Project N.:SKDAU 001
Organization : Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Gujarat
Project Title :Biology of eri silkworm and evaluation of some ericulture technologies under North Gujarat agro-climatic conditions.
Personnel : Patel BS, Patel GM
Project Period :2000- 2005
Objectives :
· To study the biology of eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval
· To evaluate some ericulture technologies under north Gujarat agro-climatic conditions.
Results/Recommendations :It was concluded that Samia Cynthia ricini can be successfully reared under north Gujarat agro-climatic conditions during August to April on castor CV GCH-4 under indoor rearing and some additional income can be generated using leaves of perennial castor plants grown on bunds or in backyard of the house by engaging the family members in ericulture during their spare time.
Source of Information :Information from the authors
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Project No.:SBRL 001
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Genome analysis of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Nagaraju J, Abraham EG, Awasthi AK, Sethuraman BN, Nagaraja GM
Project Period :1993-1998
Objectives :
· Development of microsatellite, minisatellites and RFLP probes in silkworm.
· Identification of DNA markers for virus and yield attributes in silkworm.
· Characterization of silkworm genotypes.
Results/Recommendations :
· First time developed SSRs in silkworm.
· Developed RFLP probes and minisatellites.
· Found RAPD, SSR, RFLP and minisatellites to characterize silkworm.
· Developed NPV tolerants/susceptible segregating population.
· Used various marker systems to identify DNA marker for NPV. Found two markers associated with NPV.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Project No.:SBRL 002
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Molecular characterization of mulberry and silkworm germplasm–Phase-I.
Personnel :Nagaraju J, Awasthi AK, Damodar Reddy K
Project Period :1996-1999
Objectives :Molecular characterization of silkworm and mulberry genotypes.
Results/Recommendations :Characterized silkworm and mulberry accession maintained at germplasm station using ISSR and RAPD markers.
A total of 80 bivoltine silkworm accessions of germplasm were taken up for characterization using inter-simple sequence repeat primer such as BDB (CA) 7C and VHVG (TG) 7. Both the 5 anchored primers revealed a large number of polymorphic bands among eighty accessions. It shows the amplification of different silkworm accessions tested using VHVG (TG) 7 primer.
The mulberry germplasm harbours more than 800 cultivars of mulberry have been identified by ampeleographic characters i.e., morphological criteria.
Isozyme disease susceptibility and tolerance RFLP, RAPD and microsatellites are widely used for identifying different varieties of plant kingdom.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1998-99
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Project No.:SBRL 003
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Molecular breeding in silkworm using DNA markers.
Personnel :Nagaraju J, Awasthi AK, Sethuraman BN, Nagaraja GM
Project Period :1998-2001
Objectives :
· Identification DNA markers for important commercial characters.
· Molecular assisted breeding in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Identified DNA markers for NPV tolerance and yield attributes like high cocoon and shell weight. Studies its inheritance in segregating population.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2000-2001
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Project No.:SBRL 004
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Development of immunodiagnostic method for detection of pebrine in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Nageswara Rao S Chatterjee SN
Project Period :2001-2003
Objectives :To detect pebrine disease in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :
· 122 KDa protein found specific in Nosema bombycis.
· This protein used to develop polyclonal antibodies.
· ELISA test shown its reactivity with pathogen.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2002-03
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Project No.:SBRL 005
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Molecular characterization of mulberry and silkworm germplasm-Phase II.
Personnel :Awasthi AK, Srivastava PP, Vijayan K
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :Molecular characterization of silkworm and mulberry genotypes.
Results/Recommendations :Characterized 150 silkworm genotypes and 152 mulberry genotypes of germplasm using ISSR and RAPD primers.
During the period, 96 bivoltine silkworm accessions were selected on the basis of their source of collection from different parts of India.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2005-06
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Project No.:SBRL 006
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Dissection of mulberry genome: further studies on genetic variability and characterization of genes associated with productivity.
Personnel :Chatterjee SN, Nagaraja GM, Venkateswarlu M, Vijayan K, Awasthi AK, Srivastava PP
Project Period :2001-2006
Objectives :
· Genome quantification in mulberry.
· Molecular taxonomy in mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :Molecular taxonomy of the important species have been studied and very important issues addressed for various species.
The canonical correlation value for protein content was estimated to be 0.978 (Wilk’s λ=0.004, X2=44.267, P<0.05). DFA plot clearly discriminated the accessions according to the protein content. Stepwise multiple regression analysis (MRA) identified four ISSR markers (8351600bp, 8355600bp, 8222500bp and 8072500bp) as associated with protein content with significant positive correlation (P<0.001) with high F values (18.055 to 48.674) (P<0.001). In case of sugar content, four ISSR markers viz., 812900bp, 8171500bp, 8261500bp and 8108000bp showed association, however, standardized β co-efficient was in the negative range (-0.639). Markers associated with proteins can be utilized in the marker assisted breeding program for mulberry crop improvement.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2005-06
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Project No.:SBRL 007
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Molecular genetics of differential growth and yield potential in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Chatterjee SN, Sethuraman BN, Nagaraja GM, Surendranath B, Mohandas TP
Project Period :2001-2006
Objectives :
· Identification of DNA marker for yield attributes in silkworm.
· Molecular assisted breeding in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :
· Five ISSR markers associated with cocoon characters and larval duration (growth), one SSR marker associated with larval duration and one RAPD marker associated with geographical origin were identified.
· Introgression of these ISSR markers associated with cocoon characters.
· ISSR marker for larval duration is characterized as a “hot spots in silkworm genome” for evolutionary forces to act.
· Interaction of loci within strains resulted in developing intermediated yield characters in silkworm populations.
· Developed a new stock of “Nistari with long duration with molecular identify.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2005-06
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Project No.:SBRL 008
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Studies on genetic basis of hardiness in silkworm and MAS program.
Personnel :Chatterjee SN, Awasthi AK, Srivastava PP, Sethuraman BN, Mohanda TP, Pradeep AR
Project Period :2001-2006
Objectives :
· Characterization of antiviral protein silkworms.
· Identification of DNA marker for NPV.
· Marker assisted selection in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Identified RAPD marker associated with NPV resistance and converted to SCAR maker to use in larger populations. Various strains showed sequence similarly in SCAR. Traditional susceptible strains did not amplify SCAR.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2005-06
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Project No.:SBRL 009
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :Molecular characterization of silkworm varieties using micro and minisatellite DNA.
Personnel :Nagaraju J, Abraham, EG. Damodar Reddy K
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :Development of SSR and characterization of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Developed simple sequence repeat primer in silkworm and found that SSRs are conserved across species in silkworm.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1996-97
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Project No.:SBRL 010
Organization :Seri Bio-tech Research Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore, Karnataka
Project Title :RFLP polymorphism analysis for NPV resistance in silkworm Bombyx mori
Personnel :Nagaraju J, Awasthi AK, Sethuraman BN
Project Period :1995-1998
Objectives :Development of RFLP probes for NPV resistance.
Results/Recommendations :Developed RFLP probes for silkworm and segregating population of NPV tolerant silkworms.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1997-98
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Mulberry Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Evolution of improved strains of mulberry through selection and hybridization method-Selection and isolation of useful genotypes from open pollinated population.
Personnel : Munshi NA, Azad AR, Malik GN, Dar HU, Qayoom S, Baqual MF
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2000-2004
Objectives :To evolve improved cultivars of mulberry with respect to required commercial characters.
Results/Recommendations :Out of 17 short listed genotypes the EI (Evaluation Index) of eight SKM lines namely SKM33, SKM27, SKM20, SKM48, SKM26, SKM31, SKM29 and SKM45 was found to be more than S0. They registered EI value of 62.57, 59.25, 56.37, 55.07, 53.63, 52.07, 51.48 and 51.40 respectively.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003 -04
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Comparative leaf yield performance of 34 mulberry genotypes.
Personnel : Azad AR, Dar HU, Baqual MF, Nooru-u-Din S, Qayoom S
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :
· Development of rich mulberry germplasm bank with sufficient variability.
· Evaluation of different genotypes for their useful metrical characters (Average leaf yield/plant) during commercial (spring) rearing.
Results/Recommendations :Among 34 genotypes including both exotic and indigenous evaluated for their leaf potential it was observed that Frances was the most outstanding mulberry genotype with a leaf yield of 6.59 kg/plant closely followed by Obowase, Chhatatul Mirgund, Goshoerami and Sukasukawa were the other high yielding varieties.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Screening of mulberry genotypes against Glyphodes pyloalis a pest of mulberry.
Personnel : Nighat Mahmood
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :To screen out tolerant cum susceptible Morus species.
Results/Recommendations :Out of eleven mulberry genotypes namely Goshoerami, Kokuso-20, Kokuso-21, Kokuso-27, Ichinose, Muhey, Lemoncina, Rohohyuso, Karyoroso, KNG and Kasuja, Lemoneima exhibited high tolerance while as Goshoerami followed by Kasuga and KNG exhibited high susceptibility towards Glyphodes Pyloalis.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004 -05
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Agronomy
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Package of practices of mulberry cultivation in subtropics.
Personnel :Ajay Koul, Singh D, Bhapat RL
Funding Source :University Funded
Project Period :1984-1990
Objectives :To workout different operations including propagation, spacing, training and pruning of mulberry; schedule of fertilizer application; intercultivation etc. for optimizing leaf yield.
Results/Recommendations :
· Planting of tall plants at 3m2.
· Train the plants at 2m height.
· Zero pruning to be done in July after first monsoon rain and mid cut (1.25) after leaf fall. Propagation by cutting most suited to rainy season in July.
· Winter (Dec.) propagation also possible in irrigated conditions.
Project outcome: Mulberry cultivation package of practices developed and technology transferred to user department.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1990-91
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Effect of various intercrops on the growth and yield of mulberry.
Personnel :Baqual MF, Qayoom S, Azad AR, Noor-u-din S, Raja TA, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :To generate more income per unit area of the land under mulberry by making judicious use of available resources.
Results/Recommendations :
· Mulberry and cow pea in the ratio of 1:2 recorded highest returns from intercrops which was followed by mulberry and cow pea in the ratio of 1:1 during kharif season. Mulberry and moong in the ratio of 1:3 was also quite profitable. Mulberry leaf yield was not significantly affected by growing any of the leguminous crops as intercrop.
· The overall results reveal that sowing of cowpea during kharif season and peas during rabi season with mulberry could fetch more returns to the farmers.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Effect of graded doses of fertilizers upon the yield of mulberry under temperate climatic conditions.
Personnel: Baqual MF, Qayoom S, Azad AR, Noor-u-din S, Raja TA, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :Exploring the extent of reducing inorganic fertilizers in mulberry cultivation through supplementation with FYM.
Results/Recommendations :Inorganic fertilizers can be partially replaced by addition of increased dose of FYM by almost double the recommended dose. This way inorganic fertilizer could be applied at 3/4th of recommended dose without affecting the leaf yield.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004 -05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :To study influence of different media on rooting behavior of some promising temperate mulberry cultivars under polyhouse conditions.
Personnel :Noor-u-din S, Baqual MF, Qayoom S, Azad AR, Munshi NA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :To screen out rooting medium for mulberry cultivars.
Results/Recommendations :
· Results of experiment indicate that under polyhouse conditions, sand is the best rooting medium followed by medium comprising of sand, soil and FYM in the ration of 3:1:1.
· The Goshoerami got highest rooting percentage of 61.66% in sole sand followed by 50% in 3:1:1 sand soil and FYM.
· Sand is recommended as a rooting medium for propagation of Goshoerami variety under polyhouse conditions through cuttings.
Project outcome :Package for rooting of Goshoerami through cuttings developed, successfully tried for commercial exploitation.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Mulberry Physiology
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Evaluation of nutritive potential of different mulberry varieties by feeding trials on silkworm.
Personnel :Dar HU, Singh TP
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1985-1994
Objectives :
· To find out suitable mulberry variety from nutritional point of view in relation to silkworm.
· To propagate best varieties in different agro climatic zones of the country/state.
Results/Recommendations :
· As regards larva, behaviour and cocoon features, varieties like China White, Goshoerami, Ichinose, Kanva-2, KNG, Karyoroso, Kokuso-20, Kokuso-21, Kokuso-27, Lemoncina, Muki and Rokokayaso were statistically at par with each other.
· Conversion of Ingested food and digested food into body matter was higher in Ichinose, Kanva-2, Kokusa-20, and Kokusa-21 in all rearing seasons i.e., spring summer and autumn.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1994
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Mulberry Pathology
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Reaction of different mulberry varieties against leaf spot, disease caused by Phloeospora maculans.
Personnel : Munshi NA, Suhaf KA, Zargar MA, Tanki TN
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1995-2003
Objectives :To screen out tolerant/susceptible genotypes from newly selected mulberry cultivars (SKM4, SKM10, SKM19, SKM20, SKM25, SKM26, SKM27, SKM29, SKM30, SKM31, SKM33, SKM35, SKM36, SKM44, SKM45, & SKM48) against leaf spot disease caused by Phloeospora maculans.
Results/Recommendations :All the newly selected genotypes were found prone to leaf spot disease, but with the varying degree of tolerance. Genotypes SKM40, SKM45 & SKM33 with 7.90, 8.50 and 10.28% disease intensity respectively are showing tolerant reaction.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003-04
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir
Project Title :Reaction of different mulberry varieties against Phyllactinia corylea, causal agent of powdery mildew.
Personnel : Munshi NA, Tanki TN, Zargar MA, Sahaf KA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2001-2003
Objectives : To screen out tolerant/susceptible genotypes from newly selected mulberry cultivars against powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia corylea.
Results/Recommendations :None of newly selected mulberry varieties was found tolerant to powdery mildew caused by Phyllactinia corylea. However, there exist highly significant differences in their tolerance/susceptibility. Genotype SKM-19 and SKM-7 with 1.09 and 2.73% mean disease intensity showed tolerant reaction.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2003-04
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :S.K. University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Kashmir
Project Title :Influence of autumn application of fungicides and urea on severity of leaf spot.
Personnel :Tanki TN, Munshi NA, Zargar MA, Sahaf KA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :To reduce initial inoculum potential of the pathogen.
Results/Recommendations :
· Among the eight chemical treatments, Bavistin (50% WP), Cantaf (5% EC) and Baycor (25% WP) at 0.05% concentration has given the encouraging results and can be used as a post harvest spray to minimize the disease severity of the leaf spot disease by reducing the initial inoculum. Urea was also at par with Bavistin, it can also be sprayed at 5%.
· Bavistin (50% WP), Cantaf (5% EC) and Baycor (25% WP) at 0.05% should be sprayed as a post harvest spray to reduce the disease severity leaf spot disease.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on the management of leaf spot disease of mulberry through cultural practice.
Personnel : Tanki TN, Munshi NA, Zargar MA, Sahaf KA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :To find out eco-friendly management of the disease and to reduce initial inoculum potential of the pathogen.
Results/Recommendations :
· Proper pruning in summer resulted in reducing the disease intensity from 41.73% to 5.48%.
· All pruned material should be immediately collected and burned to reduce the disease inoculum potential.
· Pruning and burning of leaves and twigs in summer results in disease escaping as compared to spring pruning.
Project Outcome :Management of leaf spot disease through cultural practices.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Isolation and study of VA-mycorrhizal association in mulberry roots and extent of root colonization.
Personnel : Baqual MF, Azad AR, Qayoom S, Munshi NA, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :
· Reducing the dependence of mulberry upon inorganic fertilizers particularly phosphorus.
· Economizing cost of mulberry cultivation through application of VA-mycorrhiza
Results/Recommendations :
· The analysis of soil samples revealed presence of mycorrhizal spores.
· Since native VAM colonization was found to the extent of 33%, more VAM could be added to increase the spore load and in turn the colonization percentage. This will reduce the application of phosphatic fertilizer to a large extent.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2003-04
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Silkworm Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on heterosis of some newly isolated strains.
Personnel : Sofi AM, Malik GN, Malik MA, Malik Farooq, Dar HU, Kukiloo FA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2000-2004
Objectives :To study the combining ability/heterosis of some promising strains of silkworm Bombyx mori isolated in the division.
Results/Recommendations :Among the hybrids under study SK28 x SKAU-R1 surpassed all other hybrids in the traits under study. The hybrid registered standard heterosis (SH) of 13.40% in larval weight, 5.3% in single cocoon weight, 6.98% in shell weight, 13.28% in yield (by wt) and 16.31% in filament length over check i.e., NB4D2 x SH6 and SKAU-HR1 hybrids.
Project Outcome :A proposal for inclusion of SK28 x SKAU-R1 as a potential hybrid for race authorization has been forwarded to Central Silk Board.
Source of Information : Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Identification and characterization of the isozymes from different genotypes of silkworm.
Personnel :Raies Ahmed, Dar HU, Kamili AS
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives : To study the genetic variation in different genotypes of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations :Isozymes from 6 different genotypes viz., SK1, SK6, SK27, CSR2, CSR4 and NB4D2 were identified and isolated on 10% SDS PAGE. In SK1 & SK6 one extra band was observed at 70 kDa as compared to SK27. In CSR2, CSR4 and NB4D2 three low molecular weight isozymes were observed i.e., 7 kDa, 10 kDa & 18.5 kDa. These bands were not present in SK lines. These observations indicate that CSR2, CSR4 and NB4D2 appear to be genetically distinct from SK1, SK6 and SK27.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on the genetic diversity in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Malik Farooq, Sofi AM, Malik GN, Malik MA, Kukiloo FA, Raja TA & Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :To ascertain the genetic diversity and to identify silkworm breeds for cross breeding programmes and heterotic combinations.
Results/Recommendations :
· On the basis of D2 values for 12 characters 47 silkworm races were grouped into 12 clusters. The clustering pattern reveals that there is no association between the geographic diversity and the genetic diversity. The cluster means for 12 characters show wide range of variation in most of the characters. The genetic divergence was maximum between cluster 10 and cluster 12 followed by 7 & 12 and 6 & 12.
· To identify parents for hybridization in silkworm, Bombyx mori L. genetic distances and not the geographic diversity should be considered.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on comparative performance of newly evolved breeds vis a vis CSR breeds.
Personnel : Sofi AM, Malik GN, Malik MA, Malik Farooq, Kukiloo FA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :Evaluation of new and productive silkworm lines.
Results/Recommendations :All the new breeds like SK27, SK28, SK29, SK30, SK31, SK32, and SK33 & SK34 registered superior performance against CSR2 & CSR4 in several metric traits. SK28 displayed a significantly superior performance in fecundity and hatching percentage. SK27, SK33, and SK34 in cocoon yield/10000 larvae by number some of the evolved breeds possessed a definite edge over CSR breeds.
Project Outcome :Proposal for inclusion of SK28 and SK31 has already been forwarded to Divisional races authorization Committee, J & K.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Comparative evaluation of some evolved breeds at different locations.
Personnel :Malik GN, Sofi AM, Malik MA, Kukiloo FA, Malik Farooq, Zargar MA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :Evaluation of new and productive breeds at different locations.
Results/Recommendations :
· Seven potential silkworm breeds namely, SKAU-R1, SKAU-R6, SK7, SK25, SK27, SK28, SK29 were reared at two different locations. Maximum cocoon weight and shell weight were recorded in SK28. However, SK7 with a cocoon weight of 184 cg was more consistent in performance as it depicted lowest CV (0.77). These lines also showed maximum survival and filament length. SK28 is a promising breed and can be subjected to commercial exploitation.
Project Outcome :Proposal for multilocational studies of SK28 x SKAU-R1 has been forwarded to "Provincial Authorized Race Committee" of Central Silk Board.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on the post cocoon parameters of the silkworm hybrids reared by farmers in the Kashmir valley.
Personnel : Aijaz M, Sahaf KA, Raja TA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :Evaluation of post cocoon parameters of silkworm hybrids reared by farmers in the Kashmir valley.
Results/Recommendations :The average post cocoon performance of both the hybrids SH6 x NB4D2 and CSR2 x CSR5 did not record any significant difference. Only denier at 0.05% showed significance with hybrid SH6 x NB4D2 recording finer denier of 2.57.
Source of Information :Annual Report: 2004-05
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Rearing Technology
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Experiment on effect of population density on behaviour of silkworm larvae.
Personnel :Dar HU, Singh TP
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1984-1986
Objectives :To study the effect of population density of silkworm on various commercial characters.
Results/Recommendations :
· The study reveals that 200-300 worms in 5th age in an area of 6 sq.ft. ie., 35 larvae/sq.ft. is the optimum population of silkworm for rearing in all the rearing seasons.
· Bed spacing of 1000 sq. ft. is recommended as the optimal bed area for rearing 100 dfls (50,000-60,000 worms) at cellular level in Kashmir.
Project outcome: Package of population density during rearing successfully tried in the field and recommended to the user industry.
Source of Information :Annual Report:1986
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Influence of mounting material on spinning and cocoon characters.
Personnel :Dar HU, Singh TP
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1984-1986
Objectives :To study the influence of various mounting materials on spinning of cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :
· Five mounting materials namely, grass cocoonage, plastic cocoonage, Pinus shootlets, mustard hay and mulberry twigs were tried for spinning of cocoons. The best results were got from plastic cocoonages followed by grass cocoonages. Among locally available materials Mustard hay and Pinus shootlets gave good results in plains and hilly areas respectively.
· Keeping in view the availability, economic and easy handling the use of mustard hay and Pinus shootlets as a spinning material for the silkworm larvae is feasible and suggestive for Kashmir conditions.
Project Outcome: Identified mounting material for silkworm spinning, successfully tried in the field and recommended as a package.
Source of Information : Annual Report:1986-87
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Comparative study on three feed v/s conventional four feed system.
Personnel : Dar HU, Singh TP
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives : To study the effect of three feed rearing on the success of silkworm crop and ascertain the importance of each feed.
Results/Recommendations :Behaviour of worms and cocoon features were at par in both 3 feed and 4 feed system of rearing. The worms responded better to feeding time of 6 am, 1 pm and 10 pm (3 feeds). Adoption of three feed system reduced the labour and reduced leaf requirement.
Source of Information : Annual Report:1988
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Deterrent effects of starvation during 5th instar larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori on the cocoon yield.
Personnel : Dar HU, Singh TP
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :To find out the effect of starvation of 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori L. after initial consumption of 3, 6 & 9 feeds on the larval behaviour and cocoon features.
Results/Recommendations :
· Results revealed that starvation decreased the cocoon yield by 5.37 to 15.67% in the larvae starved for 24 hours initially being fed with 3 feeds and for 10 hours initially being fed with 6 feeds.
· Proper feeding of larvae should be ensured during all the stages of silkworm rearing. The starvation results in poor growth of larvae and in turn in loss of cocoon weight as well as cocoon crop.
Source of Information : Annual Report:1997
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Impact of transportation of chawki worms on the cocoon yield.
Personnel : Dar HU, Raies Ahmed, Singh TP, Raja TA
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :
· To assess the loss/mortality of chawki worms while transporting from CRC to rearers house.
· To suggest the remedial measures for minimizing the loss and also suggesting proper method of transportation of chawki worms.
Results/Recommendations : By adopting different means of transportation various factors like weight of 10 mature larvae, mortality (%) and defective cocoons (%) showed significant differences.
· Weight of 10 mature larvae was less in thermocol transportation.
· Mortality was less in tray and willow basket transportation.
· Defective cocoons were more in thermocol transportation.
After analysing various devices for transportation of chawki worms like trays, cardboard carton, Thermocol carton, Winnova, Blanket, Willow basket etc., it was found that minimum mortality has taken place while transporting in willow baskets as there is aeration for the worms. So transportation of worms in willow baskets is recommended.
Source of Information : Annual Report:2001
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Innovation of mounting materials available in rearing zones as cocoonages (mountages) for spinning of cocoons.
Personnel; Singh TP, Raja TA, Raies Ahemd, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives : To recommend suitable plant materials as mountages for usage during spinning among the locally available material.
Results/Recommendations :
· Ten different mounting materials like plastic mountages, grass, mustard hay, flux weed, goosefoot, indigofera pinus, gunny cloth and mulberry twigs as were used as mounting materials. Mortality was less in grass cocoonages and plastic, yield of cocoons/10,000 larvae by number and by weight was higher in same i.e., grass and plastic mountages.
· Use of grass and plastic cocoonages is recommended for adoption by the rearers for using them as mounting material at the time of spinning.
Source of Information : Annual Report:2001
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Effect of mounting pre-mature and over mature larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori on commercial cocoon characters.
Personnel :Haque Rufiaie SZ, Singh TP, Raja TA, Raies Ahmed, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :To explore the possibility of formation of cocoon crop at reduced level of feeding under stress conditions during final instar of silkworm rearing.
Results/Recommendations :The cocoons were formed even though mounting of pre-mature worms was done 24 hours before actual time of maturation. The results of study showed less formation of cocoons and inferiority in cocoon characters due to premature and over mature mounting.
Project Outcome :Seriposition of silkworm larvae under stress conditions
Source of Information :Annual Report:2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Effect of mounting larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori L with variable maturation levels on commercial cocoon characters.
Personnel : Haque Rufaie SZ, Singh TP, Raja TA, Raies Ahmed, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :To identity the suitable percentage of ripened worms in a population where mounting material can be applied for Seriposition under field conditions.
Results/Recommendations :
· The results show that there is difference in all the commercial cocoon characters between matured and immatured worms mounted at a time. The mounting of worms was initiated when 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% worms were mature and the remaining were unmatured in each treatment. Although there is significant difference in all the commercial characters, treatments having 70% ripe larvae, 90% ripe larvae and full matured 100% ripe larvae are statistically at par with each other.
· It is recommended that the best results in terms of cocoon quality as well as quantity are achieved when fully matured worms are hand picked and mounted for Seriposition. However, in field conditions the results reveal that in a population of silkworms reared with optimum conditions of feed and bed spacing of above 70% worms are mature in a population the entire population could be mounted at a time.
Project Outcome :Identification of proper maturation percentage for Seriposition.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2004-05
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on the performance of silkworm rearing in pre-autumn season.
Personnel :Singh TP, Haque Rufaie, Raies SZ, Ahmed, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :To find the possibility of raising viable silkworm crop in the valley.
Results/Recommendations :
· The 2nd commercial crop was raised successfully in the division as well as in the field also. However, the productivity of this crop was lesser than the spring crop due to larval mortality, which was higher in this pre-autumn season due to high temperature. Not only 2nd but 3rd crop was also raised in the field successfully. A package was developed by the division for conducting 2nd crop.
· A package for doing 2nd commercial rearing was developed and as a result of this experiment 2nd commercial crop raising was recommended to SDD during current year. As a result, about 500 rearers will be adopted for 2nd commercial rearing only in the valley.
Project Outcome :Package for 2nd crop developed (silkworm rearing)
Source of Information :Annual Report:2004-05
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Effect of feeding water and salt water dipped/soaked leaves on commercial features of cocoons.
Personnel : Singh TP, Raja TA, Haque Rufaei SZ, Raies Ahmed, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :
· To find the effect of fortification of mulberry leaves with different salts/water on the rearing performance.
· To see the effect of feeding water soaked/water dipped leaf to silkworms under drought conditions.
Results/Recommendations :
· The results of two years study reveal that there was significant increase in larval weight, cocoon weight and shell weight. It has been seen also that water dipped and water soaked leaves gave very encouraging results during dry season when humidity is low.
· It was recommended that water sprayed leaf can be given to worms during drought conditions to make it palatable to silkworm.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2002-03
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Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Assessment of dietary efficiency and commercial characters of SK lines.
Personnel : Singh TP, Malik GN, Haque Rufaei SZ, Raja TA, Dar HU
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives : To evaluate physiological performance and rearing behaviour of each line by using dietary efficiency parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· The results show that SK lines have lower ingesta as compared to NB4D2 and CSR2. No significant difference was observed in different parameters like weight gained, consumption index, digestibility ECI & ECD among these lines and CSR2 and NB4D2. However, most of the commercial cocoon characters were statistically at par with control SK28 showed some prominence in various characters.
· Among SK lines SK28 performed better as regards dietary efficiency is concerned and it showed superior commercial cocoon characters as compared to its check. So this pure race can be utilized as a parent for making hybrid for commercial exploitation.
Project Outcome :Identification of superior performing SK-line.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2004-05
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Silkworm Pathology
Project No.:SKUAST
Organization :SK University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar
Project Title :Studies on the host range of Nosema bombycis and Beauveria bassiana.
