-03

Objectives:

• To demonstrate and popularize technology for silk reeling.
• To improve the quality and productivity of raw silk.

Result/Recommendations: The silk reeling technologies developed under various projects were combined into a package after fine-tuning them to suit the field conditions and all of them were demonstrated in the eight reeling clusters of Karnataka.

Advantages derived by adoption of the technologies:

• Increase in reelability of cocoons (10-15%).
• Increase in yarn denier uniformity (reduction in size deviation).

· Increase in yarn tenacity (0.4–0.7 gpd).

· Increase in yarn cohesion (up to 60 strokes).

· Improvement in windability of yarn.

· Improvement in yarn colour & luster.

· Reduction in cleanness defects (yarn cleanness up to 95%).

· Cocoons can be stored for long period (up to 2-3 months).

• Reduction in silk waste and pelade waste (silk waste up to 10%).
• Increase in raw silk yield (decrease in renditta by 0.5).
• Reduction in cocoon consumption (up to 0.5kg. per kg. silk produced).
• Reduction in fuel consumption (up to 30%).
• Reduction in noise level in the shed.
• Reduction in water consumption (up to 20 lts. per kg. silk produced).
• Cleaner work place.
• Increase in utility value of pupae.

Raw silk yield improvement achieved during the demonstration (decrease in average renditta)

Sl.

No.

Reeling cluster

Decrease in

average renditta

Range

1

Shirahatti

0.6

0.4 –1.0

2

Jamkhandi

0.36

0.1 – 0.6

3

Mudhol

0.38

0.2 – 0.5

4

Shidhlaghatta

0.5

0.2 – 0.8

5

Kollegal

0.22

0.1 – 0.4

6

Kamagere

0.7

0.4 – 1.0

7

Singanallur

0.5

0.3 – 0.9

8

Kumta

0.85

0.7 – 1.0

Average

0.51

-

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore.

Project Title :Skill up-gradation of silk reelers in Karnataka and other sericulture states of India (Joint project with Asian Institute for Rural Development, Bangalore).

Personnel : Shankar AG

Project Period :2004-07

Objectives:

· To improve production of charaka and cottage basin raw silk through skill and management up-gradation.

· To improve working condition of charaka and cottage basin.

· To impart training to silk reeling entrepreneurs and operatives from identified silk reeling clusters of the country.

· To establish technology demonstration and dissemination units in reeling clusters.

Project outcome :Popularization of the silk reeling technology package developed in the Institute was undertaken in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh states with financial support by Science and Society Division, Dept. of Science and Technology, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

Source of Information : From the Project Personnel

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Chemical Processing

Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on fastness properties of dyed and printed silk fabrics with different kinds of dyestuffs-Studies on washing & dry cleaning fastness behaviour of commercial dyed and printed fabric.

Personnel :Vijayeendra MK, Hadimani VV, Prabhuswamy N

Project Period :1987-1995

Objectives :

• To collect the data on different types of dyestuffs and auxiliaries used in dyeing and printing of silk in the industry.
• To assess the fastness properties following standards methods for commercial samples of piece dyed, yarn dyed & printed fabrics.
• To standardize the process of dyeing/printing of silk with various dyestuffs.

Results/Recommendations :Majority of dyed samples have very good washing & dry cleaning fastness. About 22% of dyed samples have below 3 grade of wash fastness. About 3.5% samples have below 3 grade of dry cleaning fastness. However, printed samples shows poor washing fastness than dyed samples.

Source of Information :NSP Project Report

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Project No.:KSS

Organization :Karnataka State Sericulture Research and Development Institute, Bangalore

Project Title :Studies on fastness properties of dyed and printed silk fabrics with different kinds of dyestuffs-Studies on application of reactive dyes on silk.

Personnel :Vijayeendra MK, Hadimani VV, Prabhuswamy N

Project Period :1987-1995

Objectives :

• To collect the data on different types of dyestuffs and auxiliaries used in dyeing and printing of silk in the industry
• To assess the fastness properties following standards methods for commercial samples of piece dyed, yarn dyed & printed fabrics.
• To standardize the process of dyeing/printing of silk with various dyestuffs.

Results/Recommendations :Reactive colours can be effectively used on silk for better wash fastness properties. Among the 4 brands, H & HE brands of reactive dyes can be more useful as better fixation of colours. With reactive dyes, dry cleaning & perspiration fastness are improved without affecting the strength of the silk.