Personnel : Sahaf KA, Zargar MA, Munshi NA, Tanki TN, Nighat Mahmood
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :Identification of the insects which are susceptible to the pathogens of silkworm Bombyx mori L so that appropriate control measures against susceptible insects are taken up to prevent the spread of silkworm diseases.
Results/Recommendations :Studies conducted so far showed Glyphodes pyloalis, Halyzea tschiprcherie, Altica himensis and Triboluiru freemani susceptable to Beauveria bassiana.
Source of Information :Annual Report:2004-05
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Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Bangalore
I. Silkworm Seed Pathology:
Project No. :SSTL 1
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the efficacy of disinfectants/drugs/chemicals against silkworm diseases.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Nair BP, Suryanarayan V, Samson MV, Manjula A, Daniel AGK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :To develop an alternative disinfectant for general disinfection purpose in sericulture and a rearing bed disinfectant for prevention of contamination and spread of the disease in silkworm rearings.
Results/Recommendations :A polyalkyl monohydric phenolic compound (at 0.5% conc.) with a combination of kaolin and lime as base was developed as a general, wide spectrum silkworm bed disinfectant.
Project Outcome: ‘Resham Jyothi’ – a bed disinfectant for silkworm disease control developed, popularized, commercialized and patented.
Source of Information : SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 2
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the infectivity and rate of multiplication of Nosema bombycis in silkworm.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Nair BP, Suryanarayan V, Samson MV, Manjula A, Daniel AGK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :To study the infectivity and rate of multiplication of Nosema bombycis in the silkworm under different levels of infection.
Results/Recommendations :Studies conducted on the multiplication of Nosema bombycis showed increased spore multiplication in older moths. Based on these observations, a technique of “Delayed mother moth test” has been recommended for better detection of the disease at grainage level. In successive generations, incidence of pebrine increased steadily. Studies on the assessment of Nosema bombycis spores in relation to the day of emergence of silk moths, indicated that the intensity of spores increased 2nd day and 3rd day emerged moths in comparison to 1st day emerged moths of PM and NB4D2 races.
Project outcome: A delayed mother moth examination technique recommended for better and more effective diagnosis of pebrine in seed production centers.
Source of Information : SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL3
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on the effect of hot acid treatment of eggs, for control of Pebrine disease.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Nair BP, Suryanarayan V, Samson MV, Manjula A, Daniel AGK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :To study the effect of hot water/acid treatment of eggs for control of pebrine disease.
Results/Recommendations : Hot acid treatment of transovarially infected PM and MY1 layings resulted in reduction of pebrine in the progeny population. Treatment at 43°C for 10 min at 1.05 and 1.06 sp. gravities in the case of PM and MY1 races respectively showed significant reduction of pebrine infection with marginal reduction in egg hatching.
Source of Information : SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 4
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of sampling methods and detection procedures for pebrine in seed production centres.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Nair BP, Suryanarayan V, Samson MV, Manjula A, Daniel AGK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :To develop a sampling model for inspection of mother moths in grainages.
Results/Recommendations : A sampling model has been developed for moth examination based on a series of simulation model studies. It was observed that when the population sizes were smaller, the model could be effective in detecting pebrine infection. Regular and strict monitoring of seed crops is suggested for effective management of pebrine in the field.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 5
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Survey of pebrine disease of silkworms.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Nair BP, Suryanarayan V, Samson MV, Manjula A, Daniel AGK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :To undertake seasonal survey of pebrine in the states of south India to collect information on the prevalence of the disease in the field.
Results/Recommendations : A total of 14 seasonal surveys were undertaken in Tamil Nadu and 15 in Andhra Pradesh since the year 1992. The level of adoption of improved mother moth examination technology and other pebrine control practices were monitored during the survey.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 6
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on cross infectivity of microsporidians from wild lepidopterans to silkworm.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Nair BP, Suryanarayan V, Samson MV, Manjula A, Daniel AGK
Project Period :1992-1997
Objectives :To screen the lepidopteran pests of mulberry for presence of microsporidians and to study the possible cross infectivity of these microsporidians to silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Among different types of lepidopteran butterflies collected from the field, two types viz., a Pierid butterfly, Pieris rapae and a Nymphalid butterfly, Telchinia violae were found infected with microsporidians which were cross infective to silkworm. Transovarium transmission was also observed to the extent of 5% and 4.7% in case of the Pierid microsporidian in NB4D2 and PM races respectively.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 7
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on efficacy test of botanicals against microsporidiosis of silkworm.
Personnel :Singh RN, Sasidharan TO, Santha PC, Daniel AGK, Veeraiah TM, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To develop suitable preventive measures for microsporidiosis of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :A new botanical based silkworm bed disinfectant was formulated and field tested. The bed disinfectant formulation significantly reduced the incidence of major silkworm diseases and improved the cocoon yield. The field trials conducted during the three seasons also recorded significant improvement in cocoon yield.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 8
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on improvement of pebrine detection procedures in different developmental stages of silkworm.
Personnel :Singh RN, Sasidharan TO, Santha PC, Daniel AGK, Veeraiah TM, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To evolve better and efficient pebrine detection procedures in the silkworm eggs, larvae, pupae and moths.
Results/Recommendations :
· Incubation of infected eggs at a moderate temperature of 32±1°C and 60-70% RH accelerated the spore multiplication rate and resulted in enhanced spore production.
· Starvation of infected larvae for 48-72 h during 4th and 5th instar enhanced the spore production facilitating easy detection o f the disease.
· Exposure of infected pupae to a moderately high temperature of 32±1°C for 48 h enhanced the spore production, facilitating better detection of the disease.
· Incubation of sample eggs at 32±1°C for 48 h is recommended for better detection of pebrine in silkworm eggs.
· Starvation of larvae for 48-72 h enhances the sporulation of Nosema bombycis and therefore, recommended for better diagnosis of the disease in larval stages.
· Exposure of infected pupae to a moderately high temperature of 32±1°C for 48 h is recommended before conducting microscopic examination to facilitate better detection of the disease.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL9
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on standardization of microsporidian testing procedures through identification of intermediary stages.
Personnel: Singh RN, Sasidharan TO, Santha PC, Daniel AGK, Veeraiah TM, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :Improving diagnostic procedures through detection of intermediary stages of Nosema bombycis.
Results/Recommendations :Intemediary stages like schizont, sporont or sporoblasts could be observed in infected specimens. Pyriform spores and secondary infective forms were also observed which facilitated early detection.
A simple staining technique using Giemsa’s stain has been standardized and recommended for identification of intermediary stages of Nosema bombycis to facilitate early detection of pebrine in a rearing.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL10
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Survey and monitoring of different sources of contamination of pebrine in the field.
Personnel :Singh RN, Sasidharan TO, Santha PC, Daniel AGK, Veeraiah TM, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives : To collect data on seasonal incidence of pebrine and its intensity in the field and to monitor the different sources and extent of contamination.
Results/Recommendations :
Nine seasonal surveys were conducted both in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. During 1997-98, in Karnataka , 8 bivoltine crops out of 59 crops tested in winter season and 1 out of 43 crops tested n summer season recorded incidence of pebrine, while in the case of multivoltines, the incidence pattern was:4 out of 316 crops in summer, 7 out of 517 in rainy and 1 out of 807 in winter season.
During the year 1998-99, 3 out of 53 bivoltine crops recorded pebrine incidence in summer and 4 out of 66 crops in rainy season. In multivoltine crops, no incidence was recorded during both seasons while a low level of incidence was recorded in winter season. During 1999-2000, no incidence of pebrine was recorded in bivoltines in any of the seasons while 6 out of 968 multivoltine crops showed incidence during winter season. In Tamil Nadu during the year 1997-98, one bivoltine crop out of 56 crops in summer and 2 bivoltine crops out of 58 crops in rainy season were affected with pebrine. During winter, no incidence was recorded. Multivoltine crops showed very low level of infection only in summer and one out of 93 crops tested was infected. During the year 1999-2000, mild infection was recorded in the case of bivoltines during winter season and in the case of multivoltines during summer season; 1 out of 81 crops in the bivoltines and 2 out of 132 crops in multivoltines were infected.
The units where pebrine incidence was noticed were advised to take up necessary follow-up action like rejection and destruction of infected batches, disinfection of the buildings and premises and adoption of strict mother moth examination including “delayed moth examination” and strict monitoring of seed crops at regular intervals.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 11
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore.
Project Title :Studies on collection, purification and characterization of microsporidians from silkworm and their pathogenicity to silkworm races.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To collect different types of microsporidians infecting silkworms and characterize them morphologically and pathologically for suggesting practical methods for their identification.
Results/Recommendations : Two new strains of microsporidians, tentatively named as strain-1 and strain-2 were collected from the field and partially characterized and observed to be apparently different from Nosema bombycis.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 12
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on the extent of contamination through pebrinised male moth in grainages and its impact on egg recovery and fertility in the silkworm.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To assess the extent of contamination due to infected male moths during grainage operation and to study the effect of using infected male moths on egg recovery and fertility in the silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Pebrine infected male moths should not be used for laying preparation due to the following reasons-
They cause extensive contamination in seed production centres.
Usage of pebrine affected male moths adversely affects the pairing efficiency and significantly reduces the fecundity and fertility, causing loss in seed production.
Usage of infected male moths for seed production leads to wrong diagnosis at the time of mother moth examination, although the female is free from the disease.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL13
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on monitoring of pebrine disease at different levels of seed multiplication in the field.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To collect data on seasonal incidence of pebrine in the field and to suggest timely prophylactic measures.
Results/Recommendations :Occurrence of pebrine in the field, especially in seed areas is observed to be minimal suggesting to positive impact of the repeated/seasonal survey being regularly conducted by SSTL in co-ordination with DOS, NSSP and KSSRDI.
During the period in Tamil Nadu, a total of 570 bivoltine and 1246 multivoltine batches /crops were screened, out of which 1 multivoltine (C. Nichi) crop recorded infection of Nosema bombycis. In Karnataka, a total of 1234 bivoltine and 11291 multivoltine crops/lots were tested, out of which 1 bivoltine, 5 Pure Mysore and 7 C. Nichi crops revealed pebrine incidence.
Source of Information : SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL14
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on efficacy of fungicides/chemicals against Nosema bombycis of silkworm.
Personnel :Sasidharan TO, Singh RN, Santha PC, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To test the efficacy of selected fungicides/chemicals against Nosema bombycis with a view to identifying an effective chemical for infection prevention in silkworms.
Results/Recommendations :A group of fungicides/chemicals tested for their efficacy against Nosema bombycis infection indicated varying degrees of suppression of the infection. None of the fungicides/chemicals was able to eliminate infection by 100%. All chemicals/fungicides exhibited toxicity to silkworms.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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II. Seed Cocoon Production Technology:
Project No. :SSTL15
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on improvement of mulberry leaf quality with reference to seed crop
Personnel : Datta RN, Prasanna Kumar, Hanumantharayappa
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :Mulberry cultivation practices to improve the nutritional quality of leaf vis-à-vis the seed crop.
Results/Recommendations :The plant growth promoter VIPUL excelled in leaf yield per plant as well as moisture content than plant growth promoter namely Phytofix and Cytozyme sprayed twice at an interval of 15 days on a trial basis.
The treatment with Vipul to the plants having 9 and 6 shoots showed increased leaf yield. Whereas, control recorded better value with respect to moisture content in tender leaves. There was no appreciable difference in the moisture content of medium and coarse leaves. The rearing results showed that the concept of limiting the number of the shoots appeared to have an advantage in that the single cocoon weight (female), single pupal weight (female) and hatching percentage were significantly improved over control. The treatment with 6 shoot looked promising.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL16
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of mulberry cultivation techniques for seed
crop rearing-quantitative, bioassay and grainage studies.
Personnel :Kitaura K, Hashiguchi T, Datta RN, Prasanna Kumar, Rajanna KL, Jagadeesh N
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :To develop the practical technologies required to improve quality and yield of bivoltine silk and thereby helping in the promotion of sericulture industry.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicated that varietal and periodic growth influence the biomass accumulation significantly, TR10 planted in Indo brazil system with spacing (2’ x 3’) 4 row + 9’ gap showed significantly higher biomass accumulation than the other varieties planted in Indo-Japanese system with the spacing (2’x 3’) two rows + 6’ gap and (2’ x 3’) 3 row + 6’ gap respectively.
Bioassay studies: In first trial, the varietal difference was observed in respect of cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio. K2 variety (control) performed better than others in respect of cocoon characters in both the races KA and NB18 with lesser ERR number. This was closely followed by S13 with higher ERR by number. Racial differences were observed in respect of cocoon weight and shell weight. NB18 out performed in all the varieties tested. In the second trial, two races NB18 and CC1 were showed varietal difference in respect of larval weight, cocoon weight and good cocoons produced. The larval weight and cocoon weight were significantly more in TR10 followed by S13 than the others. Good number of cocoons were found significantly more in S13 and were lower in TR10. Racial difference was observed in respect of all characters except hatching, larval duration and shell weight. NB18 showed significantly better performance than CC1 in respect of all traits except SR%. However, shell ratio in CC1 is significantly more in NB18. Interaction effect was not found significant for all trait except number of good cocoons produced.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL17
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of eco-friendly integrated technology package on mulberry leaf quality and yield at farm.
Personnel : Philomena KL, Jayappa T, Pratheesh Kumar PM, Kamble CK
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :To integrate all eco-friendly technologies as a package for mulberry cultivation to evaluate leaf quality through biochemical analysis.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicated significantly higher soluble sugar protein, nitrogen and fibre content in T1 (organic manure :Azotobacter+VAM+Seriphos + vermi compost + green manure) followed by T2 (75:30:30 kg NPK + 35 MT compost/ha/yr) and control T0 (350:140:140kg NPK + 20MT FYM/ha/yr), whereas moisture content found to be non-significant irrespective of treatments. Total chlorophyll content and leaf biomass were found to be significantly higher in treatment T0 followed by T2 and T1.
Source of Information :Annual Report :2005-06
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Project No. :SSTL18
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on three way cross hybrid programme.
Personnel :Puttaswamy Gowda, Chandrashekaraiah
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives : To understand the differential performance of Japanese females with Indian males and to analyse and to qualify the females for their genetic potential as the best combiners.
Results/Recommendations : The data indicated that, the hybrids performed differently in different centers as well as in seasons, indicating the differential performance of the hybrid for different seasons and regions. The best five combinations based on their superiority in performance have been identified for each region as well as season.
Project outcome :Shuko x Ryuhaku, Taihei x Choan and Kinshu x Showa were found to be superior contributors in the same order of merit.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL19
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on farm refuse and resource management to develop farm compost.
Personnel :Datta RN, Prasanna Kumar K
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives : To develop a package for compost preparation using farm refuse.
Results/Recommendations :Green material available in the farm as superfluous or which can not be used appropriately can as well be utilized by recycling for the betterment of the main crop. To achieve the same, in a pit of 6’x4’x3’ dimensions, 9” green matter (farm refuse, leaf litter), 3” cow dung and 9” tank silt were put on one over the other in single and two tiers separately in two treatments.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL20
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of integrated package for seed cocoon Production-Qualitative and quantitative analysis of varieties as influenced by space and fertilizers.
Personnel :Subrahmanyam MR, Rajanna KL, Philomena KL, Jagadeesh N, Hanumatharayappa SK, Jayappa T
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :
· To identify suitable varieties for silkworm parental races.
· To establish cultivation practices of mulberry for seed crop.
Results/Recommendations :The ANOVA results showed that main effects viz., variety and spacing showed significant variation on the overall performance of mulberry, silkworm rearing and seed quality parameters. The main effects of fertilizer did not show significant response. The interaction effect of spacing x fertilizer showed significant effect on the performance. The best five combination that have out performed the control (K2, 300:120:120 kg NPK + 20 MT FYM/ha/yr) are as follows.
NB4D2 :
a) MR2 , 2.0 x 0.8 m, 300:200:200 kg NPK/ha yr
b) MR2 , 2.0 x 0.8 m, 300:250:250 kg NPK/ha yr
c) K2, 2.0 x 0.8 m, 300:250:250 kg NPK/ha yr
d) K2, 1.5 x 0.8 m, 300:200:200 kg NPK/ha yr
e) K2, 2.0 x 0.8 m, 300:200:200 kg NPK/ha yr.
Pure Mysore :
a) K2, 1.5 x 0.8m, 300:120:120 kg NPK/ha yr
b) K2, 2.0 x 0.8m, 300:120:120 kg NPK/ha yr
c) K2, 2.0 x 0.8m, 300:200:200 kg NPK/ha yr
d) K2, 2.0 x 0.8m, 300:250:250 kg NPK/ha yr
e) K2, 0.9 x 0.9m, 300:250:250 kg NPK/ha yr.
To generate quality seed cocoons of NB4D2, variety MR2 followed by K2 grown under wider spacing with 300:120:120 kg NPK/ha/yr in 5 equal split doses combined with application of 40MT of FYM required to be adopted. It is recommended to use straight fertilizers instead of complex fertilizers.
To generate quality seed cocoons of Pure Mysore, variety K2 grown under wider spacing with 300:120:120 kg NPK/ha/yr in 5 equal split doses combined with application of 40 MT of FYM required to be adopted. It is recommended to use straight fertilizers instead of complex fertilizers.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL21
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the effect of food regulation on seed crop rearing.
Personnel :Subrahmanyam MR, Rajanna KL, Philomena KL, Jagadeesh N, Hanumatharayappa SK, Jayappa T
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To identify the optimum quantity and frequency of feed for quality seed production.
Results/Recommendations :From the results, it is inferred that, 10% diet rationing during the late instars did not show any negative effect on the important parameters studied in all the seasons. However, 20% feed cut affected some of the parameters in different seasons. Combined analysis on the effect of feed regulation on rearing and grainage parameters indicated that egg recovery and fecundity were affected significantly due to feed frequency.
Diet rationing of 10% with 3 feeds/day can be adopted during V instar if the quality of leaf is optimum in case of NB4D2.
Diet rationing of 10% with 4 feeds/day can be adopted during V instar if the quality of leaf is optimum in case of Pure Mysore.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL22
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of package of practices for seed cocoon production by using different levels of organic and inorganic manure.
Personnel :Philomena KL, Subrahmanyam MR, Rajanna KL, Jagadeesh N, Jayappa T, Samson MV, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :
· To improve the soil status, fertilizer and humus.
· To improve the quality and quantity of mulberry for production of seed cocoon.
· To improve the quality of seed cocoon production, pupation rate and egg recovery.
Results/Recommendations :From the chemo and bio-assay studies, it is observed that variety K2 is superior over Local variety, with the treatments studied. The overall interaction effect with respect to biochemical and grainage parameters revealed that in case of NB4D2 total chlorophyll content in medium and coarse, total soluble sugar in medium, soluble protein in coarse leaf were found to be significantly influenced on higher egg recovery and fecundity in treatment T3 and in case of Pure Mysore, total chlorophyll content in coarse, total soluble sugar in tender, soluble protein in ender leaf found to be significantly influenced in egg recovery and fecundity in treatment T2, when compare to control treatment T6.
NB4D2 responded significantly with lower or inorganic and higher dose of organic manure, applied in equal split doses i.e., 150:60:60 kg NPK + 30 MT FYM per ha/yr and Pure Mysore responded to 75:30:30 kg NPK + 35 MT FYM/ha/yr with the K2 variety raised under (3’x2’) + 6’ (paired row system).
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL 23
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Qualitative and quantitative analysis of varieties by using organic (compost) and inorganic manure - Chemo assay and Bioassay studies.
Personnel :Philomena KL, Subrahmanyam MR, Jagadeesh N
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :
· To improve the soil status, fertility and humus.
· To improve the quality and quantity of mulberry production.
· To improve quality of the seed cocoon production, pupation rate and egg recovery.
Results/Recommendations :From the studies carried out, it was found that treatment T2 (75:30:30 kg NPK + 35 MT compost/ha/yr) which received lower inorganic manure (chemical fertilizer) and higher dosage of organic manure (compost) performed better in leaf yield, moisture content, total chlorophyll, soluble protein, total soluble sugar and fibre content in K2 variety. Besides the higher ERR by No., single cocoon weight, pupation rate, egg recovery and fecundity were also recorded.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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III. Egg Production Technology
Project No. :SSTL24
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the impact of preservation of seed cocoons at different densities.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives : To understand the impact of density of seed cocoon preservation on different egg production parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
Pure Mysore :Data on post cocoon parameters such as male and female emergence, pairing, total and good layings, eggs per gram and eggs per laying obtained revealed that during summer the cocoons can be preserved up to 2 layers i.e., 140-280 cocoons/sq.ft. without affecting the recovery and fecundity. During rainy season, ingle layer of 150cocoons/sq.ft. preserved lots performed better than the other lots and during winter season, the cocoons may be preserved up to two layers i.e., 300-600cocoons/sq.ft.for good egg recovery.
NB4D2 :In case of bivoltine NB4D2 cocoon preservation, the impact on post cocoon parameters revealed that during summer and the rainy season, the cocoons can be stored up to two layers i.e., 125-250 sq.ft. while during winter season, single layer preservation is preferable 100/sq.ft for good egg recovery.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL26
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of hot and cold acid treatment methods on hatchability.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives : To define an appropriate schedule of acid treatment in respect of the bivoltine x multivoltine hybrid eggs.
Results/Recommendations :
Hot acid treatment: The combination of low sp. gr., low temperature and lower dipping duration was found to be inadequate to induce effective hatching. Obviously the treatment with 1.065 sp.gr. HCl at 45°C and 46°C, soaking periods of 3 to 6 minutes were insufficient, while 7 minutes of dipping proved to be effective. At the same sp.gr. when the temperature was increased to 47°C, the eggs responded very favourably and recorded above 90% hatching.
At 1.085 sp.gr. just 3 or 4 minutes dipping was enough to induce the hatching. Higher dipping durations had a negative impact resulting in poor hatching.
The sp.gr. levels of 1.070 and 1.075 could be inferred as ideal, as most of the treatments were successful. In 1.07 sp.gr at 46°C and 47°C and with sp.gr.of 1.075, 45°C and 46°C temperatures, almost all the treatments were effective.
Project out come: For defining a schedule of acid treatment, the hatching results were taken into consideration and the following schedule is suggested.
Sl.
No.
Sp. gr.
Temp. (ºC)
Dipping
(min.)
Duration
(sec.)
1
1.065
47
6
±30
2
1.070
46
47
6
±30
±30
3
1.075
45
46
47
6
5
4
±30
±30
±30
4
1.080
47
4.5
±30
Cold acid treatment :The hatchability studies indicated a particular trend depending on age and chilling duration. However, the bio-assay gave a different performance for different treatments. No particular combination of treatment was superior. Hence, taking into consideration, the overall hatchability and bio-assay performance the following schedule of preservation for short as well as longer durations is suggested.
Sl.
No.
Sp. gr.
Temp. (ºC)
Dipping
(Min.)
1
1.1057
24
30±5
2
1.1042
27
30±5
3
1.1028
30
20±5
4
1.1014
33
10±5
5
1.1004
35
10±5
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL27
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on chilling and hydrochlorization of bivoltine x multivoltine eggs.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To define a suitable short term preservation schedule for cold storing bivoltine x multivoltine eggs.
Results/Recommendations :
Hatching results :
· Layings cold stored for 30 days and acid treated for 5 or 6 minutes did not result in effective hatching.
· In 40 days chilled batches one to 2 days old eggs when treated for 6 minutes resulted in over and above 90% hatching. Five minutes of soaking was not adequate to induce hatching, except in the 24 hour old eggs.
· The dipping duration appeared to have little effect as there was no significant difference in 5 or 6 minutes.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL28
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on usage of bivoltine hybrids as male parent in cross breed egg production.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To study the quantitative and qualitative performance of PM x BV hybrid and Nistari x BV hybrid combination.
Results/Recommendations : The results indicated that bivoltine hybrid males can be utilized effectively, for commercial egg production during crisis period.
The results of the comparative study of the yield performance of Nistari hybrids indicated that, the performance of different crosses were superior to PM x NB4D2 and inferior to Nistari x NB4D2. Cumulative variable index (CVI) indicated that hybrids Nistari x (NB4D2 x NB18) followed by Nistari x (NB4D2 x KA), Nistari x NB4D2, Nistari x (NB18 x NB4D2) and Nistari x NB18 x KA) emerged as best five combinations in the order of merit. Overall performance of rearing and reeling characters showed that hybrids involving Nistari as female component was superior to PM x NB4D2.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL29
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on comparative rearing performance of acid treated and hibernated layings.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To evaluate the rearing performance of acid treated and hibernated layings.
Results/Recommendations : The data revealed that the hot acid treated batches performed best followed by the 4 month hibernated batches, which were inferior only with respect to larval weight.
The treatments six and ten months performed equally well in all the characters excepting hatchability, where the 6 months batches performed significantly better. Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL30
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on standardization of loose egg production techniques.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To standardize various steps involved in loose egg production and also designing and fabricating loose egg equipments.
Results/Recommendations :The standardized loose egg production technique covered
· Preparation of starched egg sheets.
· Density of moths for oviposition.
· Collection of loose eggs.
· Drying of eggs.
· Acid treatment of bivoltine eggs.
· Winnowing of eggs.
· Packing standards.
Project outcome :Standardized the loose egg production technology and published a monograph.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL31
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the impact of multiple crossing in cross breed egg production and resultant progeny.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To comprehend the impact of selfing and subsequent inter racial mating on the resultant progeny, in cross breed egg production.
Results/Recommendations :Pure Mysore mother moths mated for 10 minutes with their own males could be decoupled and used safely for cross breed egg production.
If the duration of selfing is more than 10 minutes it is not advisable to use them for cross breed hybridization as there would be a mixed progeny for pure and cross breed in the F1 population.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL32
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the impact of delayed pairing on oviposition rhythm in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To comprehend the impact of delayed pairing on the rhythm of oviposition and egg retension inside the body.
Results/Recommendations :
NB4D2: In the first 3 treatments the oviposition rhythm followed a particular trend and 87-89% of the eggs were recovered by 22 hours. The behaviour in the other 2 treatments were different and the peak of oviposition was completed by 14 hours (85.6-86.6%). The % of eggs laid prior to mating in respective of 24h and 48 hr delay was very low (0.37 and 4.1%) respectively. The overall % of eggs in respect of the first 3 treatments accounted for 80.7 to 84.2% on the first day and 11.2 to 15.1% on second day. The eggs retained in the body varied from 4.0 to 4.5%. In respect of 24hour and 48 hour delayed treatments the second day laid eggs was only 2.4 and 2.2% and the % of eggs retained in the body was very low (0.5 and 1.1% respectively).
PM and PM x NB4D2 :In both the pure races and cross breeds the oviposition pattern was more or less identical. The frequency of eggs laid with respect to the first three treatments has a common trend. The % of egg recovery upto 22 hour ranged between 65.7 and 73.6%, however, in contrast to NB4D2 in both the pure and hybrid combinations a distinct second peak was observed in the first three treatments. The second peak constituted 32 and 30.3% in Pure Mysore and Pure Mysore x NB4D2 respectively. In the other two treatments 71.2 to 79.3% eggs were harvested by 16 hours and the second peak was conspicuously missing indicating disruption in the rhythm due to status of the moths age.
The first day egg recovery ranged from 83.1 to 93.8%. The second day recovery was very low ranging between 3.8 and 5.4% in the last two treatments.
Project outcome:
· Delayed pairing enables to increase the frequency of eggs laid at specific intervals of time.
· In the absence of male moths the female moths could be preserved at 25ºC and 75±5% RH for a day or two without sacrificing the egg recovery.
Source of Information : SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL33
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Designing and fabrication of loose egg washing and collection unit.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives : To develop a unit to facilitate comfortable and swift detachment and collection of eggs.
Results/Recommendations :The tray is elongated and pentangular in shape measuring about 135 cm length x 90 cm width. At the terminal, an exit point is provided through a 4 cm diameter pipe, for the collection of loosened eggs. The tray is shallow with 5 cm depth and could be fabricated out of any rust proof metallic sheets such as steel or aluminium or GI or plastic and is rested on a stand, which is structured at an inclined angle for operational convenience. On the elevated side along with wider axis of the tray a 4 cm diameter PVC pipe with small pores is arranged an is connected to a water source.
Project outcome: Developed an unit to facilitate comfortable and swift detachment and collection of eggs.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL34
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Designing and fabrication of loose egg drying unit.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To design the unit to make the process of loose egg drying quicker under hygienic condition.
Results/Recommendations : The unit measuring 182x9x76 cm is fabricated in wood resembling rectangular chamber with galvanized metal mesh on top. A nylon mesh cloth is spread over the top for receiving loose eggs during egg drying. Two fans are fitted on the lower side of the chamber to blow air for quick and efficient drying. On an average 30 kg of eggs can be conveniently dried per day by using this unit. This unit was developed at a cost of Rs.7500/-.
Another loose egg drying unit has also been designed and fabricated out of round MS pipes of 1.5”dia. It measures 2.2 m x 0.5 m x 2.2 m and the entire unit can be dismantled. On the top of the frame, two fans are fitted which are adjustable to required height and speed can be regulated through controls.
Two trolleys are also fabricated out of M.S. square pipes mounted on castors for easy movement. Trolleys measure about 1 m x 0.8 m x 1m. GI metallic mesh trays are provided at the top to receive loose eggs meant for drying over a muslin cloth. The unit is very convenient and efficient in large-scale grainage producing loose eggs.
Project outcome: Designed and fabricated loose egg drying unit
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL35
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Designing and fabrication of winnowing Unit.
Personnel : Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To develop a unit to facilitate easy removal of unfertilized and dead/light eggs.
Results/Recommendations :Because of differential weights, the eggs, which are lighter in nature, are drifted away due to wind force and moved to a distance. The heavier eggs collect into a heap, which are gathered and taken for packing.
Project out come :Developed winnowing unit.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL36
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Developing adhesive cover for loose egg packing.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To develop suitable egg covers for loose egg packing in desired quantity.
Results/Recommendations :The cover measures 28 x 22 cm with 5 strips of adhesive mat and suitable tissue cover to pack 20,000 eggs as been designed. Transportation of eggs and incubation is convenient besides simplification of brushing of loose eggs.
Project outcome: Developed an adhesive cover for loose egg packing.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL37
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Designing of loose egg sheet preservation stand.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To develop preservation stand for loose egg sheets.
Results/Recommendations :Loose egg sheet preservation stand is designed and fabricated out of MS square pipes, mounted on castor wheels and measures 140 x 96 x 150 cms and can be dismantled, as and when required. The stand has two tiers/shelves and in each shelf about 40 MS rods are placed with 4 cms gap across the length of the frame, for hanging egg sheets by means of clips, for proper preservation. A muslin cloth is tied on the frame at the bottom, to collect the eggs falling incidentally.
The stand is very ideal for preservation of loose egg sheets, during aestivation and cold storage.
Project out come: Loose egg sheet preservation stand is designed and fabricated out of MS square pipes.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL38
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Designing and fabrication of room heater.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To develop and fabricate a room heater, with special additional features for exclusive use in sericultural operation.
Results/Recommendations :A linear circular heating coil with ISI mark, adjustable and continuously variable wattage from 100 to 200 W, heavy duty motor – hot air uniformly distributed all around (360º). The temperature gain is to the extent of 10ºC, time required for maximum temperature gain is below 2 hours. The body is fabricated out of cold rolled and cold annealed sheets. The Circumferential Room Heater (CRH) automatically switches off/on for maintaining the required temperature in the rearing/grainage rooms.
The unit can also be used for domestic purpose, in homes and commercial establishments like hotels, laboratories, offices, factories, besides sericultural purposes.
Project outcome: Designed and fabricated Circumferential Room Heater (CRH) in collaboration with M/s Supreet Electrical Industries, Bangalore.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL39
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on development of new acid treatment bath.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To develop a new acid treatment bath with high efficiency, longer life, easy operation and maintenance.
Results/Recommendations :Acid resistant FRP body, Teflon coated stainless steel heaters, microprocessor based electronic temperature control, solid state PT-100 temperature sensor, electronic digital display in the bath for actual temperature reading, audio-visual timer/alarm, water circulation for temperature uniformity. A moulded heavy duty plastic container is provided for acid and 50-60 egg sheets could be acid treated at one instance.
Project outcome :Developed a new Acid Treatment Bath with moulded plastic container.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Designing of aerators for use during preservation of mulberry leaf for rearing.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To maintain the quality of leaf, designing of simple device for use in leaf preservation chambers.
Results/Recommendations :The aerator is conical in shape and measures approximately 80 cms in height and 30 and 16 cms diameter at the bottom and top respectively. A gap of 1.5 cm is maintained between each strip rod, to avoid dropping of leaf into the conical device. Heat that may be generated during preservation easily passes through the opening at the top and the quality of leaf is thus maintained for a longer period. Aerator made out of cane appears to be the best, obviously for its light weight and durability.
Project outcome: Designed cane aerator to use during leaf preservation.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL41
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Designing of incubation/black boxing device.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Prabhakar CJ, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijaya Kumar S, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To design and fabricate a simple device for incubation and black boxing of silkworm eggs.
Results/Recommendations : The device is designed and fabricated out of 1”sq. wooden reapers and measures 65 x 48 x 43cm. While the bottom is covered with plywood, the other sides of the box are fastened with nylon mesh for good aeration and protection from insects. Ten frames of size 58 x 43 x 1cm with nylon mesh on top are made which can be easily inserted into the box one above the other, with required gap in between. About 40 egg sheets can be placed in single layers for incubation at a time. Provision is also made to keep wet foam pads at the bottom, to maintain humidity.
Further, the device can be made use of effectively for black-boxing the eggs. A Black cover is stitched which can be covered over the entire box ensuring total darkness for uniform development of the embryos for uniform hatching.
Project Outcome: Designed and fabricated a simple device for incubation and black boxing of silkworm eggs.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL42
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Designing and fabrication of moth preservation box
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To design and fabricate a devices for effective preservation of male moths in the grainage.
Results/Recommendations :Two frames measuring 42 x 42 x 1.5 cm and 42 x 42 x 2.5cm respectively and joined by hinges is covered with nylon mesh on top and bottom frames like a box. Four equal partitions are made inside the bottom frame with each partition to hold around 100-150 moths. About 600male moths can be conveniently preserved in each box inside cold room/refrigerators.
Project Outcome: Designed and fabricated a device for effective preservation of male moths in the grainages.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL43
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Designing and fabrication of cocoon transportation device.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Reddy YD, Jayarama Raju P, Vijayakumar S, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2002
Objectives :To develop a device for safe and convenient transportation of seed cocoons in grainages.
Results/Recommendations : The existing crates were improved by providing an aerator in the centre of the crate. A PVC pipe of 28 cm length with 11 cm diameter having 1 cm diameter perforations all around and top covered with nylon mesh is fixed at the centre of the crate which serves as aerator and helps in eliminating the heat generated during the transportation of seed cocoons.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL44
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Innovation and fabrication of different feeding stands.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Reddy YD, Jayarama Raju P, Vijayakumar S, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2002
Objectives :To develop different feeding stands for easy bed cleaning and feeding.
Results/Recommendations :Two wooden reapers of 2.5 cm thickness as ‘X’ frame with the size of 75cm (L) x 7 cm (B) and 8” long pipe of 1” diameter fixed at the centre from below. A metallic stand with “L” shaped angles and GI pipe of 1¼ diameter and 80 cm length is welded vertically at the centre to serve as foothold. The wooden frame can be rotated in either direction. The height of the stand is maintained at 1 meter. One more stand of similar type was also fabricated with only 6” height.
Using these stands during silkworm rearing can easily do bed cleaning and feeding.
Project outcome: Easy bed cleaning stand designed and fabricated using wooden reapers and metallic pipes.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL45
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of different media for pupal preservation.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Reddy YD, Jayarama Raju P, Vijayakumar S, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2002
Objectives :To identify a suitable medium for preservation of pupae during grainage operations.
Results/Recommendations : Saw dust, News paper base, corrugated paper, paddy straw, news paper bits, Ragi dust, Paddy husk were used for the experiments. The results indicated that, the male emergence percentage was significantly higher in all the treatments compared to control. With regard to female emergence percentage, it was high in corrugated paper and paddy husk, while in all other treatments it was on par with control.
Though the mean values of the laying recovery percentage are showing variation from the control, the data is not significant.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL46
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Designing and fabrication of allied rearing and grainage articles :Designing and fabrication of male moth preservation box.
Personnel : Biram Saheb NM, Reddy YD, Jayarama Raju P, Vijayakumar S, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2002
Objectives :To develop a device for convenient preservation of male moths in grainage with cold storage facilities.
Results/Recommendations : The box is made of wooden reapers like a tray measuring 3’ x 2’ x 3½’. The bottom of the tray is covered with 3mm plywood sheet. During preservation a corrugated paper folded to form ridges and furrows is spread inside the tray and moths broadcasted on to the paper. The tray is covered using a lid with nylon/plastic mesh on top.
Project outcome: Designed and fabricated male moth preservation box accommodating 1000-1200 nos.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL47
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Designing and fabrication of loose egg transportation box.
Personnel :Manjual A, Tribhuvan Singh, Vijay Kumar
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To develop boxes for effective transportation of loose egg cases.
Results/Recommendations :Thermocol is provided as an inner layer for all the sides of the box including lid. Also chambers inside the box are provided with thermocol for keeping the loose egg cases in different tiers. A provision has been made to keep wet foam pads at the bottom so as to maintain required humidity during the transportation of eggs.
Boxes of convenient sizes are fabricated so as to accommodate 10-50 loose egg cases of 50 dfls. each.
Project outcome: Boxes to accommodate 10-15 loose egg cases of 50 dfls each is designed and fabricated.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL48
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on comparative rearing study in different types of bamboo trays.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Vijay Kumar, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To compare the effect of lac coating on bamboo trays against plain and cow dung smeared trays.
Results/Recommendations : The statistically analysed data revealed tht lac coating can be used on the bamboo trays, as it is superior over cow dung-formalin mixture. The important parameters like ERR by Number and SR% had significantly increased in lac coated trays over the worms reared in cow dung smeared trays. The data also indicated that lac smearing on bamboo trays did not affect the silkworm rearing. Hence, lac can be used on bamboo trays instead of cow dung. As the lac coating provides smoother surface for the bamboo trays, it will reduce chances of inflicting injury to the silkworm as well as the person who handles it. Apart from the above advantages, lac also enhances the durability of the bamboo trays, which is almost on par with cow dung smeared trays.
This tray is very convenient for transportation of seed cocoons.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL49
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the relation between pupation rate and reproductive efficiency of different silkworm races.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To comprehend the relationship between pupation rate and overall egg production efficiency.
Results/Recommendations :Results indicated that there is significant difference between groups with regard to the attrition parameter i.e., the number of melt (total rejection) was found to be high in GR1 followed by GR2, GR3 and GR4 irrespective of seasons.
Attrition was also found to be highly significant between regions, i.e., Karnataka showed higher melt than Tamil Nadu in all the groups, and the differences were non- significant between the seasons.
Recovery (dfls %) was found to be higher in Tamil Nadu (30.3%) when compared to Karnataka (26.8%).
Further, it was also found to be highly significant between seasons and between groups. In Karnataka higher recovery was found in rainy (30.5%) and summer season (26.8%) followed by winter (20.9%); whereas in Tamil Nadu the DFL recovery was 30.3% in summer, 30% in winter and 29.7% in rainy season. Between groups, the dfls recovery and egg recovery by weight were found to be higher, in GR3 and GR4 during rainy and winter seasons whereas in summer, GR2 and GR3 were found to have higher recovery.
Project Out come : It is recommended that Pure Mysore seed cocoon yield should be above 30 kg/100 dfls during rainy and winter while, during summer it should be more than 20 kg/100 dfls. to get good laying recovery.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL50
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on egg recovery, region and season-wise for cross breed of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To define the quantity of cocoons required to produce a unit quantity of eggs for different regions and seasons.
Results/Recommendations :Significant difference between regions and seasons could be observed only in the male emergences and fecundity parameters.
In Tamil Nadu, the fecundity of the cross breed prepared was found to be significantly higher in rainy and winter season compared to summer and the fecundity was found to be significantly higher in grade I and II (800-1000 cocoons/ kg) compared to grade III and IV (1000 cocoons/kg & above).
In Andhra Pradesh significant increase in male moth emergence (%) of Pure Mysore was observed during winter and significant increase in grade-I (800-900 kg). The other parameters were not significant.
In NB4D2, the male emergence irrespective of region and season was significantly higher in grade I (500-600 cocoons/kg) cocoons.
Project outcome: Cocoons procured from Tamil Nadu gave better egg recovery than Karnataka.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL51
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Survey on the incidence of pupal mortality (melting) in seed cocoons of Pure Mysore and NB4D2 of different zones during different seasons.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To study the incidence of pupal mortality (melting) in seed cocoons of Pure Mysore and NB4D2 of different zones during different seasons.
Results/Recommendations :The incidence of melting was high in Karnataka (7.4-13%) when compared to Tamil Nadu (4.8-6.4%) in both the races and seasons. In Karnataka the incidence of melting was marginally high in summer (10.2-13%), followed by winter (7.4-13%) and rainy (9.8-11.3%). In Tamil Nadu, no seasonal variations were found in melting percentage.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL52
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on the impact of exposing seed cocoons constantly to high/low temperatures.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To identify optimum range of temperature during seed cocoon preservation for efficient egg recovery.
Results/Recommendations :
NB4D2: The data indicated that exposure of seed cocoons constantly at 31ºC has affected all grainage parameters significantly. Parameters such as moth emergence, number of layings, egg recovery by weight and number etc., were significantly affected when compared to control. While the other treatment temperatures viz., 22ºC and 28ºC did not influence the grainage parameters significantly.
Pure Mysore:The data indicated that exposure of seed cocoons constantly at 31ºC has affected all the grainage parameters significantly. Parameters such as moth emergence, number of layings, egg recovery by weight and number etc., were significantly affected when compared to control. Occurrence of unfertilized eggs has significantly increased in the cocoons exposed at 22ºC. Whereas 28ºC did not influence any grainage parameters significantly.
Project Outcome: The fluctuation in daily temperature between 25 and 30±10C does not affect the seed cocoon processing in both races. Exposure of seed cocoons to either lower (200C) or higher temperature (350C) for 7hr per day affects the grainage parameters.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL53
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the impact of exposing seed cocoons alternatively from high/low temperatures to optimum.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To study the impact of fluctuation in daily temperature on grainage parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
NB4D2 :Exposure of seed cocoons at 35ºC for 7 hr a day affected the grainage parameters significantly when compared to control. Parameters like moth emergence, recovery of layings and eggs significantly decreased, while number of unfertilized eggs increased when compared to control. Similarly, the lower temperature i.e., 20ºC also influenced the grainage parameters. The important parameter viz., female moth emergence, number of good layings and egg recovery by weight significantly decreased when compared to control. The data clearly indicate that exposure of seed cocoons to either lower (20ºC) or higher temperature (35ºC) for 7hr a day has got deleterious effect on the grainage parameters, while exposure at 30±1ºC did not influence the grainage parameters significantly.
Pure Mysore :In Pure Mysore also, the exposure of seed cocoons for 7hr a day to high/low temperature followed by optimum temperature has shown similar effects as that of bivoltine (NB4D2). All the grainage parameters viz., moth emergence, recovery of layings, fecundity and egg recovery by weight and number significantly decreased when compared to control in the cocoons exposed at 35ºC for 7 hr a day. Further, the incidence of unfertilized eggs increased significantly when compared to control. The lower temperature i.e., 20ºC also influenced the parameters like moth emergence, fertility, etc.
The fluctuation in daily temperature between 25 and 30±1ºC does not affect the seed cocoon processing in both races. Exposure of seed cocoons to either lower (20ºC) or higher temperature (35ºC) for 7hr per day affects the grainage parameters.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL54
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the impact of exposing seed cocoons consecutively for two days at high/low temperatures.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To identify critical/sensitive stage to high/low temperature conditions.
Results/Recommendations :
NB4D2: The parameters like percentage of unfertilized eggs in good layings, total egg recovery by weight and number of eggs/g showed highly significant difference between temperatures whereas no significant difference was found between days (i.e., age of the pupae). Precisely, it can be said that exposing the pupae to 35ºC consecutively for 2 days at any age of pupae, affected the grainage parameters considerably whereas 20 and 30ºC performed on par with grainage parameters considerably whereas 20 and 30ºC performed on par with control.
Pure Mysore : All the parameters like male and female moth emergence, good laying percentage, percentage of unfertilized eggs in good layings, total egg recovery by weight and number of egg/g showed highly significant difference between temperatures whereas no significant difference was found between days (i.e., age of the pupae). Precisely, it can be said that exposing the pupae to 35ºC consecutively for 2 days at any age of pupae, affected the grainage parameters considerably whereas 20 and 30ºC performed almost on par with control.
Project Outcome: The optimum temperature range for seed cocoon preservation is 22 to 28±1ºC in respect of NB4D2 and it is 25ºC to 28±1ºC in respect of Pure Mysore.
A temperature range of 20 to 30ºC during preservation does not affect any age of the pupae starting from 6th to 10th day in the case of NB4D2 and Pure Mysore.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL55
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on the impact of temperature during pairing and oviposition.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To understand the effect of different temperatures during the process of pairing and oviposition on egg recovery, fecundity and fertility.
Results/Recommendations :
Good laying recovery: When pairing and oviposition was conducted at 20±1ºC; 30±1ºC; the egg recovery did not differ significantly over control. Further, when pairing alone was conducted at 35ºC, it did not affect the recovery. However, irrespective of the races, there was a drastic reduction in the egg recovery when oviposition alone or both pairing and oviposition were conducted at 35ºC and differed significantly.
Fecundity: In fecundity, the moths exposed to 35ºC for oviposition, pairing and oviposition was inferior in all the 3 races studied. In case of PM x NB4D2, pairing and oviposition at 30ºC, recorded a lower fecundity and however found to be not significant. Sterility, poor laying percentage and egg recovery by weight significantly affected in the above treatments i.e., 35ºC for oviposition, pairing and oviposition in all the 3 races. In the moths exposed to 35ºC for oviposition and pairing and oviposition egg retention inside the body (after two days of oviposition) was found to be significantly higher (excepting oviposition in PM x NB4D2). However, certain parameters namely the percentage of sterile eggs in poor layings, number of layings recovered on second day and the total number of eggs recovered on second day was found to be not significant.
Project outcome :Pairing and oviposition at 20 to 30±1ºC does not affect the egg recovery, fertility and fecundity. A short exposure of 3 hr duration during pairing at 35ºC did not affect significantly. However, continues pairing and oviposition at 35ºC found deleterious.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL56
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : A new staining technique for the sperm of Bombyx mori and observations on sperm migration.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Dhananjaya Reddy Y, Jayarama Raju P, Ravi Kumar G, Latha J, Christiana ST, Gaur JP, Manjula A
Project Period :1997-2001
Objectives :To find out reasons of infertility during seed cocoon preservation.
Results/Recommendations : Air dried smears of spermatozoa from seminal vesicles, bursa copulatrix and spermatheca stained with papnocolaou and popular bivoltine race NB4D2 were used in the study.
Observations on sperm behaviour showed that eupyrene (nucleated) sperm could easily be quantified in the seminal vesicles as they remain in bundles until they are transferred to bursa copulatrix during mating, while apyrene (anucleated) remain in loose form. Both types of spermatozoa are non-motile in the seminal vesicles and become motile (weak gyrating eupyrene) after deposition in the bursa copulatrix. Apyrene is found vigorously motile in the bursa copulatrix and dissociation of eupyrene bundles is also completed. Consequent to ejaculation, the first spermatophore formation takes place in about 20 min. in bursa copulatrix and both types of sperms in spermatheca are active but apyrene movement ceases in a short while and they are invisible thereafter. The eupyrene sperm is stored in the spermatheca for fertilization.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL57
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the effect of preservation of seed cocoons at different environmental conditions on the grainage parameters.
Personnel :Manjula A, Jayarama Raju P, Christiana ST, Vijaya Kumar S
Project Period :2001-2003
Objectives : To study the effect of preservation of pupae at different environmental conditions on the morphological changes of pupae, moth and on egg production parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· Preservation of CSR race seed cocoons/pupae at 25°C and at room temperature (23-29°C) did not affect the emergence pattern of moths (13-14 days).
· Preservation of pupae at 200C resulted in increase in emergence period by 1 day and duration by 2-3 days.
· Preservation of pupae at 30°C resulted in decrease in the emergence period by 2 days in CSR2, CSR4 and CSR19.
· Preservation of pupae at 20, 30 and RT (23-29°C) resulted in decrease in male and female moth emergence (by 2-3% and 4-6%) when compared to with the 25°C preserved batches (88.8-93.2%).
· The laying recovery was also significantly affected at 20, 30°C and RT in CSR2 (2-4%), CSR18 (1-4%), CSR4 (2-5%) and CSR19 (1-2%) when compared with the control batch (38.1-41.4%).
· The fecundity (459-515) and hatching (91.3-95.9%) was not affected at 20, 25 and 23-29°C for all the four races, except at 30°C in CSR18 (89.6%).
Project outcome :It is recommended to preserve the seed cocoons of the CSR2, CSR4, CSR18 and CSR19 at 25±1ºC with 75-80% RH for better grainage performance.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL58
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the oviposition pattern, fecundity, unfertilized eggs and hatchability of silkworm eggs under optimal and different environmental conditions.
Personnel :Manjula A, Jayarama Raju P, Christiana ST, Vijaya Kumar S
Project Period :2001-2003
Objectives :To identify the pattern of oviposition, fecundity, percentage of unfertilized eggs and hatchability under different environmental conditions for producing quality silkworm eggs.
Results/Recommendations :
· The oviposition was initiated within the two hours after depairing in all the breeds tested.
· At 25ºC, the peak egg laying was found between 4-6 pm in all the races.
· The percentage of eggs laid between 10 pm and 10 am was more in CSR4 (18-21%) compared to other races.
· In CSR2, CSR18 and CSR19 about 70% of the eggs were laid by 6 pm, while CSR4 it was by 8 pm.
· The unfertilized egg percentage was significantly higher in CSR18 (3.9%) when compared to other races.
· No significant effect was observed in both fecundity and hatching percentage between the treatments in all the four races.
· For different egg handling techniques the “Zero hour” of the egg laying for CSR2, CSR18 and CSR19 is at 6 pm and for CSR4, it is at 8 pm on the day of oviposition.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL59
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of grainage performance of seed cocoons generated using the integrated eco-friendly package of practice.
Personnel : Philomena KL, Jayappa T, Pratheesh Kumar PM, Kamble CK.
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :To evaluate the grainage performance of seed cocoon through eco-friendly technology package.
Results/Recommendations : Regarding the grainage parameters of CSR2, T1 showed higher pupation rate, while there was a significant variation among the treatments T3 and T2. Fecundity and egg recovery/kg cocoon were significantly higher in T1. In CSR4, the pupation rate was on par in all the treatments. Fecundity was found higher in T1. However, the same was not significantly varied among T2 and T3. Egg recovery was significantly varied among the treatments with higher in T1 followed by T2 and T3.
Source of Information :Annual Report :2005-06
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IV. Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry:
Project No. :SSTL60
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on the relationship between aestivation period and duration of the cold storage on hatchability.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Yadav PR, Manjula A,
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To evolve comprehensive package for the preservation of bivoltine eggs suitable mainly for tropical zones.
Results/Recommendations :
· Cold storage of eggs at 5ºC for a period of 90-100 days is essential for terminating diapause and to obtain good hatching.
· Short-term cold storage (60-80 days) and long term (>220 days) affected hatching. In the short-term, it was due to incomplete termination of diapause while in long-term, it was due to weakness of egg/embryo.
· The safe range of cold storage to achieve high hatching is 110-220 days and the total preservation period is 210-324 days.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL61
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Embryological studies during preservation of silkworm eggs.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Yadav PR, Manjula A,
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To introduce embryo isolation technique and specific embryonic stages suitable for effective handling of bivoltine silkworm eggs.
Results/Recommendations :The embryo of silkworm egg has got the tolerance limit for optimum cold storing temperature and effective cold storage period at each stage of embryonic development. Hence, the eggs are cold stored for certain period at specific stages of embryonic development to retain the vitality of the embryo as long as possible. The following stages have been identified during preservation.
Stage -5: commonly referred to as Dharuma stage.
Stage-8/9 : Diapause stage in three days aestivated eggs the embryo develops into early diapause stage (Stage-8) and in 10, 20, 40, 60 days aestivated eggs, it develops into stage-9. The embryo looks like a spoon with small cephalic lobe and caudal lobe yet to differentiate. The formation of mesoderm starts at the central portion of the embryo and extends to caudal and head regions. This stage is called diapause stage during which the eggs are preserved at 5ºC for termination.
Stage-10 : Similar in appearance to stage-9 and also called as hibernating stage. The embryo is in the process of activation.
Stage-11: (Diapause termination) observed in the diapause terminated eggs. The mesoderm shows regional differences in thickness giving an appearance like body segments.
Stage-12: Develops at 15ºC after release from cold storage (5/2.5ºC). The head and caudal lobes are larger than the earlier stage. Appearance of mesodermal segments is clear.
Stage-13: Observed in the eggs after two days of release to 15ºC. The embryo is longer the stage-12 and the depression in the centre of head lobe slightly appears.
Stage-14: Observed after 2.5 days of release at 15ºC. Embryo is longer and slender. 18 segments can be easily seen.
Stage-15: The embryo is in the longest stage, which occupies ¾ of the circumference of the egg. This stage is attained after 2.5 to 3 days of release at 15ºC and suitable for double refrigeration.
Stage-16: Is characterized by the appearance of neural groove and body segments. The eggs after attaining stage-16 is not ideal for re-refrigeration and hence the layings are to be released for incubation.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL62
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Biochemical parameters associated with diapause and subsequent development.
Personnel : Vemananda Reddy, Yadav PR, Manjula A
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To know the biochemical status (physiological development) of the artificial wintering diapausing eggs and to use it as a parameter to develop hibernation schedules.
Results/Recommendations :During aestivation at 25ºC, glycogen content of eggs decreases gradually to 20% of original values. The diapause was established by the conversion of glycogen into sorbitol and glycerol. At the time of release, the glycogen content is 60% of initial levels, the eggs develop and hatch partially but when glycogen level is 65-80%, more than 90% hatching on a single day is observed.
During long term cold storage, if glycogen level falls below 60% egg quality deteriorates as activated embryo utilizes glycogen for its survival leading to weight loss, 10-15% in the newly hatched larvae.
Five new hibernation schedules were developed and recommended. According to the new schedule, bivoltine eggs can be preserved for 110-324 days. These schedules with wide flexibility are well suitable for tropical sericulture to release layings throughout the year.
Remarks :The schedules were tested in large scale (6 lakh dfls) in Tumkur and Hassan grainages, DOS Karnataka
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL63
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the relation between cold storage temperatures (5, 7.5 and 10±0.5ºC duration of preservation, age of male and female pupae of different seasons on the moth emergence, fertility, fecundity and hatchability in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Hegde CR, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To find out suitable pupal age and low temperature for the preservation of seed cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :Seed cocoons of Pure Mysore can be preserved at 5 to 7.50C for three days and at 100C upto 5 days without affecting the egg recovery, fecundity, hatchability and cocoon yield. Seed cocoon of NB4D2 can be preserved at 5-100C upto 5 days without affecting the grainage parameters and cocoon yield.
The most interesting finding that the occurrence of unfertilized eggs in NB4D2 during winter was far lower than in PM.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL64
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of cold storage of fresh and mated moths in different seasons on the potency and fertility (fecundity and hatchability) in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Hegde CR, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To study the cold response in fresh and once mated male moths in regard to potency and fertility.
Results/Recommendations :Racial difference was exhibited clearly by the males in response to cold storage wherein in the recovery of layings percentage was decreased drastically in Pure Mysore when compared to NB4D2 moths.
Study revealed that cold storage of fresh or once mated male moths at 5ºC resulted in significant increase in the occurrence of unfertilized eggs and decreased fecundity.
Bivoltine males (NB4D2) can be preserved at 7.5-10ºC upto 10 days and multivoltines (PM) upto 5 days to produce quality seed.
From the results obtained it can be envisaged that the cold tolerance was low in PM males than bivoltine as the preservation temperature was lowered with a long period of exposure, affected the reproductive efficiency of moths in Pure Mysore.
Project out come :Bivoltine (NB4D2) males can be preserved at 7 to 10ºC for upto 10 days and multivoltines (PM) for upto 5 days without affecting seed production parameters. The cold storage of fresh or once mated male moths at 5ºC results in decreased fecundity and increased occurrence of unfertilized eggs.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL65
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Relation between cold storage temperatures, duration of preservation of female moths during different seasons on the fertility, fecundity and hatchability in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Hegde CR, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To study the possibility of preservation of female moths at low temperature in regard to quality seed production.
Results/Recommendations :
Pure Mysore:
· Preservation of female moths at 5ºC significantly reduces fecundity and increases unfertilized eggs.
· Females can be preserved at 7.5 and 10ºC for 3 days without affecting fertility, fecundity and hatchability.
· Females preserved at 5ºC during summer and winter seasons laid significantly higher number of unfertilized eggs.
NB4D2 :
· Seasonal impact on cold stored moths revealed significant changes in fecundity particularly during summer. Reduced fecundity in cold stored moths during summer was not mainly due to low temperature preservation.
· Females can be preserved at all the three temperatures of 5, 7.5 and 10ºC for 5 days during rainy and winter seasons.
· Preservation of moths at 5ºC increases unfertilized eggs significantly.
Project Outcome:
· Pure Mysore females can be preserved for 3 days at 7 to 100C without affecting fertility, fecundity and hatchability. Preservation of female moths at 50C significantly reduces fecundity and increases unfertilized eggs.
· NB4D2 females can be preserved at 5 to 100C for 5 days during rainy and winter seasons. During summer they can be preserved for 3 days.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL66
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Role/effect of temperature and humidity during cocoon preservation on the male efficiency (cold storage and mating).
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Hegde CR, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To evaluate the cold storage efficiency of male moths, emerged from the cocoons exposed to different climatic conditions.
Results/Recommendations :
Laying Recovery: Preservation of PM seed cocoons at constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30ºC resulted in improving the laying recovery over control (room temperature of 22-30ºC). Contrary to this, in NB4D2 the laying recovery was high in control batch, preserved at normal room temperature than in constant temperature preservation.
NB4D2 : There was no significant difference in laying recovery among the three cocoon preservation temperatures. The laying recovery was significantly higher in five days preserved moths compared to 10 days.
PM : Laying recovery showed non-significant changes in 5 days preserved moths, emerged at constant temperatures of 20, 25 and 30ºC. However, in 10 days preserved moths, significantly higher percentage of layings ere obtained in the batch emerged at 30ºC.
Unfertilized eggs :
· Occurrence of unfertilized eggs in PM was significantly higher in the moths emerged at 20ºC and preserved at 5ºC for 10 days compared to 25 and 30ºC. Cold hardiness or male potency was high in NB4D2 males than the males of PM as it has been observed that the males of NB4D2 were able to mate thrice properly and given less percentage of unfertilized eggs.
· Results revealed that the males of NB4D2 emerged at 25, 30 and room temperature (22-30ºC) could be preserved upto 10 days at 5, 7.5 and 10ºC without affecting fecundity, fertility and hatchability. In case of PM, males emerged at 25 and 30ºC temperatures can be preserved for 5 days at 7.5 and emerged at 25 and 30ºC temperatures can be preserved for 5 days at 7.5 and 10ºC.
· From the study it became clear that the bivoltine males (NB4D2) can be preserved upto 10 days and PM males upto 5 days at 7.5 and 10ºC to produce quality seed.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL67
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of low temperature preservation technology for seed cocoons and moths of silkworm, Bombyx mori L-Bioassay studies of the silkworm eggs.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Hegde CR, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives : To conduct bio-assay studies for the larvae from the eggs produced from cocoons, subjected to different preservation treatments on hatchability and chawki loss.
Results/Recommendations:Results of the experiment revealed significant differences in hatchability between preservation temperatures, durations and their interaction effects.
Pure Mysore:
Summer season: Hatchability declined significantly as the preservation duration increased from 3 to 7 days. Chawki loss did not reveal significant variation.
Rainy season: Cocoon preservation at 10ºC did not affect hatchability, irrespective of preservation duration when compared to 5 and 7.5ºC.
Winter season : Preservation duration (5 and 7 days) significantly affected hatchability irrespective of temperature. However, 3 days preservation did not show significant effect between temperatures.
NB4D2:
Summer season :Cocoon preservation for 7 days significantly affected the hatchability when compared to 3 and 5 days. However, the chawki loss decreased with the increase in preservation duration, which may be due to high deposition of protein and glycogen in eggs.
Rainy season :Hatchability was recorded significantly low in 7 days preserved batches. However, chawki loss was not affected significantly.
Winter season : Though the hatchability was affected significantly when cocoons were preserved for 7 days at 5, 7.5 and 10ºC, the chawki loss did not reveal significant variation.
Project Outcome: Seed cocoons/moths from healthy batches are only recommended for preservation by following the above technology. Preservation has to be restricted to any one of the stages in the life cycle of silkworm to avoid loss.
Stage of silkworm
Preservation
Temperature(ºC)
Period (Days)
PM
NB4D2
Cocoon
5
3
5
7.5
3
5
10
3
5
Female moth
5
Not advocated
5
7.5
3
5
10
3
5
Male moth
5
5
10
7.5
5
10
10
5
10
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL68
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of low temperature preservation technology for seed cocoons and moths of silkworm, Bombyx mori L-Bio-chemical studies associated with the quality of silkworm seed.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy, Hegde CR, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives : To estimate Protein and glycogen contents in the eggs produced from preserved cocoons to substantiate the earlier experimental results.
Results/Recommendations :
Protein content: The protein content of PM eggs increased significantly in cocoons preserved for 7 days when compared to 3-5 days and in NB4D2 5-7 days preservation increased the protein content.
Glycogen content: In PM the glycogen content of eggs did not reveal significant variation among different treatments. However, the glycogen content was higher than the non treated batch. In NB4D2 preservation temperature and duration significantly affected the glycogen content in eggs. In cocoons preserved for 7 days the glycogen content increased significantly.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL69
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Impact of temperature and humidity during spinning on cocooning, pupation, fecundity, fertility and hatchability in silkworms.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy G, Venkatachalapathy M, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To improve the quality of seed cocoons by providing suitable spinning environment.
Results/Recommendations :
· High temperature during spinning (more than 30ºC) significantly affects cocooning, pupation and increase dauer/semi-pupal formation both in PM and NB4D2.
· The most important economic parameter, pupation is affected more than the cocooning and cocoon characters.
· Temperature during spinning from 20-30ºC is exhibiting almost similar effects on most of the seed cocoons characters.
· However, humidity plays an important role during spinning on the fertility and fecundity on the silkworms. Humidity less than 60% (30-50%) affects significantly the fertility and fecundity in both PM and NB4D2.
· The occurrence of unfertilized eggs increase 2 to 3 fold in PM and 2 fold in NB4D2 due to low humidity condition (30-50%) during spinning.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL70
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on temperature induced sterility in male and female silkworms of Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy G, Venkatachalapathy M, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To know the sterility levels induced by temperature in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :In the present investigation sterility was expressed in terms of percentage of unfertilized eggs in the eggs produced.
Interracial difference was observed in the sterility induction. In PM sterility was induced earlier at higher temperature (30-35ºC) compared to NB4D2. This indicates that the tolerance of topical race to the temperature is less than the temperature originated bivoltine.
To find out the sterility in males, fresh females were mated with treated male and vice versa to know the females sterility. Sterility occurs not only in males but also in females. However, it is 4-6% less in females.
In PM total sterility was induced by 33ºC after 120 hr, while in 35ºC it occurs by 72 hr itself. Induced male sterility was due to abnormal meiotic division of the spermatocytes which ultimately transformed to apyrene (anucleated) spermatozoa and resulting in the male sterility.
Sperm studies revealed that 20-25% of immotile sperms were noticed in Bursa- copulatrix.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL71
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Impact of larval density during spinning in different seasons on cocooning, pupation, cocoon quality and egg production.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy G, Venkatachalapathy M, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To determine the optimum number of larvae per unit area for spinning in different seasons to produce quality seed cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :Though the effect of larval density was not observed markedly on cocoon characters, its effect was expressed mainly in seed production as there was significant decrease in laying recovery at high density (>100 in PM and >90 in NB4D2).
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL72
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on seasonal quantification of cocoon melting in seed crops by using different mountages.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy G, Venkatachalapathy M, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To find out the seasonal influence on cocoon melting.
Results/Recommendations :Type of mountage has got no effect on the grainage parameters especially laying recovery.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL73
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Impact of spinning environment on the larval development in the subsequent generation.
Personnel :Vemananda Reddy G, Venkatachalapathy M, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To find out the effect of spinning environment on rearing parameters in the subsequent generation.
Results/Recommendations :Bioassay studies were conducted for the eggs, which were, produced from the batches subjected to different temperature treatments during spinning. It was observed that exposure of spinning larvae to 33 and 35ºC for 6 and 24 h did not affect rearing in the subsequent generation of NB4D2 and CB. However, there was a decrease of 3-5 kg of cocoon yield per 100 dfls in PM.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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V. Developmental Biology:
Project No. :SSTL74
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the embryogenesis of silkworm Bombyx mori-Embryonic development processes of different breeds under optimum incubation conditions.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Sudha Devi AR, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To study different embryonic stages of Indian breeds incubated under optimum conditions.
Results/Recommendations :Results reveled that till blastokinesis stage the development rate was same in both multivoltine and bivoltine at 25ºC and 75% RH. After blastokinesis multivoltines developed faster and hatched on 9th day. Bivoltine and multivoltine development was similar.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL75
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the embryogenesis of silkworm Bombyx mori-Morphological and histological studies of embryo of different breeds under varied climatic conditions.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Sudha Devi AR, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To study the effect of different incubation temperatures coupled with low/high humidity on embryonic growth, daily weight loss and rearing performance.
Results/Recommendations :Morphological and histological changes have been identified and described at different time intervals starting from 20hrs. to 134hrs. Weight loss was more in all breeds when eggs were incubated at low humidity in all temperatures. Embryonic breeds development was slow at low humidity (35% RH) compared to 75% RH. Weight of newly hatched 100 larvae, early stage larval loss, hatching % were significantly affected when layings were incubated either at 25ºC or 30ºC with low humidity of 35±5% RH.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL76
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the embryogenesis of silkworm Bombyx mori-Screening of embryonic stages sensitive to varied climatic conditions.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Sudha Devi AR, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :To understand the effect of high temperature coupled with low/high humidity on silkworm embryo during transportation.
Results/Recommendations :Results indicated that hatching as well as rearing parameters were not affected significantly by exposure to 35ºC with low/optimum humidity for 24 hrs duration, during any day of development, except on 8th day and 9th day where in this condition, led to increased missing larvae percentage low ERR and low yield.
Existing practice of embryo isolation by KOH method replaced by hot water treatment method. Embryo isolation technology standardized for the first time at SSTL. Advantage of this technology is that from early embryonic stages it is possible to isolate the embryo without damaging. It helps in exactly identifying the correct embryonic stage for various activities of egg handling for e.g. if there is any irregular hatching by isolating and studying the age of embryo we will be in a position to identify reason for irregular hatching.
Embryonic charts for easy identification of stages.
During incubation optimum humidity of 75% and 25ºC temperature maintenance is a must to get healthy larvae.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL77
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Development of embryonic growth chart for the new breeds under optimum and varied conditions.
Personnel :Hegde CR, Santha PC, Bhargava SK, Vemananda Reddy G, Manjula A
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :To study the embryonic growth and development of new breeds so as to efficiently handle the eggs to obtain good hatching (>90%).
Results/Recommendations :The embryonic development of these races followed similar pattern as that of NB4D2 race except during pin head and blue egg stages. The pin head stage reached on the 8th days of incubation, similar to that of NB4D2 race. However, in Gen 2 and Gen 3 breeds the pin head and blue egg stages were of 1½ days duration each when compared to 1 day in NB4D2. As a result, black boxing duration extended to 3 days in comparison to 2 days (NB4D2) resulting in hatching on 11th day of incubation.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL78
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on evaluation of chilling schedules for new breeds through embryonic studies.
Personnel :Santha PC, Bhargava SK, Vemananda Reddy G, Manjula A
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :To study the embryonic growth and development of new breeds during chilling of eggs and to improve the hatchability.
Results/Recommendations :The hatching performance was significantly affected in the layings preserved at 24h of embryonic stage when compared to that of other embryonic stages such as 36h, 48h and 60h. In all these races and all the chilling durations, the average hatching percentage of the layings preserved at 24h of embryonic stage was below 85% (ranged from 35.1 to 84.5%).
The preservation of layings at 36h, 48h and 60h of embryonic stages resulted in more than 95% hatching (ranged from 95:1 to 98.4%). So under chilling schedule, the layings can be safely preserved at 36-60h of embryonic stages for 30-120 days.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL79
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of incubation temperature, photoperiod, humidity on voltinism in popular multivoltine breeds in India.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Anuradha JH, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To identify the factors responsible for inducing diapause in PM eggs during incubation.
Results/Recommendations :Incubation of PM eggs at 20ºC resulted in only 8.56% diapausing layings in the subsequent generation where as 30ºC resulted in maximum diapause laying. Photoperiod during incubation did not have effect on diapausing eggs.
Incubation of Pure Mysore eggs at 20ºC followed by recommended rearing conditions in later ages did not induced diapause.
Incubation of eggs at 25ºC or 30ºC followed by temperature prevalence of 20ºC during 5th age spinning and pupation induces diapause.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL80
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of temperature and photoperiod during rearing on the occurrence of non-diapause eggs in new bivoltine breeds.
Personnel :Jagadeesh N, Bhargava SK, Angadi BS, Magadum SB
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :To study the key environmental factors responsible for occurrence of non-diapause eggs during rearing in new bivoltine breeds.
Results/Recommendations :
· Incubation of layings 25±1ºC temperature, 80±5% RH and photoperiod of 18L:6D followed by rearing as per standard rearing techniques reduces occurrence of non-diapause eggs.
· Incubation of layings at lower temperature (20±1ºC) only during black boxing stage minimizes occurrence of non-diapause eggs.
· Silkworm rearing during I age to IV age as per standard rearing techniques followed by late age rearing at 24±1ºC temperature, 70±5% RH and photoperiod of 12L:12D reduces occurrence of non-diapause eggs.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL81
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of incubation temperatures, humidity and photoperiod on occurrence of non-diapause eggs in new bivoltine breeds.
Personnel :Jagadeesh N, Bhargava SK, Angadi BS, Magadum SB
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :To study the key environmental factors responsible for occurrence of non-diapause eggs during incubation in new bivoltine breeds.
Results/Recommendations :The results indicated that occurrence of non-diapause eggs was 4.30% with the treatment 20±1ºC incubation, 2.84% with the treatment 20±1ºC incubation, 0.33% with the treatment 25±1ºC and 0.98% with the treatment 25±1ºC incubation in CSR2 x CSR4 when compared to control. However in case of CSR4 x CSR2, occurrence of non-diapause eggs was 10.52% with the treatment 20±1ºC, 7.67% with the treatment 20±1ºC, 0.67% with the treatment 25±1ºC and 1.95% with the treatment 28±1ºC were recorded when compared to control.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL82
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of environmental factors during rearing, spinning, pupation on voltinism.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Anuradha JH, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To identify the factors during rearing, spinning and pupation stages responsible for inducing diapause nature in eggs of PM breed.
Results/Recommendations :The photoperiod regime of either 20L:04D or 04L:20D during chawki rearing did not have impact on production of diapause layings. The worms which were rearing at 24L:0D during late age laid 50% diapausing eggs. Worm reared at 12L:12D photoperiod during late age rearing produced non-diapause eggs.
Chawki rearing temperature of 15ºC and 25ºC also did not affect voltinism of eggs. But the temperature of 20ºC starting from 5th age till pupation resulted in maximum diapause i.e., 45.61%.
Temperature prevalence during 5th age at 20ºC and thereafter 25ºC till pupation resulted in minimum diapause i.e.13.51%, BL-23 and BL-24 exhibited maximum diapausing layings (85.51 and 26.11%) respectively) when larvae were reared at 20ºC from 5th age to pupation. Temperature of 20ºC prevailing only during spinning to pupation resulted comparatively lesser diapause layings.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL83
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Preservation of seed of multivoltine breeds for different durations.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Anuradha JH, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To evolve long term cold storage for multivoltine eggs.
Results/Recommendations :When MH1, Nistari, Chalsa Nistari layings were preserved at 5ºC upto 27 days the hatching percentage and ERR was not affected. BL-23 recorded 90% hatching when preserved at 5ºC for 26 days when PM eggs were preserved for more than 20 days, hatching and ERR were affected.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL84
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on methods for breaking diapause in multivoltine silkworms.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Anuradha JH, Manjula A, Samson MV
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :To develop methods to break diapause in PM eggs.
Results/Recommendations : Prospective diapause eggs, when treated with HCl for 4-5 minutes, resulted in successfully preventing the diapause induction but non-diapause eggs present in same sheet, hatching percentage has reduced. Though hatching percentage was above 85% in both 4 months and 6 months schedule, chawki loss was very high in both schedules. The weight of newly hatched larvae significantly decreased in eggs preserved under 6 months schedule. The glycogen content of both diapausing and non-diapausing eggs was measured. Glycogen content in diapausing type was more (24.0mg/g) compared to non-diapause eggs (18.30). Among the seasons, during winter seasons diapausing eggs recorded maximum glycogen content during rainy season. During incubation the glycogen content decreased as the embryonic development progressed.
The diapause induced in Pure Mysore is not comparable to that of bivoltine as it is of varying intensity.
To avoid diapause induction, the temperature during 5th age and spinning should be maintained at 25-30ºC.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL86
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Growth rate of different races in different environmental conditions during chawki rearing.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Chandrashekar R Hegde, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To study the effect of environmental conditions on larval weight, feeding duration, moulting period and its effect on egg production.
Results/Recommendations : Rearing and grainage performance is not affected in NB4D2 and PM chawki reared at constant temperatures of 30 and 25ºC respectively when compared to control (26-28ºC).
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL87
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Nutritional studies during young age rearing at different environmental conditions in selected races of Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Chandrashekar R Hegde, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :
· To specify the nutritional requirements for different voltine groups (breeds).
· To study the effect of nutrition during young age rearing on reproductive efficiency.
Results/Recommendations :
· Feed frequency i.e. once, twice or four times a day does not affect the growth ratio and the chawki loss provided the leaf quantum is not altered.
· Leaf moisture content of 72% and above should be ensured for normal growth and development in both PM and NB4D2 during young age rearing.
· Rearing and grainage performance is not affected in NB4D2 and PM chawki reared at constant temperatures of 30 and 25ºC respectively when compared to control (26-28ºC). However, for CSR2 and CSR4 recommended temperature performed better than constant temperature.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL88
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title : Studies on the impact of mounting time on pupation rate and egg recovery.
Personnel :Jagadeesh N, Bhargava SK, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :To identify the relation between mounting time on pupation rate and egg recovery.
Results/Recommendations :Few seed crop rearing technologies standardized towards improvement of pupation rate in parent silkworm races NB4D2 and Pure Mysore.
NB4D2 :Adopt feeding of medium leaf for one day while resuming to 4th and 5th instars during winter and rainy seasons, and with tender leaf feeding for one day during summer season.
During optimum growth period of 5th instar, provide larval spacing of 65 larvae/sq.ft. during rainy and winter seasons, and 50 larva/sq.ft. during summer season.
The entire batch of worms can be mounted for spinning after 25% of larvae attain spinning stage.
Avoid delay in mounting of ripe worms beyond 15 min when once collected in containers.
Pure Mysore :Adopt feeding of tender leaf during resumption to 4th and 5th instar for one day irrespective of seasons.
During optimum growth period at 5th instar, provide larval spacing of 125 larvae/sq.ft. The entire batch of worms can be mounted for spinning after 50% of larvae attain spinning stage.
Avoid delay in mounting of ripe worms beyond 15 mins when once collected in containers.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL89
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of eco-friendly integrated technology package on seed cocoon production.
Personnel : Philomena KL, Jayappa T, Pratheesh Kumar PM, Kamble CK
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :To evaluate the rearing performance of seed cocoon through eco-friendly technology package.
Results/Recommendations :In CSR2, the mature larval weight significantly varied among the treatments recorded higher in T3 compared to T1 and T2. Though ERR (No.) has not varied among the treatments, ERR (wt.) was found significantly higher in T3, however, there was no significant variation between T1 and T3. Similarly single cocoon weight and single shell weight varied among treatments with significantly higher in T3 followed by T1. However, SR% was not significantly varied among treatments.
In case of CSR4, the mature larval weight was significantly higher in T3 followed by T1 and T2. Though ERR (No.) has not significantly varied among the treatments. ERR (wt.) and single cocoon weight were found on par with T1 and T3 and were significantly higher than T2. However, single shell weight was significantly higher in T1 and T2.
Source of Information :Annual Report :2005-06
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VI. Extension
Project No. :SSTL90
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Economics of seed cocoon production in multivoltine (Kunigal seed area) and Bivoltine seed area (K.R. Pet seed area) of Karnataka
Personnel : Raghupathi M, Bhargava SK, Guru Rao S
Project Period : 2000-2003
Objectives :
· To work out the economics of seed cocoon production for different categories of sericulture farm holdings in multivoltine seed area.
· To examine the existing system of labour utilization and employment generation with respect to different sericulture land holding.
· To study the variable cost factors affecting the economics of sericulture in bivoltines seed area.
· To determine the base price for multivoltine seed cocoons.
· To work out the economics of seed cocoon production for different categories of sericulture farm holding in bivoltine seed area.
· To examine the existing system of labour utilization and employment generation with respect to different sericulture land holding.
· To study the variable cost factors affecting the economics of sericulture in bivoltine seed area.
· To determine the base price for bivoltine seed cocoons.
Results/Recommendations
· The cost of mulberry garden establishment does not vary much with the variety planted and conditions.
· Mulberry garden maintenance cost is more in irrigated conditions owing to more number of harvests. Likewise, cost of silkworm rearing also is high in irrigated conditions due to high input and labour costs involved compared to semi-irrigated conditions.
· Most of the bivoltine seed rearers who have separate rearing houses are using sophisticated equipments unlike multivoltine seed rearers who conduct rearings in their dwelling houses using traditional equipments and accordingly, the rearing expenditure increases in case of bivoltine seed farmers.
· Among the factors affecting the cost of production of seed cocoons, labour cost occupies first place followed by investment on rearing building, cost of materials etc.
· For an average brushing of 1101 and 617 bivoltine disease free layings/acre/year, 513.6 kg and 220.6 kg of bivoltine seed cocoons were generated resulting in an average yield of 46.6 kg and 35.8 kg per 100 dfls for irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions respectively.
· In case of multivoltine, the average quantity of dfls brushed per acre per year was 1342 and 794 against which seed cocoon yields of 474.6 kg and 269.6 kg were obtained resulting in an average yield of 35.4 kg and 34.0 kg per 100 dfls respectively from irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions.
· The average returns of Rs.1,22,582 and Rs.45,066 per acre per year in bivoltine irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions resulted in the net profit of Rs.57,436/- and RS.7,279/- respectively. While in case of multivoltine irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions, the average returns amounted to Rs.74,078/- and Rs.40,325/- resulting in the net profit of Rs.21,579/- and Rs.10,030/- respectively.
· The cost of production of one kg bivoltine seed cocoons was Rs.127/- and Rs.171/- for irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions respectively. Similarly the cost of production of one kg of multivoltine seed cocoons amounted to Rs.11/- and Rs.112/- respectively for irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions.
· It is a fact that fixation of base price for seed cocoons has to be decided based on how much profit a seed farmer has to get and the prevailing market conditions. In any case, it should be based on production cost of cocoons and premium a farmer should be based on production cost of cocoons and premium a farmer should get over it.
· It is derived from the data that raising bivoltine seed cocoons under semi-irrigated conditions is not remunerative due to high cost of production and low yields. The reasons for few farmers still practicing it may be due to the fact it generates better employment and gives continuous returns compared to other crops cultivated under the same conditions.
· The cost: benefit ratio found to be 1:1.88 and 1:1.19 in case of bivoltine seed cocoon generation in irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions respectively. Also cost: benefit ratio in case of multivoltine seed cocoon generation is 1:1.41 and 1:1.33 in irrigated and semi-irrigated conditions respectively.
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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(Incomplete Information)
Project No. :SSTL
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Survey of seed farmers of seed areas of Karnataka for evaluating the yield potential and economics.
Personnel :Philomena KL, Kamble CK, Jayappa T, Pratheesh Kumar PM
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :To conduct survey of 100 (50 each from BV and MV) seed farmers to record bench mark yield to select (5 each) seed farmers for demonstration of integrated technology packages and to evaluate economics and yield gap at farmers field.
Results/Recommendations :Not available
Source of Information :Annual Report :2005-06
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Project No. :SSTL
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on sampling module for sex separation at cocoon stage.
Personnel :Biram Saheb NM, Latha Janardhan, Puttaswamy Gowda, Gaur JP, Samson MV
Project Period :1992-1996
Objectives :
Results/Recommendations :Irrelevant
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Project No. :SSTL
Organization :Silkworm Seed Technology Laboratory, Kodathi, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on effect of temperature and humidity during young age rearing on egg production.
Personnel :Vijayalakshmi Rao, Chandrashekar R. Hegde, Manjula A, Veeraiah TM
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :
· To specify the chawki rearing environmental conditions for different voltine groups.
· To study the effect of chawki rearing environment on egg production.
Results/Recommendations : Not available
Source of Information :SSTL, Research Compendium:1992-2003
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Mulberry Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Evaluation of certain mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars under Sodium chloride salinity for their salt tolerance.
Personnel : Lakshmi A, Chinta Sudhakar
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :
· To screen and evaluate certain local cultivars of mulberry for their salt tolerance based on morphological parameters.
· To study certain selected physiological and biochemical parameters in two cultivars of mulberry with different sensitivity to salt stress.
· To advocate salt tolerant varieties for cultivation in local area.
Results/Recommendations :Total chlorophyll were decreased, reduction in stomatal conductance in both cultivars selected with the increased salt content. The rate of transpiration significantly decreased, the reducing and non-reducing sugars increased and starch content increased under salt stress in both the cultivars S1 and ATP. A significant elevation of antioxidative enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase , catalase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase during stress conditions was observed in both mulberry cultivars and it is concluded the involvement of various physiological and biochemical parameters that contribute for salt tolerant nature of the S1 variety. Relatively higher growth rate and maintenance of better dry mass accumulation, higher rates of photosynthesis coupled with better water use efficiency, high degree of accumulation of simple sugars and better antioxidative capacity support the tolerant nature of S1.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis 1997
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Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Studies on morphological and physiological marker traits in two high yielding cultivars (Anantha and M5) of mulberry (Morus alba) under water stress.
Personnel :Thimma Naik S, Chinta Sudhakar
Project Period :1999-2002
Objectives :
· To screen certain local cultivars of mulberry for their drought tolerance based on morphological parameters.
· To correlate the physiological responses which confer drought tolerance in contrasting cultivars of mulberry to water stress.
· To study certain stress tolerance indices.
Results/Recommendations :Based on propagation parameters such as sprouting and rooting abilities and morphological data, drought tolerance of six cultivars were in the order: Anantha > RFS175 > RFS135 > S34 > S30 > M5. Further the two cultivars with different drought tolerance were chosen to study physiological and biochemical parameters in order to assess the tolerance of these cultivars.
The present study emphasized the involvement of various physiological and biochemical parameters that contributed for the differential tolerance of these two cultivars (Anantha and M5) of mulberry. Relatively, high degree of accumulation of soluble sugars, amino acids, including proline, lesser rates of decrease in net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency indicated the tolerant potential of Anantha cultivar. Besides a better antioxidant efficiency and maintenance of relatively better membrane stability and chlorophyll stability support the tolerant nature of cultivar Anantha over M5.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis 2002
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Mulberry Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Changes in nitrogen metabolism during water stress in mulberry(Morus alba L.)
Personnel : Ranjita Kumari BD, Veeranjaneyulu Konku
Project Period :1989-1991
Objectives : To study the nitrogen metabolism of mulberry at different regimes of water stress.
Results/Recommendations :The root alanine aminotransferase activity was significantly inhibited by all stress treatments except in very severe stress treatments. Organic acids increased, the DNA and RNA content decreased in stress induced treatments compared to control.
The RNase activity increased in all stressed roots and leaves. The decreased RNA leaves, during water stress in the present study may be due to higher activity of RNase. From the study it may be concluded that mild stress has little effect, while moderate stress at prolonged treatments, severe and very severe stress treatments from initial stages have significant effects in modulating the physiological process of the plant.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis, 1991
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Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Physiological responses of certain mulberry (Morus alba L) varieties under NaCl salinity.
Personnel : Ramanjulu S, Chintamani C
Project Period :1991-1992
Objectives :To understand the physiological responses of certain mulberry varieties under NaCl salinity.
Results/Recommendations :It may be concluded that the variety S30 has showed a better adaptive potential to NaCl salinity among the four varieties studied. The relative tolerance of four varieties fall in the order S30>S41>S54>K2.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis, 1992
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Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Evaluation and utilization of some elite mulberry genotypes (Morus spp.) through chemo and bioassay studies with silkworm Bombyx mori under semi arid conditions.
Personnel :Sujay Kumar P, Sankar Naik S
Project Period :1999-2002
Objectives :
· To bring out the suitable mulberry variety for the semi-arid zones based on the overall performance in the above mentioned parameters.
· To establish a superior varieties for irrigated mulberry gardens suitable for both cross breed and bivoltine silkworm races.
Results/Recommendations :Anantha recorded the highest values for the longest shoot length, leaf area, leaf area index, leaf weight, leaf yield, shoot yield, biological yield. All the varieties showed higher values over the control variety K2, except in the harvest index. The simple correlation of the growth and yield parameters revealed significant positive correlation between the longest shoot length, leaf area, leaf weight, leaf yield, shoot yield, biological yield, leaf area index and the number of leaves/meter. However, the correlation was non-significant with harvest index to all the other parameters. The sensitivity analysis for selection index values with MST software revealed Anantha variety with low index value with the first rank, followed by V1, S13, S36 and MR2.
The final evaluation of the different parameters of the study indicates the V1 variety excelled all, followed by S13 and S36 varieties. Thus it may be recommended for cultivation under irrigated conditions of semi arid zones.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis 2002
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Mulberry Pathology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Studies on distribution and interaction of VAM fungi with some varieties of Morus alba L.
Personnel :Hemantha Gowda, Prakash Rao CG
Project Period :1990-1992
Objectives :
· Determining the distribution and abundance of mycorrhizal population in mulberry fields from Ananthapur and Madakasira.
· Characterization of commonly occurring VAM fungi isolates in mulberry fields and raising the predominant VAM fungi to monosporal cultures.
· Determining the colonization pattern effect of VAM fungi on biomass production on locally grown mulberry.
· Identification of rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere fungi both in mycorrhizal inoculated and uninoculated plants in amended and unamended soil at different age intervals.
Results/Recommendations :The qualitative analysis showed 11 species of Acaulospora 4 species of Gigaspora, 13 species of Glomus and 1 species of Sclerocystis. The qualitative estimation showed lot of variations Madakasira soils shows highest and Ananthapura soils shows less spores. The inoculated (potted plants) shows increased yield improvement in the biomass production many fungi found common between the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soils. However, some fungi were restricted to the monorhizosphere soils only.
The rhizosphere of mulberry showed the higher fungal population than the non-rhizosphere soil. A total number of 39 and 36 species were present in the rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere of variety Kanva-2 and Mysore local respectively.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis, 1992
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of Nuvon (Dichlorvos) an organophosphate insecticide on the larvae of silkworm Bombyx mori (L) at different ambient temperatures.
Personnel :Mohammed Ameen G, Md.Basha Mohideen
Project Period :1993-1997
Objectives :To study the influence of both lethal and sub-lethal doses of an organophosphate Nuvon physiological and biochemical responses in the form of oxygen consumption, the rate of heart beat, carbohydrate metabolism, protein metabolism, growth, food budgets and quality of cocoons at different ambient temperatures.
Results/Recommendations :The lethal dose of Dichlorvos is acting as repellent and inhibitor whereas the sub-lethal dose of Dichlorvos is acting as attractant and activator in both the 4th and 5th instars of silkworm. Further the toxicity of Dichlorvos is found to be temperature dependent and at higher temperature, Dichlorvos is found to be more potent and toxic when compared at lower temperature.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, 1997
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of dichlorvos an organophosphate insecticide on physiology of 4th instar silkworm Bombyx mori L. at different ambient temperature.
Personnel :Ramesh Babu M, Md.Basha Mohideen
Project Period :1998-2001
Objectives :To study the effect of dichlorvos, an organophosphate insecticide on the various cocoon characters like cocoon weight, shell weight and shell ratio etc.
Results/Recommendations :The lethal dose of dichlorvos is acting as repellent and inhibitor whereas the sub-lethal dose of dichlorvos is acting as attractant and activator in both the 4th instar of silkworm. Further the toxicity of dichlorvos is found to be temperature dependent and at higher temperature, dichlorvos is found to be more potent and toxic when compared at lower temperature.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis, 2001
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Implication of high temperature and low humidity on silkworm physiology and its economics of rearing.
Personnel :Lakshmi Narayana Reddy P, Sankar Naik S
Funding Source :UGC, New Delhi
Project Period :1998-2001
Objectives :To identify thermo tolerant races which were suitable to Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh.
Results/Recommendations :The hybrid PM x NB4D2 can be reared under temperature of upto 30°C and bivoltine should be reared only at 25°C for profitability in silkworm rearing. Humidity has greater effects on the bivoltine silkworm rather than multivoltine breeds or MV x BV hybrid (CB). Therefore bivoltine rearing in Andhra Pradesh area in general and Anantpur area in particular should be restricted for good seasons (Sep-Jan) only.
The clear-cut trend in cocoon weight was observed between the breed/hybrids studied. PM being the multivoltine breed gave cocoons of lower weight. The cocoons of the hybrid PM x NB4D2 were intermediate in weight. When the temperature was taken into consideration, all the breeds/hybrids resulted in greater cocoon weight at 25°C. The cocoon weight decreased according to increase in temperature, thus expressing an inverse relationship. The response of humidity was not clear as for as the cocoon weight is concerned. It was generally observed that higher humidity resulted in higher cocoons weights. The trend followed in response to pupal weight was that of the cocoon. Thus pupal weight is more in NB4D2, less in PM and intermediate in PM x NB4D2.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis 2001
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of Nuvon (Dichlorvos) an organophosphate pesticide on the larva of silkworm Bombyx mori (L) in relation to environmental temperatures.
Personnel :Yugandhar Reddy P, Md. Basha Mohideen
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :To investigate the effect of lethal and sub-lethal toxicity of organophosphate pesticide Dichlorvos on the physiology of 5th instar larva of silkworm Bombyx mori race of PM x NB4D2 at different environmental temperatures.
Results/Recommendations :Findings of this investigation reveal that the lethal dose of Dichlorvos is acting as repellent and inhibitor, whereas the sub-lethal dose of Dichlorvos is acting as an attractant and activator in the 5th instar of Bombyx mori.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis 2000
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Comparative effect of Dichlorvos and Azadirachtin on the physiology and biochemistry of the larvae of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori (L).
Personnel :Ramesh Babu M, Md. Basha Mohideen
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :
· To study the effect of lethal and sub-lethal doses of Dichlorvos and Azadirachtin (Neem oil) separately on selected biological aspects of the silkworm Bombyx mori L at various ambient temperature.
· To determine the lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of Dichlorvos and Azadirachtin separately to 4th and 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations :From the overall study, comparatively Dichlorvos and Azadirachtin at the tested doses and at selected ambient temperature equally appear to alter drastically the physiological and biochemical parameters of both the 4th and 5th instar Bombyx mori larvae and these events in turn might be responsible for the decreased cocoon commercial parameters and for the reason, the author reports that use of the two pesticides tested in the current study, in sericulture practices is not advisable.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis 2003
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Protein metabolism in silkworm Bombyx mori (Linnaeus) when fed with tukra affected chawki leaves.
Personnel :Jagadish Naik Mude, Indira P
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :To determine the suitability of tukra mulberry leaves as food to silkworm Bombyx mori and its biochemical, physiological constituents compare to healthy leaves.
Results/Recommendations :The study suggested decreased synthesis of haemocytes and gradual utilization of haemolymph proteins and amino acids were observed in silk gland and haemolymph in silkworm Bombyx mori in hybrid PM x NB4D2.
The study indicated the deamination of protein synthesis over break down during initial stage of pest infections, which is helpful to the animal for developing resistance. This synthetic ability, however, appeared greater in PM x NB4D2 hybrid which reflected greater efficiency of the former type in resisting the pest than the later from day 4 to day 6 from 75% and 100% tukra affected leaves fed to silkworm. The total proteins gradually decreased in both the tissues.
Instead of discarding the tukra affected leaves the farmers can make use of 25% and 50% affected leaves and can discard leaves which are affected at the level of 75% and 100% as they found to be somewhat pathological to the PM x NB4D2 hybrid silkworm.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis, 2003
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of fenvalerate contaminated feed on the larvae of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L at different ambient temperatures.
Personnel :Ramamohan Reddy B, Md. Basha Mohideen
Project Period :1996-1999
Objectives :To study the effect of a synthetic pyrethroid, fenvalerate on various aspects of important physical, physiological land biochemical parameters such as growth, oxygen consumption, rate of heartbeat, food budget, some aspects of metabolism of protein, enzymatic studies, carbohydrates, lipids and cocoon characters at different ambient temperatures.
Results/Recommendations :From the LD50 values of fenvalerate was taken as sub-lethal concentration. From the LD50 values of fenvalerate, one fifth of their values were chosen as the sub-lethal dose of the pesticide fenvalerate and they were found to be 0.0005, 0.0008 and 0.0012 ppm during for 4th instar and 0.0006, 0.0009 and 0.0012 ppm during lower, optimum and higher for 5th instar respectively at the lower, optimum and higher ambient temperature respectively. The rate of oxygen consumption of these silkworm larvae is found to be suppressed significantly. The rate of heart beat significantly inhibited by the lethal dose and slightly increased by sub-lethal dose behave like an inhibitor and an activator respectively. Carbohydrate level in haemolymph proteins decreases, lipids increases growth decreases.
The overall food utilization increases in 5th instar than 4th instar. The sub-lethal dose increased the food intake, the food intake whereas the lethal dose significantly suppress the food budget. The cocoon characters decreased in lethal as well as sub-lethal doses of fenvalerate. Further, the results of this project is expected to understand indirectly the economic values for the maintenance of mulberry as well as cocoon production under normal and pesticide contaminated conditions.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, 1999
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Non-Mulberry (Tasar Culture)
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :In vitro morphogenetic studies of Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia pallida Braudis and Samanea Saman (JACQ) MERR.
Personnel :Vinolya Kumari R, Pullaiah T
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :
· To study the effect of different hormones on in vitro germination.
· Explant evaluation on different media.
· To study the hormonal effect on different explants.
· To study multiple shoot induction on different media.
· To study the influence of explant source of different hormones on callus culture.
· To study organogenesis from different explants.
· To study the rhizogenesis.
· To study the establishment, multiplication and rhizogenesis of mature tree explants.
Results/Recommendations :In conclusion, the present work describes for the first time a method for successful regeneration and multiplication for Terminalia pallida, Terminalia chebula and Samanea saman through axillary bud cultures and callus cultures. The protocol reported here could be used for the conservation and large scale propagation of these important trees.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis 2000
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Extension
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Socio-economic conditions and their impact on knowledge and adoption of sericulture technologies in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.
Personnel :Sujatha B, Sujathamma P
Project Period :2002-2005
Objectives :
· To study the knowledge level of sericulturists on the recommended sericultural practices.
· To find out the relationship between the selected personal and socio-economic characteristic of sericulturists and their level of knowledge adoption of recommended practices of sericulture.
· To find out the extent of adoption of recommended sericultural practices by sericulturists.
· To study various factor influencing socio-economic status of sericulturists and their adoption of recommended sericulture practices.
Results/Recommendations :The present study has been proved that sericulture was more profitable than other crop and which also can create a unique whole family job opportunity. It also reveals that farmers can achieve higher rate of cocoon production with scrupulous adoption of advanced technologies. Farmers should be provided more practical training programmes, apart from the educating them on the need of their dedicated practice of advanced farming technologies. State govt. should ensure providing of remunerative and lucrative cocoon prices.
High yielding disease resistant cross breeds suitable for different agro climatic regions to be developed and distributed.
Dependence on hired labour should be reduced so as to increase the family income and the potential for women labour in sericulture should be tapped fully so as to increase the family income.
Marketing facilities should be improved in cocoon markets to provide better services to the farmers.
State govt. should supply good quality disease free layings of improved breeds and more number of grainages to be started to supply timely, adequate disease free layings on subsidized costs.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis 2005
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Project with incomplete/partial information
Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Evaluation salt tolerant varieties of mulberry (Morus alba L).
Personnel :Chinta Sudhakar
Funding Source :UGC, New Delhi
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :Screening of local mulberry cultivars for salt tolerance.
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Project No.:SKU
Organization :Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Identification and isolation of stress induced protein in two cultivars of mulberry (Morus alba L) with differential salt sensitivity.
Personnel :Giridharakumar S, Jyothsna Kumari G
Project Period :1999-2002
Objectives :
· To study tolerance indices in different mulberry cultivars.
· To identify and isolate stress induced proteins.
· To test their relations with known proteins by immunoblot analysis.
Results/Recommendations :Under progress.
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Mulberry Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:SPMU
Organization :Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Evaluation of selected mulberry (Morus sp.) genotypes for chawki rearing.
Personnel :Sujathamma P
Funding Source :UGC
Project Period :1995-1998
Objectives :To evaluate the some of the mulberry genotypes suitable for chawki worms.
Results/Recommendations :It was observed that S36 and MR2 are suitable for chawki worms, which have shown higher values for qualitative characters.
Source of Information :Information from the authors
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Mulberry Pathology
Project No.:SPMU
Organization :Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Management root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in mulberry varieties.
Personnel :Vijaya Kumari N
Project Period :1999-2005
Objectives :
· To manage root knot nematode by Neem cake, VAM, Bionema, Carbofuron and integrated method.
· To evaluate different mulberry variety resistant to root-knot nematode.
Results/Recommendations :
· Integrated method, which includes the combination of Bionema and neem cake, is highly efficient in managing root knot nematode.
· TR10, V1, DD varieties showed better tolerance to root knot nematode.
· Application of Bionema, which is ecofriendly in nature for managing root-knot nematode.
Source of Information :Information from the authors
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SPMU
Organization :Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Studies on the effects of antibiotics on the rearing performance and economic traits of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Savithri G, Sujathamma P
Funding Source :UGC + DST
Project Period :1994-1997
Objectives :
· To examine the effect of antibiotics on qualitative and quantitative characters of cocoons i.e., weight of cocoons, shell weight, shell percentage, length of the filament, denier etc.
· To screen different antibiotics for their potential either as preventive or remedies for diseases of Bombyx mori.
Results/Recommendations :All the antibiotics in this study stimulated better performance in improving the rearing performance and economic characters of the cocoons. In healthy larvae treated with antibiotics Cephelexin and Tetracycline were more effective than the others in their overall performance. Chloramphenical caused greater increase in the length of the reelable silk filament, but was not as good in elevating the other parameters.
Since the antibiotics improved the performance of even the healthy larvae, they may be suggested for regular use in the rearing practices irrespective of the incidence of disease or its absence, for better rearing performance and economic productivity.
Project Outcome :Dosage and concentration of antibiotics standardized to recommend to field.
Source of Information :Information from the authors
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Project No.:SPMU
Organization :Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Sequence analysis and protein modelling of juvenile hormone in insects with special reference to silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Mamatha DM, Ch. Jagan Mohan Rao
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :
· To study the DNA sequence analysis.
· To study the Protein sequence analysis.
· To study the multiple sequence analysis and phylogenetic analysis.
· To study the secondary databases and motiff analysis.
· To construct protein modelling of JH
· To evaluate the modelled protein.
Results/Recommendations :An attempt has been made to understand the molecular organization and analysis of the nucleotide sequence information and the signature sites that gene encodes, and these findings have been proved experimentally.
Source of Information :Information from the authors
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Extension
Project No.:SPMU
Organization :Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Empowerment of women through sericulture- A study in Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh.
Personnel : Sujathamma P, Savithri G
Funding Source :DST
Project Period :2000-2003
Objectives :.
· To study the extent of participation of farm women in different sectors in sericulture industry.
· To encourage the women participation in all activities of sericulture thereby increasing the production.
· To guide the women in getting access to Technology, financial benefits, credit facilities and decision making.
Results/Recommendations :
· The study reveals that nearly more than half of the work force in this industry is women. Sericulture provides frequent income generating activity, which has multiple advantages for women. It has very wide scope for economic empowerment of women especially in the rural sector.
· Model farms should be established in each district where sericulture is concentrated to impart knowledge in modern technology. Training should be imparted at the village level using audio-visual aids. Various training programmes should be envisaged and designed exclusively for women to get wider exposure.
Source of Information :Information collected from the authors
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Annexure
Project No.:SPMU
Organization :Sri Padmavati Mahila University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of ultrasound on rearing performance and carbohydrate metabolism in silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Sheerin Begum VS, Murali Mohan P
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :2001-2006
Objectives :To explore the possibility of employing ultrasound profitably towards better qualitative and quantitative silk output, and to examine the associated changes in carbohydrate metabolism.
Results/Recommendations :Information not available
Source of Information :Information collected from the authors
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Rearing Technology
Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of turmeric as a disinfectant in silkworm rearing
Personnel :Harihara Raju A, Rao MR
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :To study the effect of turmeric as a disinfectant in silkworm rearing
Results/Recommendations :Present study reveals that, turmeric powder can be used as a disinfectant against bacterial pathogens of silkworm larvae.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Studies towards correlating the carbohydrate reserves of mulberry leaves with instar wise carbohydrate metabolism, growth rate and fecundity in selected races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Govindappa S, Bhaskar M
Funding Source :Department of Sericulture
Project Period :1990-1993
Objectives :
· To find out the feeding of different varieties of mulberry leaves on growth and development of silkworm larvae.
· To identify the impact of metabolic modulations on the growth and development of silkworm larvae by feeding different varieties of mulberry leaves.
Results/Recommendations :On feeding 35 different varieties of mulberry leaves to selected silkworm larvae, 3 varieties showed good results and also increased silk production.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis
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Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Studies on silk reeling technology in relation to juvenile hormone analogues treatment.
Personnel : Mamatha DM, Rao MR
Funding Source :Grant-in-aid
Project Period :1998-2002
Objectives :
· To study the impact of JH analogues-Methoprene and Fenoxycarb on the physiological parameters of the silkworm.
· To study the Enzyme activity profiles of silkworm under JH stress.
· To study the physiological basis of increasing trends of silk technological parameters under J-H stress.
· To study the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the silk reeled under J-H stress treated cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :From the overall experimental data it is reported that Methoprene and Fenoxycarb at the doses tested extended the 5th instar Bombyx mori larval feeding period together with environmental tolerance. Both the JHA compounds by way of maintaining the JH titer of the larvae improves the overall biomass of the larvae and these events might be responsible for improved technological aspects of cocoons and the silk.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis
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Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of vertebrate hormones on the growth and development of silkworm.
Personnel : Rama Krishna S, Bhaskar M
Project Period :2000-2002
Objectives :To examine the effect of vertebrate hormones on growth and development of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :From the present study, it was found that, vertebrate hormone, thyroxin, influenced the body weight of silkworm.
Source of Information :M.Phil. Thesis
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Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Hormones influence on the growth and metabolism of silkworm larvae.
Personnel : Ramesh Babu K, Bhaskar M
Project Period :2001-2004
Objectives :To study the effect of glucocorticoid dexamethasone on different biochemical aspects of silkworm larvae.
Results/Recommendations :The dexamethasone influenced each and every biochemical aspect of larvae and showed good results on growth and also enhanced proteins, carbohydrates and lipids.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis
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Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of turmeric on selected biochemical aspects of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Harihara Raju A
Project Period :2001-2004
Objectives :To study effects of turmeric powder on various metabolisms of silkworm larvae.
Results/Recommendations :From the present study, it was concluded that the influence of turmeric powder showed effect on energy metabolism of silkworm larvae by the way of elevating protein and carbohydrate levels.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis
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Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Effect of glucocorticoids on silkworm larvae.
Personnel : Ramakrishna S, Bhaskar M
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :
· To study the effect of glucocorticoid on silkworm larvae.
· To study, whether glucocorticoids alters the insect physiology and energy metabolism.
Results/Recommendations :From the above study, it was found that, glucocorticoids increased the levels of energy metabolism of silkworm larvae which leads to enhancement of economic characters of cocoon.
Source of Information :Ph.D. Thesis
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Extension
Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Survey on status of sericulture in selected Mandals of Anantapur in Andhra Pradesh.
Personnel : Govindareddy K, Rao MR
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :
· To study different sericultural practices followed in Anantapur district in AP and their present status.
· To study merits and demerits of methods following in Anantapur district, AP
Results/Recommendations :Present study reveals that no good sericultural practices are followed in Anantapur district, which are leading to crop loss.
Source of Information :M.Phil Thesis
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Project No.:SVU
Organization :Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh
Project Title :Survey on status of sericulture practices in Anantapur of Andhra Pradesh.
Personnel :Govindareddy K, Rao MR
Project Period :2001-2004
Objectives :To conduct the awareness of the sericulture farmers about new technologies evolved so far.
Results/Recommendations :Based on the results, the majority of the farmers were still lacking knowledge about advanced technologies which are formulated by the research stations and given suggestions relating the new moricultural techniques as well as rearing practices in order to get good cocoon crop.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis
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Agronomy
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Studies on the foliar application of micronutrients to mulberry and its effect on economic characters of silkworm.
Personnel : Radha NV, Subramanian PS, Chandrasekaran G, Karamathullah J
Funding Source :CSB, Bangalore
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives :
· To study the effect of foliar application of micronutrients viz., Zn, Mn, Fe, B & MO to mulberry on leaf quality and biomass production.
· To study the effect of micronutrients sprayed leaves on economic characters of silkworm.
· Observation on foliar diseases of mulberry in relation to micronutrient sprays.
Results/Recommendations :
· Foliar spray of FeSO4 0.1% and ZnSO4 0.5% each along with Borax 0.5% with wetting agent (0.5 ml/lit) on 20th and 40th day after each pruning increased the mulberry leaf yield by 13 %.
· Economic parameters viz., larval, cocoon and shell weights, SR, filament length & weight and ERR were significantly enhanced by feeding the leaves sprayed with FeSo4 and ZnSo4.
Project Outcome :Micronutrient formulation for quality mulberry leaf production developed.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Development and performance evaluation of tractor and power tiller operated implements for mechanization of mulberry farming.
Personnel : Balasubramanian M, Kumar VJF
Funding Source :CSB, Bangalore
Project Period :1992-1995
Objectives :
· To study the depth & degree of tillage requirement for mulberry.
· To develop deep tillage tool to obtain desired soil tilth & moisture conservation.
· Development & evaluation of pit digger (rainfed) & bund former (irrigated condition).
· Developing suitable equipments for weeding & fertilizer application.
· Development of power tiller operated equipments for intercultural operation.
· Fabrication of mulberry shoot harvester & leaf chopper.
· Working out techno-economic feasibility for mechanization.
Results/Recommendations :
· Chisel plough: Bullock drawn improved iron could operate an area of 0.50 ha/day. Cost Rs.400.
· Weeder: The weeder is of push-pull type and is designed to reduce operators’ fatigue. The coverage is 0.08-0.09 ha/day. Cost of unit is Rs.225. Cost of operation is Rs.580/ha (Conventional method: Rs.990/ha).
· Mulberry pruner: This unit consists of a circular saw operated by means of 1.75 HP motor. The saw rotates at 6000 rpm. It is effective in cutting stems upto 2 cm diameter. The coverage of the unit is 0.60 ha/day. Operational cost is Rs.250/ha. Saving over conventional method of pruning is 120%.
· Mulberry stem cutter: The unit consists of a platform in which cutting blade is hinged and mulberry stems are cut by placing them on the platform and pressing the cutting blade by a handle. The output is 2400 stems/hr. The cost of unit is Rs.750. Operational cost is Rs.48/hr. saving of cost is 42 % and time is 60 %.
· Mulberry leaf cutter: The leaves pass through a rolling cutter by which the leaves are cut into square piece of 5 mm width. The output is 5 kg/hr. The cost of unit is Rs.6500. The operational cost is Rs. 0.73/kg of cut leaves.
· Channel former: Saving in cost and time are Rs.200/ha and 11 mandays/ha. Respectively: Cost of unit is Rs.3000.
· Low volume sprayer: Field coverage is 0.25 ha/hr, needs only 40 litres of water, Cost of unit Rs.1200.
Project Outcome :Developed tractor and power tiller operated mechanization implements for mulberry farming.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title : Sericulture - vermiculture interaction.
Personnel : Ravignanam T, Gunathilagaraj K
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To study the effect of earthworm introduction in mulberry ecosystem
· Vermicomposting of sericulture wastes.
· Effect of vermicompost on mulberry sapling establishment.
Results/Recommendations :
· Recommended dose of NPK and earthworm + cow dung + mulch significantly increase the biometric characters of mulberry and also enhanced economic traits of silkworm.
· Vermicomposted mulberry litter accelerated the establishment of saplings by increasing the root and shoot lengths.
· Application of vermicompost increases the micro and macro nutrient contents of the mulberry leaves.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Integrated Nitrogen Management for mulberry intercropping system.
Personnel : Illangoven KS
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To develop INM.
· To study interactive influence of INM + intercropping.
· To work out the economics of INM of mulberry intercropping systems.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of 300 kg N/ ha/ yr blended with neem cake, Azospirillum yielded higher mulberry leaves.
· Mulberry + bengal gram in rabi and mulberry + black gram in kharif were produced good result.
· Apply 300 kg N/ ha /yr + 60 kg neem cake + 600 g Azospirillum/ha in 5 split doses.
Project Outcome : Integrated Nitorgen Management for mulberry developed.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Slow release nitrogenous fertilizer to mulberry.
Personnel : Ramadurai P, Shanmugasundaram VS
Funding Source : Grant in aid
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· Slow releasing N fertilizer for mulberry.
· To study the quality characters of mulberry leaves.
· To work out the economics of slow release fertilizer management of mulberry.
· Effect of slow release fertilizer on the growth, development of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations : Mulberry applied with 225 kg N/ha in the form of urea coated with 45 kg neem cake during first and second pruning performed better than other treatments. This reduces the volatilization loss of the applied fertilizer and hence maximize the benefit.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Phosphorus management in mulberry and its effect on the growth and development silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Jotheeswari ER, Krishnasami R
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To evaluate the different sources of P on mulberry.
· To assess the influence of P mobilizing bacteria and P availability and mulberry yield.
· To know the mineral concentration in mulberry leaves and its effect on silkworm growth and silk quality.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of rock phosphate (120 kg P2O5/ha) with phosphobacterium enhanced morphological attributes of mulberry and significantly increased larval and economic characters of silkworm.
· Application of rock phosphate: phosphobacterium: FYM @ 120 kg: 20 kg: 20 t/ha with recommended dose of NPK.
Project outcome :Phosphorus management in mulberry package developed.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Performance evaluation of drip irrigation and fertigation on the yield and water use efficiency of mulberry.
Personnel : Arunadevi K
Funding Source :TANU, Coimbatore
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To optimize the water requirement for mulberry through drip irrigation.
· To optimize the N & K fertilizers doses for mulberry drip fertigation.
· To workout the economics of different treatments.
Results/Recommendations : Among the different irrigation and fertigation levels, single row drip at 80 % of surface irrigation with l00 % of recommended fertilizer dose was found to be the best treatment with the highest water use efficiency of 27.24 kg ha/ mm, the highest N fertilizer use efficiency of 159.40 kg ha/ kg of N and K fertilizer use efficiency of 426.95 kg ha/ kg of K.
Considering the economics, paired row lay-out with micro tubes followed by paired row drip lay-out at 80 % of surface irrigation level with 75 % recommended fertilizer dose were found to be the best.
Project Outcome : Drip irrigation technology developed for mulberry.
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Developing Azospirillum and Azotobactor biofertilizers for mulberry;
Personnel : Balasubramanian A
Funding Source :CSB, Bangalore
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives :
· Survey to isolate native strains of Azospirillum from rhizosphere soil of mulberry.
· To develop Azospirillum and Azotobactor for mulberry.
· To study the effect of biofertilizers on mulberry biomass production and its impact on the economic characters of cocoon and silk.
Results/Recommendations :
· In sodic soils, Azospirillum halopraeferens inoculation enhanced the leaf yield by 63.3 % in MR2 and 51.0 % in S54 varieties.
· Bioinoculant applied mulberry leaves favoured the increase in cocoon weight (29 %) and silk weight (11 %) in silkworm, Bombyx mori.
· Combined application of Glomus fasciculatum with 75 % P application produced leaf yield of 21.26 t/ha/yr than 16.40 t/ha/yr in untreated (MR2).
· Combined application of three biofertilizers namely Azospirillum brasilense, Glomus fasciculatum (P) and phosphobacteria along with 75 % N and P enhanced the leaf biomass to 29.7 t/ha/yr as against 19.6 t/ha/yr of control.
Project Outcome :Biofertilizers production technology developed for mulberry cultivation.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Mulberry Physiology
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Studies on dissipation of insecticide residues in mulberry, Morus alba L.
Personnel : Abdul Rehman S, Kuttalam S
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :
· To investigate insecticide using pattern on mulberry in the traditional sericulture districts of Tamil Nadu.
· Acute toxicity of insecticides to different instars.
· Persistent and dissipation pattern of insecticide on mulberry.
· To work out safety period.
Results/Recommendations :
· LT50 values on silkworm was 0.3-1.01 hrs for Endosulfan by larval dip and 1.31-2.07 hrs by leaf dip methods.
· LT50 values of Dichlorvos 1.35-1.82 and 1.15-1.91 hrs by larval dip and leaf dip methods, respectively.
· Use the insecticide sprayed leaves after the completion of waiting period which is 10.02 days for Endosulfan, 4.84 days for Dichlorvos and 5.36 days for Malathion.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Mulberry Pathology
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Studies on bioecology and management of phytoparasitic nematodes associated with mulberry.
Personnel :Sivagami Vadivelu
Funding Source :CSB, Bangalore
Project Period :1993-1996
Objectives :
· To identify the hot spot areas for mulberry parasitic nematodes.
· To assess the efficacy of safe nematode control agents like bio control, biofertilizers, botanicals, organic amendments, etc.
· To evolve Integrated Nematode Management.
Results/Recommendations :
· Nematodes encountered in mulberry soil: Meloidogyne incognita, Rotylenchus reniformis; Sp of Helicotylenchus, Rotylenchus, Xiphenema, Hoplolaimus and Longidorus
· Pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita in mulberry reduces the plant height by 16.92 % at an inoculum level of 10,000 J2/ plant.
· Apply any one of the following organic amendments or chemicals for effective nematode management
Ø Neem cake @ 340 g/plant.
Ø Pungam cake @ 340 g/plant.
Ø Phorate 10 G @ 1g/plant.
Ø Carbofuran 10 G @ 1 g/plant.
Use of organic amendments not only controls the nematodes, but also increases the beneficial microbes which may reduces the disease incidence.
Project Outcome : Management of plant parasitic nematode of mulberry.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Ecology and management of pink mealy bug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus in mulberry.
Personnel : Palanidurai S, Chandramohan N
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To study the population distribution of pink mealy bug (PMB) and predator, Scymnus coccivora in mulberry ecosystem.
· To study the biology of PMB in different hosts.
· To study the biometric changes in mulberry due to tukra.
· To study the effect of tukra infected leaves on silk qualities.
· To evolve management practices for PMB.
Results/Recommendations :
· PMB population was maximum during June-July.
· Tukra increases chlorophyll, protein and phenol and decreases starch and sugar content of mulberry. Feeding tukra leaves to silkworm did not interfere with growth and development of silkworm and cocoon characters.
· Apply Dichlorvos 0.02 % or FOB 3.0 %.
· Release Scymnus coccivora @ 8 beetles/m2.
· The reduction in pest population was more apparent from 5th day after release.
Project Outcome : Integrated package for management of pink mealy bug developed.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Micro propagation of mulberry and in vitro screening for resistance to root rot.
Personnel : Gangadara S, Bharathi M, Muthuswami M
Project Period :2004-2005
Objectives :
· Collection of mulberry genotypes resistant/tolerant to root rot.
· Standardization of micro propagation protocol.
· Mass multiplication of induced shoots and in vitro rooting and hardening.
· In vitro selection for disease resistance.
Results/Recommendations :
· Best sprouting was observed when the explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2 mg of BAP.
· 2 % fungal toxin is ideal for in vitro screening of mulberry against root rot disease.
· The standardized protocol may be followed while going for micro propagation of mulberry and in vitro screening against root rot disease.
Project Outcome : Developed micro propagation protocol for mulberry for in vitro screening against root rot disease.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Silkworm Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Evaluation of performance of bivoltine pure races and bivoltine hybrids of Bombyx mori L in western zone of Tamil Nadu.
Personnel :Chandrasekar KR, Subramanian A
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :
· To evaluate bivoltine pure races and hybrids of Bombyx mori.
· To study the heterotic effect among F1 hybrids.
· To evaluate economic characters.
Results/Recommendations :
· CSR2 found to be the best followed by CSR4 in all economic traits.
· Among the hybrids, CSR4xCSR2 was the best.
· Most of the economic characters were higher during Dec- Jan.
· CSR18xCSR19 can be exploited for rearing in summer months also.
· Rear the bivoltine hybrids during Dec.-Jan. months.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Rearing Technology
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Quality improvement of cocoon and raw silk.
Personnel : Subramanian A, Manimegalai S
Funding Source :DOS, Govt. of Tamil Nadu
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· Budgeting the nutrients to produce 10,000 kg quality leaf/ acre.
· Studying rearing performance of nutrients treated mulberry leaves on cocoon quality parameters.
· Standardization of dose of Soya flour supplementation.
· Studying suitable time of Soya flour application & its impact on yield & economic traits of cocoon & silk quality.
· Standardization of IPM methods using plant products.
Results/Recommendations :
· Applications of Soya flour twice, once each during fourth and fifth instar immediately after moulting proved to be effective in improving the larval and cocoon characters in three cross breeds, and a bivoltine race tested.
· Among the plant products, viz., Psoralea coryleifolia, turmeric powder and Tribulus terrestris tested for their efficacy against grasserie disease of silkworm.
· Application of Soya flour at 5 g/ kg of shoot to get improved larval, cocoon & silk characters.
· Turmeric powder + chalk powder (1:5) @ 1 kg/ 100 dfls to reduce grasserie incidence and also to improve economic characters.
Soya flour supplementation of in silkworm nutrition is recommended.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Effect of supplementation of amino acids on economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Vadivel K, Chandramohan N
Funding Source :TNAU
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :
· Effect of individual and combined aminoacids of economic traits.
· To study the amino acids on silkworm food intake.
· To estimate the egg laying capacity of silkworm.
· To study the effect amino acids on silkworm survival rate.
Results/Recommendations :Significant increase in larval weight, cocoon and shell weights were recorded in combination treatment of glycine 10 ppm +serine 100 ppm + aspartic acid 100 ppm.
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Evaluation of certain botanicals and synthetic JH analogue to increase the silk yield of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Ranganatha R, Chandramohan N
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :
· To screen the plants possessing JH activity.
· To evaluate JH activity of selected plants and JHA R-394.
· To evaluate selected botanicals against BmNPV.
· To study histopathological changes associated with CB and the application of botanicals.
Results/Recommendations :
· Botanicals extended 5th instar larval duration by 29 hrs with a corresponding increase in cocoon and shell weights and SR.
· Synthetic and JHA R-394 significantly improved the economic characters with extended larval period by 25 hrs.
· Apply Psoralea corylifolia @ 800 ppm to get higher cocoon yield during second day of third instar.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Silkworm Pathology
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Investigations on polyhedral diseases of silkworm, Bombyx mori and their management.
Personnel : Rabindra RJ, Sivaprakasam N
Funding Source :CSB, Bangalore
Project Period :1990-1994
Objectives :
· To study the incidence of grasserie & CPV in Tamil Nadu and estimate the losses due to viral diseases.
· To study the ecology & epizootiology of viral diseases.
· Development of management strategies for polyhedral viral diseases.
Results/Recommendations :
· Grasserie incidence significantly increased when the larval density was 2000, 1000, 500 and 250 larvae/700 sq. cm during second, third, fourth and fifth instar respectively in the rearing tray.
· Under induced conditions, multivoltine (C. Nichi, PM, Tamil Nadu White and Nistari)
· Disease incidence increased with increased external leaf moisture. Shade drying for 3 hrs to remove the moisture on the leaves significantly reduced the grasserie incidence.
· Feeding tender leaves once during 5th instar resulted in minimum grasserie incidence. Increasing the number of feeds of tender leaves in final instar increased the incidence of grasserie.
· Eight hundred ppm of Psoralea coryleifolia and Tribulus terrestris, 50 ppm of Coccus nucifera, 200 ppm of Abudilon indicum and 100 ppm of Boehavia diffusa significantly reduced the grasserie incidence by 72.46, 38.09, 40.92, 73.43 and 58.43 % respectively.
· Disinfection of mountages with bleaching powder (50 g/l) and application of bed disinfectant RKO @ 4kg/100 dfls after each moult and feeding silkworm by treated mulberry leaves by botanical Psoralea corylefolia (8 g/l) once during third instar reduced the disease incidence by 70 %.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Seasonal incidence of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori L and its management.
Personnel : Sivaprakasam N
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· To survey for the incidence of grasserie in silkworm, Bombyx mori & estimation of losses due to viral diseases.
· To develop strains of silkworm tolerant to Bm NPV.
· . To investigate the ecology and epizootiology of polyhedral viral diseases of silkworm.
· To study the management of grasserie disease of silkworm & develop formulation.
Results/Recommendations :
· The mean grasserie incidence was the highest during summer months of April and May 1991 and 1992 and the lowest during winter months (Oct-Jan). Rearing house with low roofing, poor ventilation, mud flooring, poor disinfection and hired rearing appliances recorded significantly higher incidence.
· The bivoltine, NB4D2 recorded the highest grasserie disease incidence. Multivoltines were less susceptible than bivoltines and hybrids. Feeding heat-inactivated polyhedra of grasserie virus (1000 POB/ larva) could also induce some tolerance to the virus disease.
· Feeding silkworm (PM x NB4D2) once during third instar with leaves treated with cobaltous sulphate (100 ppm), calcium hydroxide (100 ppm), tetracycline (50 ppm) and gentamycin (50 ppm) significantly reduced the grasserie mortality. There were no deleterious effects on larval and cocoon parameters.
· Aqueous leaf extract of Psoralea corylifolea at 800 ppm effectively reduced the virus disease and was better than gentamycin (50 ppm) or calcium hydroxide (100 ppm).
Project Outcome : Developed botanical formulation for the management of grasserie disease of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Standardization of Spirulina platensis for maximum growth in vitro and isolation of anti viral principle from Spirulina platensis against Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Personnel :Mahesh Babu S
Funding Source : Grant in-aid
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :
· To standardize Spirulina platensis for enhancing larval & cocoon characteristics of Bombyx mori L.
· To isolate the antiviral principal from Spirulina platensis against Bombyx mori Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus.
· To prepare artificial diet with Spirulina platensis to Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations :
· Spirulina platensis at 10 % concentration reduced the mortality rate of the larvae and pupae of Bombyx mori under in vitro conditions. The mortality percent was reduced from 96.7 % to 20 % when Bombyx mori larvae were fed with a combination of BmNPV and Spirulina platensis. All the economic characters were also improved when Spirulina platensis was given along with BmNPV.
· A bioassay with different fractions of the anti viral protein was conducted with Bombyx mori larvae. In this, Fraction IV recorded the maximum larval weight (2051.67 mg), pupal weight (1846.67 mg), cocoon weight (1488.3 mg) and adult emergence (86.33 %). HPLC analysis of the protein fraction indicated an intense peak (Retention time = 2.548 min.) in Fraction IV of Spirulina platensis protein.
· A combination of Spirulina platensis., yeast, agar and mulberry powder was made to prepare an artificial diet for Bombyx mori larvae. It was seen that the diet worked out well till the pupal stage.
· Feed the silkworm with 10 % Spirulina platensis. treated mulberry leaves during first feeding of 1st 2nd and 3rd instar to reduce the grasserie incidence & to enhance the economic traits of larva and cocoon.
Spirulina reduces the grasserie and also improves the larval growth and economic parameters of the cocoon.
Source of Information :Ph.D Thesis, TNAU, TamilNadu
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Relative susceptibility of different races of silkworm, Bombyx mori to nuclear polyhedrosis virus.
Personnel : Rameshkumar V, Chandramohan N
Project Period :2003-2004
Objectives :
· To take up molecular studies on vertical transmission of Bm NPV.
· Evaluation of pure races and cross breeds showing tolerance against Bm NPV.
· To study genetic inheritance of tolerance mechanism.
· Evaluation of bed disinfectants for BmNPV management.
Results/Recommendations :
· Transmission of BmNPV is by transovum and transovarial in nature.
· Tolerant pure races - PM & Mysore Princess.
· Tolerant CB races - APM1x APS8 and P2D1 x NB4D2.
· Inheritance of tolerance was more incident in F2 progeny and when F1 progeny was backcrossed with tolerant race.
· Apply TNAU sample 2 or Vijetha @ 5 kg/ 100 dfls to reduce the larval mortality and increase the cocoon and economic parameters.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Entomology
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Biology and management of Dermestes ater in grainage.
Personnel :Arulmozhi, Chandramohan N
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :
· To study the biology of Dermestes ater.
· Survey the grainages to assess the damage.
· To study the efficacy of different traps.
· To evaluate the toxicity of organophosphous insecticides and botanicals against Dermestes ater.
Results/Recommendations :
· Beetle has intrinsic rate of increase of 0.19 female/day over the mean generation time of 284.05 days.
· Adult population higher in Krishnagiri and Dharmapuri.
· One beetle consumed 39.8 silkworm eggs within 12 hrs.
· Dermestes ater preferred to lay eggs more on multivoltine pure race cocoons followed by CB and bivoltines.
Project outcome Integrated management of Dermestes ater recommended.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Biological control of silkworm uzi fly, Exorista bombycis in tribal villages of Taminl Nadu.
Personnel : Chandramohan N
Funding Source :DBT, New Delhi
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To estimate the loss caused by uzi fly in tribal villages of Tamil Nadu.
· To demonstrate the IPM package for uzi fly.
Results/Recommendations :
· Extent of damage by uzi fly in silkworm larvae ranged from 10 to 20 % in cocoon it is 3 to 4 %.
· Compatibility of disinfectant with hyperparasitoid was standardized. Forty eight hours after disinfection is ideal for release.
· Release Nesolynx thymus 48 hrs after disinfection of the floor.
· During summer Trichopria is ideal for uzi fly suppression.
Project out come: Recommended IPM for Uzi fly with sequential release of parasitoids in western zone of Tamil Nadu.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Study of Integrated Pest Management of leaf webber on mulberry.
Personnel : Muthuswami M, Subramanian A
Funding Source :SDC
Project Period :1998-2001
Objectives :
· To survey species distribution, assess the damage potential of leaf webber on mulberry and assess economic loss in silkworm rearing.
· To estimate the extent of infestation of leaf webber in selected clusters.
· To identify the occurrence of natural enemies of leaf webber and level of parasitism.
· To identify alternate hosts for leaf webber in selected clusters of Tamil Nadu.
· To study the biology of leaf webber during different seasons.
· To identify the parasitoids in addition to Trichogramma, predators of leaf webber.
· To make light trap studies for monitoring and surveillance of moth activity.
· To undertake studies on the transmission of non inclusion viruses like DNV and IFV from field to rearing houses.
· To screen the insecticides and phytochemicals against leaf webber.
· To study the residual toxicity of insecticides and botanicals to silkworm Bombyx mori
· To evaluate the components of IPM for leaf webber.
· To evaluate the efficacy of pupal parasitoid, Tetrastichus howardi against leaf webber.
· To evaluate the integrated pest management of leaf webber;
Results/Recommendations :
· The results indicated that all the components were effective against leaf webber. The order of efficacy seven days after treatment and afterwards was as follows: Propoxur > Neem oil > Mechanical clipping > Trichogramma > Soil application of Endosulfan.
· Since all the components tested have been found to be effective against leaf webber, the above components may suitably be incorporated in the IPM programme for leaf webber.
· Field trials indicated that the pupal parasitoid, Tetrastichus howardii was effective against mulberry leaf webber and can be included in the IPM package.
Project Outcome :IPM package for mulberry leaf webber recommended.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore - 641 003.
Project Title :Integrated management of spiralling whitefly, Aleurodichus dispersus.
Personnel : Chandramohan N, Douressamy S
Funding Source : SDC
Year of Initiation 1998-1999
Objectives :
· To estimate the economic damage of spiralling white fly in mulberry.
· To work out the biology of the pest.
· To identify alternate host for pest.
Results/Recommendations : Spiralling White fly causes an economic damage of 9.0 kg of cocoon/100 dfls in Tamil Nadu.
Project Outcome :Integrated management of Spiraling whitefly package recommended.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Technology transfer of IPM strategies for mulberry leaf webber in Tamil Nadu.
Personnel :Muthuswami M
Funding Source : SDC
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :
· To conduct demonstration trials on IPM of leaf webber.
· To organize meetings in sericulture farm holdings for the farmers.
· To arrange training programmes for the staff of Dept. of sericulture, Govt. of Tamil Nadu.
Results/Recommendations :Demonstration trials on IPM of mulberry leaf webber were conducted in four different locations. The cost:benefit ratio was 1:1.92, 1:2.21, 1:2.13 and 1:2.26 in Manupatti, Polavarkalipalayam, Komberikadu and Avathanapatti of Coimbatore, Erode, Salem and Dharmapuri districts respectively.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Non-Mulberry (Eri Culture)
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Studies on the management of castor pest and evaluation of castor genotypes for ericulture.
Personnel : Muralidhara R, Chandramohan N
Funding Source :Grant in aid
Project Period :2002-2003
Objectives :
· To study the influence of sowing time on pest incidence.
· To identify resistant genotype against pests.
· To screen soft pesticides against castor pests.
· To identify suitable castor genotypes with better consumption and utilization indices for silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :
· Liriomyza trifolii damage was more in March- June.
· Advancement of age and biomass of plants favoured population build up of Ergolis merione and A. janata.
· Genotypes RG106 and RG136 showed resistance to Empoascaflavences.
· Genotypes GCH4 and RG143 showed higher ECI and ECD can be used for eri silkworm rearing.
· Neem oil 3 % controls Liriomyza trifolii.
· Fenthion 0.08 % spray controls Ergolis merione and A. janata.
· Malathion 0.05 % spray controls C. punctiferalis.
Project Outcome : Management of castor pest package developed.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Extension
Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :An Economic survey of sericulture in Tamil Nadu.
Personnel : Aiyasamy P, Meenakshi Sundaram V, Nagarajan P, Muniyandi B
Funding Source :Ford foundation, Delhi
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :
· To estimate the costs and return in production of cocoon.
· To study the performance of reeling units.
Results/Recommendations :
· It could be understood from the results that the sericulture provides better employment opportunities to rural people. Therefore it is essential that increased efforts are needed to spread the mulberry cultivation wherever it is suited.
· The capital requirement of the enterprise is heavy. Hence it is necessary that adequate financial assistance by way of subsidy and loans should be provided to sericulturists.
· Establishment of cocoon markets and grainage units in the potential areas would help to increase the area under sericulture.
Since capital investment is heavy, adequate financial assistance should be provide to the poor sericulture farmers.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Technology transfer for the use of botanicals for grasserie disease management in silkworm for upliftment of SC/ST farmers of Tamil Nadu.
Personnel : Muthuswami M
Funding Source :DBT, New Delhi
Project Period :2000-2002
Objectives :
· Mass production extract of botanicals Psoralea corylifolia, Tribulus terrestris for grasserie disease of silkworm.
· To demonstrate use of botanicals in SC/ST farm holdings.
· To organize campaign to popularize the technology among SC / ST farmers.
Results/Recommendations:
· Demonstrations were done in 50 farm holdings. The talc based formulation of P. Corylifolia and T. terrestris at 10 g/kg of leaves were found to be effective in reducing grasserie disease in silkworm larvae.
· The botanical formulations can be used for the management of grasserie disease in silkworm.
Source of information: Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Sericulture farmer community development programme.
Personnel :Muthuswami M, Venkatesh Palanisamy N
Funding Source :SDC, Bangalore
Project Period :2002-2004
Objectives :
· To conduct a comprehensive survey on the villages as well as the sericulture farmers.
· To identify the issues related to sericulture, agriculture and social aspects.
· To determine the methodology for implementation of the development programme.
Results/Recommendations :The major constraints are
· Water conservation technology.
· Use of bio control agents and IPM strategies.
· Management of tukra and root rot disease in mulberry.
· Model rearing house.
· Recycling of wastes in sericulture/agriculture.
· The constraints are to be addressed by the scientists and developmental departments.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Project No.:TNAU
Organization :Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Tamil Nadu
Project Title :Demonstrations on utilization and mass production of Bio control agents to rural women folk in sericulture.
Personnel :Mahalingam CA, Muthuswami M, Murugesh KA
Funding Source :DBT, GOI, New Delhi
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To create awareness among women folk on biofertilizer, botanicals and biological control agents.
· Demonstrations and trainings to women folk.
· Entrepreneurship development.
Results/Recommendations :
· A package with biofertilizers (Azospirillum & Phosphobacteria) + botanical (Neem oil) + biofungicide (Trichodermma and Pseudomonas) reduced inorganic fertilizers usage, increased mulberry leaf yield and reduced pests and diseases incidence;
· Use Azospirillum + Phosphobacteria and reduce the inorganic fertilizers.
· Usage of botanical not only reduces the chemical insecticide, but also saves natural enemies and environment.
· Biofungicide usage reduces root rot disease incidence in mulberry.
Project Out come: Package of Organic usage in mulberry developed.
Source of information :Completed Project Report
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Mulberry Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the effect of Gamma rays and Ethyl Methane Sulphonate (EMS) treatments in M1 generation in Mulberry (Morus indica).
Personnel :Hanumantha Raju L, Satyan BA
Project Period :1986-1991
Objectives :
· To work out LD50 for physical and chemical mutagens.
· To estimate genetic variability and correlation following mutagen treatment.
· To isolate morphological mutants of economic value.
Results/Recommendations : In the present study mutagen gamma rays treatments is more effective than EMS in inducing variability. Correlation analysis showed leaf yield is dependent upon leaf dry matter, leaf area, no. of leaves and length of branches. Path co-efficient analysis revealed that leaf dry matter yield is the best character for assessing the yield potentiality. LD50 based on germination was found to be beyond 60 KR of gamma rays and beyond 0.9% of EMS both on 5th and 10th day of observation.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis no 2729
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Study on induction of polyploidy in mulberry, Morus alba L.
Personnel :Fatima Sadatulla, Satyan BA
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :
· To find out a proper method to induce polyploidy at seed, seedling and bud levels.
· To study the effect of colchicine on anatomical morphological and cytological characters in the treated plants.
· To study the above mentioned characters of suspected polyploids with that of the diploid (Control).
Results/Recommendations :
· 0.75% and 1% colchicine was effective for seedling treatment to induce polyploidy.
· For bud treatment S54 variety responded better to induce polyploidy than M5.
· Induction of polyploidy in mulberry is directly proportional to the concentration of colchicines.
· Ployploids are characterized by the shorter internodal length, thicker, coarser, larger, darker green leaves and thicker petiole.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2239
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on genetic variability and characters association analysis in mulberry (Morus spp).
Personnel :Ganapathy Bhat, Shylaja Hittalamani
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :
· To study the magnitude of genetic variability and partition the overall variability by means of genetic parameters for leaf yield and its attributing traits in Mulberry.
· To estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficient between different quantitative characters in mulberry.
· To estimate the direct and indirect effects of different attributes towards leaf yield by path coefficient analysis.
· Construction of selection indices to find the best selection index for maximum selection efficiency in mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :
· High degree of variability was recorded for shoot to root ratio by length, by dry weight and number of secondary shoots.
· High heritability in broad sense was recorded for no. of leaf/plant, fresh leaf yield/plant, leaf dry matter/plant, crude protein content/plant and moisture percentage.
· Dry matter/plant, leaf area/plant, no. of primary shoots/plant, no. of leaf/plant and 100 fresh leaves showed strong positive genotypic and phenotypic co-relations with leaf yield. Plant height and crude protein content showed significant negative correlation with fresh leaf yield at genotypic level.
· Direct selection for genotypes based on the fresh leaf yield/plant was more efficient compared to all other single characters and combination of those characters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesisi No. 2397
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Genotypic variation, correlations and formulations of selection indices for leaf yield in mulberry (Morus spp).
Personnel :Varanagabhushana, Shailaja Hittalamani
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :
· To estimate genetic variability and to partition the overall variability by genetic parameters for yield and yield attributing traits in mulberry.
· To estimate the phenotypic and genotypic correlation co-efficient between leaf yield and other quantitative characters in mulberry.
· To estimate the direct and indirect effects of different plant characters towards leaf yield by path co-efficient analysis.
Results/Recommendations :
· Formulated selection indices revealed that the direct selection of genotypes based on the leaf area/plant was more effective when compared to all other single character and combination of their characters.
· High phenotypic and genotypic co-efficient of variation was observed for number of secondary shoots/plant, number of leaves/plant, shoot to root ratio by fresh weight and shoot to root ratio by dry weight.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2525
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on drought resistance in mulberry.
Personnel :Nanda GP, Sathyan BA
Project Period :1990-1991
Objectives :
· To evaluate the mulberry genotypes for their performance under imposed moisture stress at sapling stage.
· To identify difference, if any, in the growth characteristics of genotype with respect to leaf area development, dry matter accumulation and leaf water relations.
· To study the physiological basis of drought tolerance in mulberry genotypes
Results/Recommendations :
· Moisture stress reduces the mean of leaf area, dry matter of leaf, stem and RWC. Leaf area is found to be more sensitive to moisture stress than the number of leaf.
· Under severe stress, positive and significant correlation existed between dry matter of roots and TDM.
· TDM and dry matter of roots are the primary determinants of leaf expansion.
· Correlation study of 4 important characters viz., number of leaf, leaf area, dry matter of roots and TDM indicates that moisture stress altered the magnitude of the relationship while the nature of relationship among the characters was same.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2590
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Colchicine mutagenesis in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Keshava Murthy B, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :
· Computation of LD50 value of egg hatch using colchicines in the silkworm race NB4D2.
· Computation of LD50 value of colchicine into larval stage by adopting different modes of administration (Topical, oral and injection).
· Effect of colchicines on the pupal stage and fixation of LT50 and LT100.
· Assessment of gross effect of colchicines on the economic traits of the silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :
· LD50 for egg hatch was maximum at 19.95 ppm for one day old egg soaked for 2 hrs.
· 10 ppm colchicines and half an hour soaking duration established superiority for 2nd, 4th, and 5th instar larval weight, cocoon weight, filament length and denier.
· The total larval period (inclusive of moulting duration) was reduced by 3 days at 10 ppm (M1 generation) and 1.9 days at 10 ppm (M2 generation) which appears to be beneficial.
Source of Information : UAS, GKVK, Theis No.3005
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore.
Project Title :Morphological and cytological studies in different varieties of mulberry (Morus spp.).
Personnel :Lakshminarasimhaiah, Gopalakrishna Rao M
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :
· To study the morphological variability.
· To study the stomatal features.
· To study the biochemical contents.
· To study the chromosome number, meiotic behaviour, pollen size and pollen fertility.
Results/Recommendations :
· Eight mulberry varieties viz., Mysore local, Kanva-2, S30, S36, S41, S54, S13 and S34 were studied for their morphological differences and it clearly established the identity of each variety in relation to leaf yield
· Of the 8 mulberry varieties 7 are diploids with chromosome number 2n=28 and S41 is aneuploid with 2n=46. Meiosis during microsporogenisis was found regular in Mysore local and S34 while it is irregular in S13. Highly variable size of the pollen grains and least pollen fertility in aneuploid variety S41 is due to irregular meiosis.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4072
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Cytomorphological studies of some mulberry genotypes.
Personnel :Baburao Y, Biradar, Gopalakrishna Rao M
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :
· To study the morphological differences in mulberry genotypes.
· To study the karyomorphological differences in mulberry genotypes.
· To group the mulberry genotypes on the basis of cytomorphological differences.
Results/Recommendations :Considering the morphological and cytological results together, genotypes selected do not differ much among themselves, indicating that genotypes selected may belong to either same species (Morus indica) or very closely related ones. However, they differ in certain morphological characters. This may be mainly due to highly heterogenous nature of the plant due to natural cross-pollination. Karyomorphological investigations coupled with meiotic behaviour, biochemical and physiological information seems to be imperative in drawing a conclusion about the taxonomical position of the taxa.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3439
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :In vitro propagation of mulberry using nodal explants and callus culture.
Personnel :Prasad Rao JSVVNH, Nuthan D
Project Period :2004-2006
Objectives :
· To standardize the in vitro propagation protocol for poor rooting mulberry genotypes through leaf and nodal explants.
· To standardize the procedures for hardening of tissue cultured saplings for field plants.
· To develop a cost effective technology for in vitro multiplication as compared to conventional method of propagation.
Results/Recommendations :The number of shoots (38.67) recorded was highest in S36 variety coupled with maximum shoot length (3.90 cm) when grown on MS basal medium supplied with 2.0 mg/1 BAP and 10 mg/1 IAA. Initiation of roots were significantly higher in MS basal medium having NAA followed by IBA and IAA. Significantly higher rooting percentage (59.02, 43.24%) was recorded when shoots were transferred to MS media having 0.5 and 1.0 mg/1 NAA respectively as compared to control (14.80%). Considering callus initiation, shoot and root formation, genotype S13 out performed all other varieties tried, while S36 (irrigated) stood second and Victory-1 (irrigated) occupied the third position.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK Thesis
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Agronomy
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of concentrated non-edible oil cakes on the growth and yield of mulberry.
Personnel :Shivaprakash RM, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1989-1991
Objectives :
· To determine the effect of concentrated non-edible oil cakes on growth of mulberry.
· To assess the impact of non-edible oil cakes on the chemical composition of the leaves.
· To find the influence of non-edible oil cakes on the keeping quality of the leaves.
· To find out the effect on root-knot nematodes.
· To find out the effect on silkworm growth and development.
Results/Recommendations :
· There was no complete control of nematodes in any oil cake treated plants. Marked decrease in number of root knots/plant was observed in oil cake treated plants
· Silkworm fed with mulberry leaves from Honge oil cake and castor oil cakes treated showed increased larval weight when compared to other treatments.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2591
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Role of Potash on the yield and quality of mulberry leaf and its effect on silkworm growth and production.
Personnel :Leina Mary Joseph, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1990-1991
Objectives :
· To find out the effect of soil and foliar applied Potassium levels on growth and development of mulberry in relation to its effect on silkworms.
· To analyze the leaf composition and its nutritive value through silkworm rearing.
· To study the impact of potassium fertilization on post cocoon parameters and quality of silk.
· Impact of Potash on diseases.
Results/Recommendations :
· 240 kg K2O/ha/yr gave significant increase in the leaf number.
· Potassium content of leaf was found to increase with increased level of potassium fertilizer application.
· Foliar application of K at 2 and 3% concentration caused significant increase in the crude protein content in mulberry leaf.
· Total soluble sugar decreased by increasing potassium fertilizer dose.
· Varied K fertilizer dose do not cause significant difference with cocoon weight.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2679
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of different sources of Nitrogenous fertilizers on yield and quality of mulberry leaf in relation to growth and development of silkworm Bombyx mori and cocoon production.
Personnel :Manjula SK, Shankar MA
Project Period :1991-1993
Objectives :
· To know the efficiency of sources of nitrogenous fertilizers on growth and yield of mulberry.
· To assess the quality of mulberry leaf.
· To elucidate its effect on silkworm growth and development.
· To study the effect on post cocoon parameters.
· To observe the impact of source of nitrogenous fertilizers on grainage parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· Plots, which received Nitrogen through 15all, 17all, 19all, Ammonium nitrate and CAN, recorded significantly higher leaf yield/plant.
· Higher total chlorophyll content was recorded by CAN application.
· Nitrogen application enhance the leaf potassium contents.
· Mg, S, and total soluble sugar of leaf were not influenced by N application.
· Positive improvement recorded increase in all the post cocoon parameters by feeding N applied mulberry leaves.
· Higher fecundity and higher hatching percentage was observed when worm were fed with mulberry leaf obtained through application of CAN, Ammonium nitrate.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2939
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of graded levels of Potassium on yield and quality of mulberry.
Personnel :Puttaswamy B, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :
· To assess the level of Potassium on growth and yield of mulberry.
· To know the leaf composition and its nutritive value.
· To study the impact of levels of Potassium on growth and development of young and late age silkworm.
· Impact of graded levels of potassium on grainage parameters, cocoon parameters and quality of silk.
Results/Recommendations :
· K at higher level 240 kg + 1% foliar spray results in superior plant growth and yield.
· Total chlorophyll content, Calcium, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Crude protein, Total amino acid content of leaf increased with higher dose of K application but total soluble sugar was decreased.
· Disease incidence of larvae were minimum when they were fed with mulberry leaf fertilized with higher level of potassium.
· Higher level of potassium in mulberry leaf results in lower wastage percentage.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2932
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of sources of phosphorus and 'P' solubilizing fungus (Aspergillus awamori N) on mulberry and cocoon production.
Personnel :Krishna Babu, Shankar MA
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· To know the efficacy of different sources of phosphorous on growth and development of mulberry.
· To assess the leaf quality (through chemical analysis) as influenced by the sources.
· To study the influence of 'P' solubilizing fungus on phosphorus availability to crop.
Results/Recommendations :
· The superiority of sources of phosphorus and PSF recorded higher total leaf yield in the order of SP + MRP + Aspergillus awamori > DAP + Aspergillus awamori > SP + Aspergillus awamori.
· Higher cost benefit ratio was observed in SP + MRP + Aspergillus awamori (2.01) followed by DAP + Aspergillus awamori (1.95) in the cultivation of mulberry/ha/Year.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.3298
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Efficacy of phosphatic sources on growth and development of mulberry in relation to cocoon production.
Personnel :Manjunatha KV, Shankar MA
Project Period :1993-1995
Objectives :
· To know the efficacy of different sources of phosphorus on growth and development of mulberry.
· To assess the quality of mulberry through chemical analysis.
· To study the effect of source of phosphorus on silkworm growth, development, cocoon yield and silk yield.
· To assess the possibility of substituting super phosphate with GAFSAPHOS.
Results/Recommendations :Though water soluble fertilizers like SP and TSP yield better, they do not find goodwill of farmers as the cost benefit ratio obtained through application of rock phosphate is much higher (1.57 and 1.55 for GP and MRP at the rate of 120 kg P2O5/ha/yr) without drastic reduction in either yield or quality of mulberry leaf in turn better cocoon yield and silk quality. Therefore GP and MRP can be substituted as an alternative cheap sources of P for mulberry cultivation.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.3489
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Maximization of mulberry leaf yield and quality through potassium use at farmers field.
Personnel : Harsha SA, Shankar MA
Project Period :1994-1996
Objectives :
· To assess the effect of Potassium levels on mulberry leaf yield.
· To assess the effect of Potassium levels on silkworm growth and cocoon yield.
· To assess the nutritional value of the mulberry leaf.
Results/Recommendations :
· Total leaf yield/ha/yr differed significantly at all the four locations due to application levels of Potassium at MRS 240 kg K2O/ha recorded 33449 kg/leaf yield/ha over other treatments and at the same dose of fertilizer application to leaf resulted in higher cocoon weight of 1.458g.
· Highest cost benefit ratio at MRS and Marasanahalli was due to application of K @ 200, 240 kg K2O/ha applied in 6 splits + 1% FS.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4054
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L) waste as an organic substrate for vermicompost production.
Personnel :Rachappaji KS, Siddappa C
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To find out the better utilization of sericulture viz., mulberry shoots, leaf, litter and faecal pellets.
· To study the acceptability of mulberry silkworm waste by the earthworm E. enginiae.
· To measure the suppression rate of the disease causing pathogens in sericulture environment through vermicompost.
Results/Recommendations :The acceptance of the mulberry green shoots and unconsumed leaves were fairly good as evidenced by quicker decomposition within 33 days. The biomass of earthworm E. engeniae was maximum in silkworm waste mixed with cow dung in 33 days and minimum in mulberry leaf litter alone, but in a comparatively shorter feeding duration. The leaf litter combination yielded maximum quality of fine vermicompost as against the minimum in case of silkworm waste alone.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4272
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Maximization of mulberry leaf yield and quality through Nitrogen and Potassium levels at farmers field.
Personnel :Rangaswamy BT, Shankar MA
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :
· To assess the effect of Nitrogen and Potassium levels on growth, development and yield of mulberry at farmers field.
· To assess the leaf quality through chemical analysis.
· To assess the effect of Nitrogen and Potassium levels on silkworm performance, cocoon yield and silk quality.
· To know the effect of levels of Nitrogen and Potassium on grainage parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· Highest fresh leaf yield per plant was recorded by the application of N and K at 400:200 kg/ha/yr and cost benefit ratio also maximum at the same dose of N and K.
· Higher fecundity was obtained in worms fed with mulberry leaf obtained by application of N and K at 350:200 kg/ha/yr (461 eggs/dfls), 400:120 (470 eggs/dfls) 400:160 (471 eggs/dfls) and 400:200 kg/ha/yr (481 eggs/dfls).
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4532
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Response of mulberry varieties to spacing and nitrogen levels under rainfed conditions.
Personnel :Keshabananda Patra, Shankar MA
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· Effect of varieties, spacing and nitrogen levels on growth and leaf yield of mulberry.
· To assess the leaf quality through silkworm rearing.
· To study the weed flora and extent of pest and disease incidence on mulberry varieties.
Results/Recommendations :
· Total yield per hectare over 3 crops was significantly higher in RFS175 when compared to S34, MR-2 and M5.
· Variety MR2 was extensively damaged by thrips through out the crop growth while the incidence was nil in S34.
· Root knot nematode disease was common to all the varieties, bacterial blight was more prevalent in S34 and MR-2 was comparatively resistant to powdery mildew.
· Variety RFS-172 has performed better with respect to leaf yield and silkworm parameters when compared to other varieties.
· Spacing of 120 x 60 cm gives higher yield/hectare compared to recommended spacing 90 x 90cm.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4074
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Response of mulberry to sources of phosphorus as influenced by 'P' solubilizing micro-organisms in relation to cocoon production.
Personnel :Raje Gowda, Shankar MA
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To know the effect of source of 'P' and phosphorus solubilizing microorganisms on growth, development and yield of mulberry.
· To record the extent of pest and disease incidence on mulberry.
· To assess quality of mulberry leaf and cocoon production.
Results/Recommendations :Application of different sources of phosphorus like water soluble phosphate (WSP) and from the conventional source of water insoluble form rock phosphate (RP) in 1:1 ratio with phosphorus solubilizing micro-organisms (PSM) were found to enhance the yield and quality of mulberry leaf when compared to SSP.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4052
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of foliar nutrition on growth, yield and quality of mulberry in relation to silk cocoons production.
Personnel :Vishwanath GK, Jayaramaiah M
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To study the effect of foliar nutrition on growth and leaf yield in mulberry.
· To assess the impact of foliar nutrition on chemical composition of leaf.
· To study the effect of foliar nutrition on growth and development of silk worm in relation to cocoon production.
Results/Recommendations :The foliar nutrition of mulberry did not influence the moisture content in the leaf of S54 mulberry variety. Further, the application of MgSO4 resulted in significantly higher N and P content whereas K content enhanced in ZnSO4, MgSO4, and FeSO4 supplementation. None of the foliar nutrients applied to mulberry improved the mean Ca and S content in mulberry.
Source of Information :Thesis No.4051
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Efficiency of potassium source on growth, development and yield of mulberry in relation to cocoon production and silk quality under rainfed condition.
Personnel :Nagaraju, Shankar MA
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To know the efficacy of potassium source on growth, development and yield of mulberry.
· To study the effect of potassium sources on leaf quality in rainfed conditions.
· To know the efficacy of potassium source on silkworm growth, development and cocoon production.
· To assess the influence of potassium source on disease resistance.
· To assess the effect of potassium source on silk quality.
Results/Recommendations :Plant fertilized with Potassium sulphate recorded significant higher leaf yield (9831.40 kg/ha), higher leaf area/plant, higher Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur and moisture content of leaf, ripened silkworm weight, single cocoon weight, longer filament, higher filament denier and minimum number of breaks.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4557
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Nitrogen and potassium management in mulberry in relation to cocoon production and grainage parameters.
Personnel :Raje Gowda, Shankar MA
Project Period :1996-1999
Objectives :
· To know the effect of nitrogen and potassium sulphate levels on growth, development and yield of mulberry.
· To know the effect of nitrogen and Potassium sulphate levels on silkworm growth, cocoon production and grainage parameters.
· To study the nitrogen and Potassium sulphate levels on disease incidence of mulberry silkworm.
· To work out the cost benefit ratio on leaf and cocoon production.
Results/Recommendations :Total leaf yield per hectare of S36 mulberry was significantly superior with N and K2SO4 applied at 300:120. Similarly net profit and cost benefit ratio of mulberry cultivation was maximum with the application of N and K2SO4 at 300:120.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5415
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Performance of silkworm Bombyx mori L on mulberry raised by using sericulture byproducts as manure.
Personnel :Rajanna BH, Chinnaswamy KP
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To evaluate the efficiency of sericulture byproducts and some other organic sources on the yield of mulberry.
· To know the nutritional status of mulberry leaves raised by applying sericulture byproducts and other organic sources.
· To study the performance of silkworm Bombyx mori L on the mulberry leaves raised by applying sericulture byproducts and other organic sources.
Results/Recommendations :
· Average leaf yield was significantly higher with integrated application of FYM + R.NPK followed by Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulphur.
· CHO and crude protein content of leaf were significantly higher with the application of FYM+R.NPK.
· Cocoon and pupal weight, rate of pupation and moth emergence, fecundity and hatching percentage, cocoon filaments were also higher by application of leaves obtained from FYM+ R.NPK combination.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5095
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of some plant growth regulators on silkworms Bombyx mori L and Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval.
Personnel :Ramesha BS, Govindan R
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To study the effect of some plant growth regulators on the economic traits of mulberry and eri silkworms.
· To know the progressive soluble protein profile of silk gland and haemolymph of silkworms treated with plant growth regulators.
Results/Recommendations :
· Among the 3 selected growth regulators viz., IAA, IBA and Gibberellic acid, Gibberellic acid recorded highest maximum larval weight by topical application at 200 mg/ml.
· Topical application of Gibberellic acid 200 mg/ml to 48 and 72 hr old 5th instar larvae of Bombyx mori and Samia cynthia ricini results in highest cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio and longer filament, and also highest egg per laying was recorded in the moth resulting from larvae treated topically with Gibberellic acid to 5th instar.
· Protein content, haemolymph and silk gland of 5th instar larvae increased in both races.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5365
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Growth, yield and quality of M5 mulberry leaf as influenced by Phosphorus, Iron, Zinc and Manganese interactions.
Personnel :Bhagyrathy N, Shankar MA
Project Period :1997-2002
Objectives :
· To study the effect of nutrient levels (P, Fe, Zn and Mn) and their interactions on growth and dry matter accumulation in mulberry.
· To assess the quality of mulberry leaf as influenced by nutrient levels (P, Fe, Zn and Mn) and their interactions.
· To study the nutrient uptake pattern in the mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :
· Growth parameters of M5 were significantly higher when supplemented with 300 ppm of iron.
· Growth parameters and leaf quality parameters were significantly higher when zinc was applied to mulberry at 20 kg/ha/yr.
· Significant higher nutrient uptake was recorded where iron was applied at 20 kg/ha/yr, Zn at 20 kg/ha/yr which recorded significant higher N, P, and K uptake. The interaction of Fe and Zn recorded significantly higher K uptake in the treatment combination of 20 kg/ha/yr of each of the nutrients.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6486
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of nitrogen levels on yield and quality of rainfed mulberry in relation to performance of silkworm with different method and regime of feeding.
Personnel :Sannappa B, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :
· To evaluate different sources of nitrogen fertilizers for mulberry leaf yield and quality and performance of silkworms.
· To study the correlation between nutritional status of mulberry leaves and economic parameters of silkworm.
· To work out the benefit cost ratio of silk cocoon production with different nitrogen levels, method and frequencies of feeding.
Results/Recommendations :From the economic point of view, rearing NB4D2 breeds of silkworm with M5 mulberry, the whole shoot raised with 125 kg N/yr under rainfed condition at a feeding regime of 3 feeds a day yields more profit.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5566
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of S36 mulberry variety on the rearing performance of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Venugopal SN, Vijayendra M
Project Period :1998-2001
Objectives :
· To find out the nutrient status of S36 and M5 leaves.
· To find out the changes in micro climate of feeding only on S36 at all stages.
· To evaluate S36 variety for rearing performance of mulberry silkworm fed throughout instar.
Results/Recommendations :The S36 variety can suitably be used throughout the instars than the recommended practice of S36 for chawki worms and M5 for late age worms. Though slightly more susceptible for grasseries disease, it gave good cocoon yield. Therefore S36 mulberry variety can be recommended or feeding the silkworm in all the instars with proper environmental conditions.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6181
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Response of RFS-176 and M5 mulberry varieties to Azatobacter inoculation in relation to growth, yield of mulberry and cocoon production under dry land Alfisols.
Personnel :Umesha MP, Shankar MA
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :
· To assess the yield and quality of mulberry as influenced by Azatobacter biofertilizers.
· To study the effect of biofertilizer on mulberry in relation to silkworm growth and cocoon production.
· To work out the economics of leaf production.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of Azatobacter in general with 50% recommended dose of nitrogen maintain leaf yield and quality on par with that of recommended dose of nitrogen (100 kg/ha/yr).
· Highest benefit cost ratio (BCR)/ha/yr was obtained by application of recommended dose (100:50:50 kg NPK/ha/yr) followed by 50% N+Azatobacter (SA+FS) in both RFS175 and M5 respectively.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5403
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Efficacy of foliar spray of Daman penshibao on mulberry yield, quality and performance of silkworm.
Personnel :Jyothi BL, Govindan R
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To know the efficacy of Daman penshibao on growth, yield and nutritional status of mulberry.
· To study the performance of silkworm on mulberry leaves raised by foliar application of Daman penshibao.
Results/Recommendations :The number of leaves per plant was significantly higher in 3.0 ml of Daman penshibao spray in 10 lit of water for the mean of three crops. The leaf moisture content was significantly higher in 30 ml of spray of Daman penshibao compared to 69.39% in control. The larval mortality due to disease was significantly least on corresponding to 3.0ml of Daman penshibao.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5629
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Phosphorus management in mulberry with special reference to use of DAP as foliar spray on performance of mulberry and silkworms.
Personnel :Sundar Raj S, Govindan R
Project Period :1999-2002
Objectives :
· To study the phosphorus management in mulberry with special reference to the use of DAP as foliar spray on the performance of mulberry in terms of leaf yield and quality.
· To study the relationship between phosphorus management and nutritional status of mulberry leaves and performance of silkworm for larval, cocoon seed and silk technological traits.
· To work out the cost benefit ratio in use of 'P' levels of selected source.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of 75% P through single super phosphate + 25% P through 1% DAP foliar spray is the best method of management of phosphorus in mulberry and cocoon production.
· Cost benefit ratio of silk cocoon production was highest with the application of 75% 'P' through SSP+ 25% P through 1% DAP foliar spray.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6492
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of growth regulators on rooting of mulberry Morus alba L.
Personnel :Bore Gowda J, Nuthan D
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :
· To study the effect of growth regulators on root and shoot parameters.
· To study the survival of rooted cuttings.
Results/Recommendations :The IAA at 150 ppm showed overall beneficial results in variety S36 and S1635 and at 200 ppm in variety M5, while DD did perform better at higher concentration (200 ppm) of both IAA and IBA.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6386
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of green manuring on growth, yield and quality of mulberry in relation to cocoon production.
Personnel :Nagesh YR, Shankar MA
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :
· To study the effect of green manuring on the growth, yield and quality of mulberry.
· To study the extent of reducing the fertilizers cost and improvement in nutrient status of mulberry by using green manures.
· To study the effect of green manuring on economic traits of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :On overall performance, application of 50% N through FYM and 50% though fertilizers recorded significantly higher number of leaves/plant. Application of 100% recommended nutrients through green manure recorded higher nitrogen content. It is evident that rearing performance of silkworm with green manure or FYM was economical with a saving on fertilizer cost.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6401
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of mulberry leaf.
Personnel :Rashmi K, Shankar MA
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To find out the effect of organic mulberry cultivation concept on growth and yield parameters of mulberry.
· To find out the effect of organics on qualitative parameters of mulberry.
· To know the effect of duration of storage of mulberry leaf as influenced by different organic manures.
Results/Recommendations :From the results, it is concluded that treatment T11 (Biofertilizers 10kg/ha/yr each of Azospirillum + Aspergillus awamori + 20% recommended N through compost, green manure (Glyricidia maculate), castor oil cake, vermicompost and inorganic fertilizer and remaining P and K through inorganic fertilizers) followed by T12 (recommended 20 tonnes of compost+300:120:120 kg NPK/ha/yr through fertilizers) had significant influence on growth, yield and quality parameters of S36 and M5 mulberry and soil parameters.
Source of Information :From Project Personnel
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Mulberry Physiology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of mulberry nutrition on development of Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Mareppa, Bhaskar RN
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To know the effect of varied levels and sources of nitrogen and potassium on mulberry leaf quality.
· To study the effect of nutritional status of mulberry leaves on the development of Nuclear polyhedrosis disease of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Results/Recommendations :
· Effective rate of rearing (ERR) was significantly more with the leaves obtained by the application of fertilizers at 280: 120: 180 kg N:P:K/ha/yr.
· Fertilizer of mulberry has direct influence on the mulberry biochemical and reeling and cocoon parameters viz., less ET50 value for mortality, total mortality and effective rate of rearing in healthy and inoculated lots.
· Biochemical constituents of mulberry leaf were higher when mulberry was fertilized with different levels and sources.
· Crude protein, total chlorophyll content, N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were high with the application of 360:120:180 NPK/ha/yr and this result in less infestation of BmNPV.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5348
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of methods of mulberry leaf preservation on leaf quality and rearing performance of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Shivakumaraswamy MP, Bhaskar RN
Project Period :2000-2002
Objectives :
· To know the effect of different preservation structures/methods on biochemical constituents of mulberry leaf.
· To know the performance of silkworm reared on leaves preserved under different methods of preservation on cocoon production.
Results/Recommendations :Silkworms (PM x NB4D2) reared on mulberry leaves preserved in pot preservation method for young age silkworms and zero energy chamber method for late age were found to be better and recorded superior rearing and cocoon characters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6481
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Mulberry Pathology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita and fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola B. interaction on mulberry and their management.
Personnel :Bhagyarathi N, Siddappaji
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To record the effect of interaction of root knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) and fungus (Rhizoctonia bataticola) disease on mulberry crop.
· To evolve management strategy to contain root knot nematode and the fungus pathogen.
Results/Recommendations :The interaction effect of root knot nematode and the fungus Rhizoctonia bataticola inoculations was significant in reducing the both mulberry biomass and the nematode populations than either of the cultures inoculated separately.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4574
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Silkworm Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Heterosis in relation to single, three-way and double cross hybrids of selected races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Sripada Mahabala Udupa, Vishveshwara Gowda BL
Project Period :1985-1986
Objectives :
· To study the differential expression of heterosis in single, three way and double cross hybrids of selected races.
· To study the feasibility of using popular commercial single cross hybrids as foundation crosses for three way/double cross hybrids.
Results/Recommendations :Higher moth emergence percentage in single cross hybrids over pure races was observed indicating improvement in their grainage parameters. Overall this parameter recorded +ve and significant relative and negative standard heterosis. Higher degree of improvement in fecundity was noticed in both the three way and double cross hybrids compared to pure races and single crosses.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 1976
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Performances of the selected races of mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) in the eastern dry zones of Karnataka.
Personnel :Vishwanatha GM, Siddappaji C
Project Period :1985-1987
Objectives :
· To work out the effective rate of rearing of the mulberry silkworm races.
· To study the seasonal influence on cocoon productivity.
· To study the yield potentialities and the related economic parameters of silk cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :The qualitative cocoon characters like the average weight of cocoon, shell and pupa and shell percentage, reelable filament length and denier were excellent in the case of pure bivoltine NB4D2 followed by NB18 indicating the all round improvement on silk quality.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2087
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Performance of single and double cross hybrids of some bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Narayanaswamy KC, Narayanaswamy TK
Project Period :1986-1988
Objectives :
· To study the extent of heterosis in single and double cross hybrids.
· To study the feasibility of using double cross hybrids for commercial rearing.
· To study the nature and extent of genetic variation for various characters.
Results/Recommendations :
· In general, the double cross hybrids were superior to single cross hybrids, however, certain specific single cross hybrids performed on par with double cross hybrids.
· Higher degree of fecundity was noticed in double cross hybrids compared to single cross hybrid or pure races.
· Increase in yield both by number and weight/100 larvae brushed was significantly superior in double cross over pure race and large size cocoons were observed in double cross hybrids.
· Cocoon filament length was significantly higher in double cross hybrids.
· Phenotypic and genotypic co-efficient of variability were maximum for most of the economical characters indicates less environmental influence.
Source of Information :UAS. GKVK, Thesis No. 2227
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Heterosis and Line x Tester analysis in multivoltine and bivoltine races of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Banuprakash KG, Govindan R
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :
· To study the per se performance of parents and hybrids.
· To estimate the relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in different hybrids.
· To estimate the GCA of parents.
· To estimate the SCA of crosses.
· To estimate the genetic parameters for quantitative traits.
Results/Recommendations :The heterosis of MY2 x NB18, GNP x NB18 and KA x GNP was maximum for most of the important characters viz., maximum larval weight, cocoon yield by number and weight, effective rate of rearing, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight, shell percentage, productivity, rate of pupation, rate of moth emergence, cocoon filament length, non-breakable filament length and denier
· SCA for most of the traits was slightly higher among multivoltine-based hybrids than that of bivoltine based hybrids.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2523
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title : Chemical mutagenisis in the silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Asha KP, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1991-1992
Objectives :
· Computation of LD50 for egg hatch.
· To assess the mutagenic effect of the chemical mutagens on the larval stage adopting the oral, smearing and injection methods of administration.
· To assess the mutagenic effect of the chemical mutagens on application to pupal stage.
· To assess the effect of the performance of the silkworm to detect mutants if any, for economic traits.
Results/Recommendations :
· Early embryonic stages were more sensitive to the mutagens than the late embryonic stage.
· Oral and smearing technique did not yield any mutation but the injection method yielded dominant lethal mutation.
· The pupal stage was found to be hyper sensitive to EMS and DMS as reflected by immediate change in cuticle colour and eventual mortality.
· It was concluded that EMS and DMS do not induce any beneficial mutation from the point of view of practical sericulture as evidenced by induction of dominant lethal mutation only.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2734
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Comparative morphology of Pure Mysore and NB4D2–the popular breeds of Bombyx mori L (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae)
Personnel :Girish N, Siddappaji C
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :
· To study external morphology of the mulberry silkworm breeds.
· To study the detailed morphology of selected larval instars of the selected breeds.
· To construct setal maps of larvae of selected instars for primary characters of taxonomic importance.
· To study the morphology and sexual dimorphism in the above silkworm breeds.
Results/Recommendations :Morphology of Pure Mysore and NB4D2 of Bombyx mori L has established significant difference in structures of both immature and adult moths and furnished key line information useful to separate the two breeds and would form basis for identifying the silkworm breeds precisely at all stages.
The genitalia of males and females of both PM and NB4D2 are similar with no variation in shape offering ample scope for interbreeding but the size of male genitalia, aedeagus, bursa copulatrix in NB4D2 was larger than PM.
Source of Information :Thesis No.2969
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Heterosis and combining ability studies in new multivoltine x bivoltine hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L through Line x Tester analysis.
Personnel :Nagendra AC, Vishveswara Gowda BL
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :
· To study the per se performance of parents and hybrids.
· To estimate the relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis in hybrids.
· To estimate the general combining ability of parents.
· To estimate the specific combining ability of crosses.
Results/Recommendations :The Pure bivoltine performed better than Pure multivoltine except cocooning percentage and rate of pupation. Most of the crosses showed positive relative and standard heterosis for fecundity, negative relative and standard heterosis for larval duration. Positive relative and standard heterosis for mature larval weight, cocooning, cocoon yield by weight, pupal weight, shell weight, productivity, cocoon filament length and denier.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4057
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Productivity of parental silkworm breeds on organically raised rainfed mulberry.
Personnel :Syed Noor Pasha, Chinnaswamy KP
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :
· To assess the cocoon productivity of parental silkworm breeds on organically raised rainfed mulberry.
· To determine egg productivity of silkworm moth of parental breeds on organically raised rainfed mulberry.
· To correlate the seed cocoon and egg productivity to nutritive value of organically raised rainfed mulberry.
· To assess cost benefit ratio.
Results/Recommendations :
· Cost benefit ratio of mulberry leaf production was least with only NPK treatment followed by SWE and NPK + FYM.
· Cost benefit ratio of PM cocoon production was more with FYM followed by NPK + FYM and SWE treatments.
· Cost benefit ration of NB4D2 cocoon production was highest with FYM followed by NPK + FYM and SWC treatments.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6177
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Identification of superior hybrid genotypes through evaluation index approach.
Personnel :Sudha CN, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :
· To assess the performance of parental breeds in respect of some multiple traits.
· Computation of the evaluation index for selected traits of all hybrids.
· Identification of promising combination for selected traits.
Results/Recommendations :The pooled evaluation indices for pupation rate and cocoon yield was maximum in KJ x ITAL MD, P2D1 x CSR4 and KJ x CSR4. These are promising hybrids suitable for seed production purpose. Similarly, bivoltine x bivoltine hybrids, CSR4 x ITAL MD, ITAL MD x CSR4 and multivoltine x bivoltine hybrids, P2D1 x CSR4 registered high index value on average of two traits viz., cocoon weight and shell weight positioned these are promising hybrids intended for reeling purposes.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5350
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Performance of new mulberry silkworm breeds and their hybrids.
Personnel :Hadimani MB, Narayana Swamy TK, Sekharappa BM
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To know the mean performance of new parental silkworm breeds and their hybrids.
· To assess the combining ability of lines and tester parents and their hybrids.
· To estimate the heterosis among hybrids.
Results/Recommendations :Among the polyvoltines, BL-24 topped first by showing highest mean performance for many traits viz., cocoon yield by weight/200 larvae, ERR, single cocoon and pupal weight productivity and single filament length. MH1 was second best by exhibiting highest mean performance for single mature larval weight, shell weight, shell ratio etc., among bivoltine parents CSR5 showed highest mean performance followed by CSR4 and NB4D2.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5634
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Grainage performance of new bivoltine breeds of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Varalakshmi R, Krishnaprasad NK
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To establish grainage potentiality such as cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, pupal weight, ERR, moth emergence, fecundity etc., of new bivoltine hybrids.
· To identify optimum mating duration required for maximum egg production in new bivoltine breeds.
· Effect of multiple mating on grainage parameter in new bivoltine breeds.
· Egg laying capacity on different substrates.
Results/Recommendations :
· CSR2, CSR4, CSR5 and NB4D2 breeds are evaluated and CSR4 breed has greater potentiality to produce higher cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, pupal weight, good survival rate, maximum fecundity and better hatching percentage followed by CSR2 and CSR5.
· CSR2, CSR4 and CSR5 can be conveniently used thrice for cross breed egg production.
· 2-3 hour of mating duration is enough to get maximum fecundity.
· Reusable blue transparent sheet, yellow transparent sheet, green transparent sheet has favoured oviposition in all the breeds.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5507
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of new bivoltine hybrids of silkworm Bombyx mori L based on evaluation index.
Personnel :Krishna Kumar DV, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :
· To study the per se performance of parents.
· To estimate the relative heterosis, heterobeltiosis and standard heterosis among hybrids for qualitative traits.
Results/Recommendations :Average evaluation index value of traits from rearers and reelers point of view reveal the superiority of hybrid CSR2 x CSR5 and followed by CSR2 x CSR4. These two hybrids have been rated as elite and suitable both for seed production and reeling purposes.
Source of Information :Thesis No.6224
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Rearing Technology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on consumption and utilization of three mulberry varieties by the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Prabhakara MK, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1987-1988
Objectives :To study the consumption and utilization indices of different races.
Results/Recommendations :
· The consumption index on both fresh and dry weight basis decreased with the advancement of larval stage. However, the value of the CI was more on dry weight basis compared to fresh weight basis.
· In general growth rate showed steady decrease as the age advanced on both fresh and dry weight basis, the maximum growth was observed in NB18 and minimum in PM.
· Approximate digestibility was inversely proportional with the age.
· Larvae reared on M5 showed higher ECD.
· The ratio of leaf consumption to cocoon weight was very less in PM.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2244
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on methods of applying mulberry leaves to silkworm Bombyx mori L (Lepidoptera:Bombycidae).
Personnel :Muraleedhara MR, Siddappaji C
Project Period :1988-1990
Objectives :
· To study the effect of different methods of application of mulberry leaf on growth and development of 1st and 2nd instar silkworm.
· Influence of different methods on larval duration, growth rate and effective rate of rearing.
· Effect of different methods on economic traits of silk cocoons.
· Economics of silk cocoon crop production under different methods of application of mulberry leaves.
Results/Recommendations :
· ERR (effective rate of rearing) was significantly high in case of silkworm applied with whole shoots with tender flush (20.86% advantage over check); silk cocoon yield is also high (415g/layings) when whole mulberry shoots with tender flush were applied.
· Cost/kg silk cocoon production was minimum in case of the whole shoots with tender flush applied to silkworm (in all the 3 rearing with Rs.24.21 as against the check (Rs.42.3)
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2447
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of spiral spacing of mountage on mulberry silk cocoons.
Personnel :Roopa Vasishta, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :
· To find out the optimum spiral spacing required for mounting different races of the silkworm on conventional bamboo mountage.
· Investigate the influence of spiral spacing of mountage on characteristics of mulberry.
· Influence of spiral spacing on reeling parameters and silk quality.
· To know the influence of substratum on cocoon quality.
Results/Recommendations :
· Bottle brush montage and plastic collapsible mountage can be conventionally used in place of chandrike without altering the cocoon quality.
· Irrespective of race, highest elongation percentage was observed at a narrow spacing of 2.5-3.5 cm.
· Defective cocoon % reduced with narrow cocooning space and increased with wider cocooning space.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2534
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Spinning apparatus of popular mulberry silkworm breeds and influence of abiotic factors during spinning on economic characters of silkworms.
Personnel :Chandrika KG, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :
· Comparison of the silk glands of mulberry silkworms breeds.
· Comparison of the spinning apparatus of both spinning and non-spinning mulberry silkworm.
· Spinning behaviour of popular mulberry silkworm breeds and spinning response to abiotic factors.
Results/Recommendations :The morphometry of spinneret and associated structures of spinning and non-spinning silkworms are identical except weak sclerotization of central and lateral bars in the latter. The mean values for morphometry of spinneret and biometry of silk gland were high for NB4D2 followed by PM x NB4D2 and PM. Strong correlation exists between spinning apparatus and economic characters of silk cocoon. The optimal temperature of 25±2ºC, RH 70±5% and diffused light during spinning lead to enhanced production of silk cocoons with superior economic characters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4655
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of rearing structures for their suitability to raise late age silkworms.
Personnel :Bharathi VP, Jayaramaiah M
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :
· To record the effect of low cost rearing structures on silkworm growth, development and effective rate of rearing of silkworms also on cocoon and post cocoon parameters.
· To record the microclimatic conditions in these structures and to establish the relationship of these on various yield contributing factors.
· To work out the rough estimate for erection of rearing structures.
Results/Recommendations : Late age worms of pure breeds as well as cross breeds could be reared successfully in thatched roof with mud sidewall with manifold advantages. This structure maintains near optimum weather parameters and thus favours the overall development of worms and improvement in economic traits, besides cutting off the cost on building of the rearing structure.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4719
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Management strategies to use different mulberry leaf resource to assess the performance of pure silkworm (Bombyx mori L) breeds for egg production.
Personnel :Changalarayappa, Chinnaswamy KP
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :
· To find out the influence of different mulberry varieties on growth and development of silkworm seed cocoon yield and grainage parameters.
· To find out the best sequence and method of feeding of different mulberry varieties to different pure silkworm breeds for sustainable seed cocoon and egg yield.
Results/Recommendations :Interaction effect of silkworm breed, feeding methods and feeding sequences shows significant influence on larval duration, cocoon weight, pupal duration, no. of eggs/ovariole and ovariole length. Interaction of NB4D2 reared with S54+Mysore local with shoot feeding method was found to be best for egg cocoon parameter and interaction of NB4D2 reared on S54+Mysore local with shoot feeding method was found best for cocoon parameters. Similarly rearing of NB18 and PM on M5+Mysore local for egg parameters and S54+Mysore local for cocoon parameters with shoot feeding method was found best.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4805
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of feeding methods, mulberry varieties and feeding frequencies on rearing performances and grainage parameters of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Shylaja A, Jayaramaiah M
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :
· To find out the best frequency in shoot and chopped feeding methods on rearing parameters.
· To assess the frequency of feeding methods and frequency of feeding with different varieties of mulberry on post-cocoon and grainage parameters.
Results/Recommendations :The performance of silkworm breeds (PM, PM x NB4D2 and NB4D2) were better on S36 mulberry variety with shoot feeding method having feeding frequency of 3 and 4 per day. The results indicated that nutrition and rearing environment also have positive influence on the rearing performance and grainage parameters irrespective of the breeds and their inherent characters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5622
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of non-conventional rearing technologies for silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Ramaprasad GS
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :
· To evaluate appropriateness of alternative materials for egg incubation.
· To evaluate appropriateness of alternative substitute for chawki rearing.
· To evaluate alternative materials in place of bamboo mountage.
Results/Recommendations :Economic implementation of different materials has indicated that use of banana leaf for egg incubation resulted in an increase of 0.85% egg hatching and in terms of monitory benefit; there is net increase of Rs.54.85 for 100 dfls without any extra investment. Use of blue polythene sheets for chawki rearing yielded net gain of Rs.88.54 over recommended practice for 100 dfls. Among the mounting materials paddy straw produced an incremental cost benefit ratio of Rs.4.71 compared to traditional chandrike.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6200
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Sustainability factors in multivoltine mulberry silkworm seed cocoon production in Karnataka.
Personnel : Srivivasa Gowda RG, Chinnaswamy KP
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :
· To find out and understand the factors involved for stable mulberry production.
· To key out and understand the factors involved for sustainable silkworm seed cocoon production in multivoltine seed area.
Results/Recommendations :The major constraints perceived by the seed rearers were inadequate and irregular electricity supply for irrigation, difficulty in getting sufficient chemicals and fertilizers, non availability of hired labours, non availability of mountages during ripening and inconvenient transportation services to distant seed cocoon markets. Majority of the seed rearers followed the management strategies to overcome the risks.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5775
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Responses of new bivoltine hybrids to different varieties of mulberry.
Personnel :Syed Ateeq Ahmed, Narayanaswamy TK
Project Period :2000-2002
Objectives :
· To estimate the chemical constituent of improved mulberry varieties grown under irrigated conditions.
· To evaluate the rearing performances of bivoltine hybrids of silkworm on different mulberry varieties.
· Correlation studies on qualitative characters of mulberry and quantitative traits of silkworm hybrids.
Results/Recommendations :In general, CSR2 x CSR5 silkworm hybrid reared on V1 variety was superior compared to CSR2 x CSR4 and NP2 x KSO-1
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6457
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of feeding varied types of mulberry leaves to late-age silkworm Bombyx mori L on performance of Pure Mysore and NB4D2 breeds over seasons.
Personnel : Dharna Naik BC, Krishna Prasad NK
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :
· To investigate the influence of different types of mulberry leaves to late larval stages on rearing and grainage performance of Pure Mysore and NB4D2 silkworm breeds.
· To know the influence of different types of mulberry leaves on rearing and grainage performance of Pure Mysore and NB4D2 silkworm breeds over seasons.
Results/Recommendations :Larval duration was shorter in silkworm fed with tender mulberry leaves during summer season in Pure Mysore and NB4D2. Feeding medium leaves to Pure Mysore and NB4D2 silkworm recorded minimum incidence of grasserie during winter. ERR was higher when Pure Mysore and NB4D2 silkworm fed with tender leaves during winter season. Cocoon yield by number and weight were highest in silkworm fed with tender leaves during winter seasons for Pure Mysore and NB4D2 breeds.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5753
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Rearing and grainage parameters of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) as influenced by feeding of mulberry leaf raised through the application of organic manures and inorganic fertilizers.
Personnel :Sudhakar SN, Narayanaswamy TK
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To find out the effect of nutritional management through the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the rearing, cocoon and post cocoon parameters of silkworm.
· To study the influence of nutritional management of mulberry through organic and inorganic fertilizer on grainage parameters of silkworm.
· Estimation of commercial hybrid silkworm egg quality produced by using seed cocoons got from feeding of mulberry raised through organic farming concept.
Results/Recommendations :Significant positive correlation existed between majority of S2T12 (feeding schedule of S36+M5 with a combination of recommended 20 tonnes of compost/ha/yr along with 300:120:120 kg of NPK/ha/yr) with respect to larval and silk gland weights, effective rate of rearing, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell ratio, silk productivity, cocoon yield, filament length, pupal weight, rate of pupation, rate of moth emergence, fecundity, gravid moth weight and hatchability. Whereas, disease incidence, total moulting, larval and pupal durations and melting rate were exhibited lesser by the above interaction respectively.
From the above results it is clear that, chawki worms fed with S36 and late age worms fed with M5 mulberry leaf leads to increase in larval, cocoon and grainage traits.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of Amino acid supplementation on growth and development of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Krishnappa JB, Vishveshwara Gowda BL
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives :
· To study the effect of aminoacids (Alanine, Glycine, Phenylalanine and Tryptophan) on growth and development.
· To study the effect of glycine on growth and development.
· To know the effect of glycine on economic characters.
· To fix up the application schedule of glycine.
Results/Recommendations :Generally, glycine supplemented at 1.5 and 2.0% concentrations either twice daily in fourth and fifth instars or daily once in all instars significantly increased the survival, cocoon yield, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight, shell ratio, fecundity and hatching of eggs and defective and melted cocoons decreased. However, the filament length and denier were not significantly influenced due to supplementation of glycine in different concentrations and schedules.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2149
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of feed additive on growth and cocoon yield of silkworm Bomyx mori larva.
Personnel :Nagesh S, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :
· To study the influence of feed additive on growth and development of silkworm.
· To study the influence of feed additive on cocoon characters.
· To study the influence of feed additive on vital grainage parameters.
· To find out the cost effect of feed supplementation on cocoon production.
Results/Recommendations :From the point of growth attributes, silk cocoon yield and cost effects, application of feed additives during 5th instar at the rate of 2 g/0.1 m2 bed area once a day in case of Pure Mysore is found advantageous, while the same twice a day in case of NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2 is found more advantageous and economically viable, signifying the suitability of Seri care in both qualitative and quantitative improvement of silkworm crop. Thus, this Seri care is found strategic in increasing the productivity, which can be included in to sericulture technologies.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.3542
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Investigation on the gut micro flora of healthy silkworm larva Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Ashok Kumar, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To investigate the gut microflora of healthy larvae of Bombyx mori.
· To evaluate the effect of gut microflora on the food utilization efficiency in the silkworm.
· To study the effect of gut microflora on the biochemical parameters of silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :The gut cellulose activity was significantly highest for worms fed on leaves with Micrococcus sp, and Staphylococcus sp, thus indicating that the cellulose produced in the gut of silkworm is of the insect as well as bacterial origin. The bivoltine larvae fed with mulberry leaves smeared with 2 gut bacteria spun significantly heavier cocoons.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4280
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of solanaceous leaf extracts on growth and development of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Reshma TK, Krishna Prasad NK
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To assess the influence of Solanacious leaf extracts on rearing performance of Bombyx mori L.
· Identification of effective extracts that can be utilized in practical sericulture for reducing larval duration.
· To evaluate the influence of solanacious leaf extracts on various cocoon parameters.
Results/Recommendations :Results of different Solanacious leaf extracts on various cocoon parameters indicated that performances of potato leaf extracts at growth stage was significantly superior when treated during third, fourth and fifth instar. It contributed for higher cocoon weight, shell weight and shell percentage suggesting that this has no bad influence on these parameters, while tobacco leaf extract recorded significantly lower values indicating that it has negative influence on cocoon parameters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4608
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Haemolymph and fat body profiles in pure races and cross breed of Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Meera P, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To know the profile of haemolymph and fat body in different developmental stages of Bombyx mori.
· To establish the relationship of haemolymph and fat body profiles with fecundity and silk production.
Results/Recommendations :The biochemical profile of the haemolymph of V instar larva in respect of seven parameters, among the breeds revealed that the bivoltine (NB4D2) registered maximum protein content followed by cross breed and minimum by Pure Mysore. The evaluation of economic characters of silk cocoons revealed that cocoon characters registered higher significant differences in the breeds studied. The mean maximum was recorded in NB4D2, minimum in PM while it was intermediate in PM x NB4D2, in respect of 7 silk cocoon characters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5128
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Screening of protein supplements for better quantitative and qualitative traits of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Sundar Raj S, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :
· Screening of protein supplements for acceptability, growth and development (Qualitative traits) of the popular mulberry silkworm breeds.
· Evaluation of the economic characters (qualitative traits and grainage parameters) and path analysis of mulberry silkworm breeds.
Results/Recommendations :Soya bean supplemented leaf fed to Pure Mysore, NB4D2 and PM x NB4D2 breeds registered significantly higher mature larval weight, larval volume, silk gland volume and silk gland weight. The silk gland ratio of Pure Mysore was highest with brewers yeast supplement. The ERR was maximum with defatted Soya bean supplemented mulberry leaf for Pure Mysore.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4787
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of plant extracts on the performance of silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Gayathri TV, Vijayendra M
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To screen the herbals for growth and development of silkworm.
· To work out consumption index as influenced by the screened herbals.
· To study activity of digestive amylase as influence by the screened herbals.
Results/Recommendations :The fortification of mulberry leaves with the plant extracts of Eclipta prostrata L., Centella asiatica L., Bacopa monnieri L. and Tinospora cordifolia Wild.at 2% concentration improved most of the economic traits of Bombyx mori with increased mature larval weight of 3.286, 3.284, 3.261 and 3.201g, respectively compared to water control (3.248g) reduced larval duration.
The enrichment of mulberry leaves with Eclipta prostrata resulted maximum in food consumption (56.66, 78.10, 83.82, 94.15 and 113.69g/100 larvae), digestion (38.95, 49.49, 46.96, 57.98 and 57.32 g/100 larvae), consumption index (0.051, 0.037, 0.026, 0.023 and 0.016), growth rate (0.020, 0.026, 0.028, 0.035 and 0.032), efficiency of conversion of ingesta (37.32, 44.63, 47.92, 83.93 and 51.85%), efficiency of conversion of digesta (44.56, 68.03, 73.01, 95.60 and 92.71%) and approximate digestibility (70.30, 68.76, 64.08, 60.71 and 54.29%) during fifth instar, followed by Bacopa monnieri, Centella asiatica and Tinospora cordifolia were significantly superior over water and normal control.
It is summarized that the response of PM x CSR2 to plant extracts was found to be better with respect to growth and development, food consumption indices and most of the economic parameters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Quantitative appraisal of cereal and legume combination as feed additives in silk production by mulberry silkworm.
Personnel :Vanitha NG, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :2003-2006
Objectives :
· To ascertain the acceptability of feed additives through food consumption indices.
· To assess the performance of silkworm hybrids with feed additives.
· To quantify the increment in silk production with feed additives.
Results/Recommendations :Silkworm hybrids reared on leaves supplemented with best treatment (T7) showed increment for both hybrids on an average over control in SGTSI (23.95%, 23.09%), silk productivity (14.65%, 12.90%), shell weight (16.88%), 12.01%), shell ratio (19.08%, 14.41%), fibroin content (14.79%, 10.85%), filament length (15.97%, 13.37%), reduced sericin content (-16.14%, -11.19%) and variation in denier (11.88%, 7.72%) with supplementation provided from fourth instar until spinning and supplementation exclusively during fifth instar, respectively. PM x CSR2 supplemented with T7 recorded minimum consumption, digestion, consumption index (CI) and maximum growth rate (GR), efficiency of conversion of ingestion (ECI) and efficiency of conversion of digestion (ECD) whereas, for CSR2 x CSR4 supplementation with T8 registered minimum consumption, digestion, CI, maximum GR, ECI and ECD. The cereal and legume combination of feed additives supplemented as dust on mulberry leaves (Variety M5) can be exploited to enhance the silk production of the new hybrids.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Improving palatability of fortified mulberry leaf through value addition to silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Sumathi KC, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :2004-2007
Objectives :
· To evaluate the performance of mulberry silkworm with varied particle size of foliar supplements.
· To know the effect of palatable fortified feed on chemical composition of silk gland.
· To establish the production/conversion efficiency parameters of cocoon with foliar supplements.
Results/Recommendations :Among experimented feed fortificants, horsegram + grain amaranthus at 150µ particle size was found most palatable recording elevated productivity parameters such as mature larval weight (3.898g and 3.533g) single cocoon weight (2.126g and 2.060g), pupal weight (1.654g an 1.626g), shell weight (0.448g and 0.404g), rate of pupation (90.60% and 85.90%) silk gland tissue somatic index (25.57% and 18.95%), filament length (1045.06m and 850.25m), fibroin content (76.73% and 73.25%) finer denier (2.29 and 2.50) with lower sericin content (23.44% and 26.75%) and reduced disease incidence (5.38% and 12.56%) as compared to control, respectively. Fourth moulting duration and duration to ripen were significantly shortest with leaf fortified with flour of grain amaranthus + moongdhal (23.13 h and 173.40 h), respectively at 150µ particles size supplied daily once as against control (25.40h and 176.40h, respectively).
The biochemical composition of silk gland recorded highest total protein (354.02mg/g) and least total lipid (603.68 mg/g and 646.89mg/g) and total carbohydrate contents in the silk glands (5.155 mg/g and 5.935 mg/g) as compared to control, respectively. Further, it also recorded highest production efficiency of cocoon weight (83.99%) and 71.69%), conversion efficiency of cocoon weight (133.66% and 108.92%) and conversion efficiency of cocoon shell weight (26.57% and 19.24%) as against control, respectively. The least palatable feed fortificant among the treatments, was dried prawn + ragi flour combination.
Source of Information : UAS, GKVK, Thesis
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Feed fortification with protein supplements to enhance silk production in silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Andal K, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :2004-2006
Objectives :
· To assess the performance of mulberry silkworm with fortified leaves.
· To know the effect of supplements on chemical composition of silk gland.
· To establish the production/conversion efficiency parameters of cocoon with fortificants.
Results/Recommendations :The results revealed that the silkworm hybrid showed better performance on mulberry leaves supplemented with feed fortificants as compared to unsupplemented leaves. Larvae fed on mulberry leaves fortified with flours of horse gram + grain amaranthus at 1:15 ratio from fourth instar onwards upto ripening once daily recorded significantly higher larval weight, silk gland, tissue somatic index, cocoon weight, pupal weight, shell weight, filament length, fibroin content in silk filament, total protein in silk gland, total lipid in silk gland, production efficiency of cocoon weight, conversion efficiency of cocoon weight and conversion efficiency of cocoon shell weight and lesser incidence of diseases. It is concluded that, the horse gram + grain amaranthus flour combination, as dust on mulberry leaves can be certainly utilized to enhance silk production in silkworm.
Source of Information : UAS, GKVK, Thesis
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Silkworm Seed Technology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Investigations on pupal weight as a grainage parameter in mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Venkatesh KR, Visweswara Gowda BL
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :
· To study the relationship of pupal weight on pupal duration, adult longevity, fecundity and hatching.
· To find out the relationship with growth and development.
· To explore the influence on grainage parameters in the successive generation.
· To investigate the influence on cocoon parameters.
Results/Recommendations :The use of heavy pupal weight combinations was helpful in obtaining better performance with respect to fecundity, hatching, newly hatched larval weight, adult longevity, spinning, pupation, shell ratio, filament length, denier and number of breaks. But the rearing and cocoon parameters were found to be affected.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2335
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on hot water treatment of bivoltine eggs of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Pushpalatha S, Visweswara Gowda BL
Project Period :1988-1990
Objectives :
· To break the diapause of silkworm eggs by hot water treatment at different temperature and duration.
· To test the efficacy of treatment at different ages of the egg in combination with different schedules of refrigeration.
· To study the effect of hot water treatment on growth and development of silkworm.
· To study the effect of hot water treatment on post cocoon parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· The diapause retention was found to decrease with increased temperature and duration of hot water treatment and was not affected by the types of water.
· There was no effect of hot water treatment on post cocoon parameters (filament length and denier).
· The fecundity obtained in successive generation was not altered due to hot water treatments of parents.
· The large scale hot water treatment of eggs at 54°C for 19 seconds using tap water revealed 88.36% hatching, 10.64% diapause retention, 1% dead eggs as against 94.09% hatching, 4% diapause retention and 1.91% dead egg in HCl control.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2452
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore.
Project Title :Sustainable use of male silk moths of Bombyx mori L in egg production.
Personnel :Chinnaswamy KP, Krishnamurthy RV, Balakrishna M
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :
· To find out the mating competence of male silk moth and their potentiality in production of eggs.
· To investigate the current status of exploitation of male silkworm moths in grainages for commercial egg production in the state of Karnataka.
· To find out alternative means of sustainable use of male silkworm moths in commercial egg production.
Results/Recommendations :
· Production cost as well as selling cost were high for Bivoltine crossbreeds, than Multivoltine cross breed eggs.
· Sparse distribution of grainage in Karnataka.
· Shortages of seed cocoons are mainly due to poor supply of seed cocoons from the notified areas against the demand. In addition, incidence of pebrine and uzi-fly infestation on silkworm also cause shortage of seed cocoons.
· Maximum 4 matings were practiced for egg production in the grainages.
· Majority of the graineurs provides >3hr of duration for pairing.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2580
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Seed Technological aspects of some new multivoltine breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Manjuladevi NT, Visweswara Gowda BL
Project Period :1991-1992
Objectives :
· To study the comparative performance of races for larva, cocoon and grainage parameters as influenced by seasons.
· To collect preliminary data on specific determinations of the races with respect to grainage parameters.
· To know the influence of different mating duration.
· To study the effect of refrigeration of six and ten days old cocoons on grainage parameters.
Results/Recommendations :
· Comparative performance of the race viz., (PA11, P2D1, GNP, MY1) superiority to traditional multivoltine race PM in respect of larval duration, larval weight, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, productivity, fecundity and hatching and MY1 was the best performer.
· Experiment on mating duration in new multivoltine races indicated that 3-6hour mating was sufficient for maximum fecundity (478).
· Experiment on the effect of refrigeration of different aged cocoons on grainage parameters clearly indicated the superiority of untreated control over the refrigerated batches for different duration.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2736
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Grainage technology for two new Breeds mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Rama Kumar SR, Neelu Nangia
Project Period :1993-1995
Objectives :
· To study the mating potential of male moths of new breeds.
· To know the duration required for maximum fertile egg production.
· Evaluation of different substrates for oviposition.
· To know the effect of abiotic factors viz, air current, light and temperature on oviposition.
Results/Recommendations :
· Potentiality of males of two races MY1 and NP2 were assessed. MY1 upto seven mating occurred at room temperature and eight mating at 5°C. However bivoltine NP2 facilitated eight mating at room temperature and ten mating at 5°C.
· 4hr copulation resulted in high fecundity and hatching percentage
· Blue colour transparent sheet gave better fecundity than red colour sheet.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3458
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Delayed hydrochlorization of bivoltine eggs of Bombyx mori L through refrigeration and its impacts on rearing, grainage and silk technological parameters.
Personnel :Ashwathnarayan KM, Narayanaswamy TK
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives :
· Effect of refrigeration of bivoltine silkworm eggs for delaying acid treatment on hatching.
· Effect of refrigeration of bivoltine silkworm eggs for delaying acid treatment on rearing grainage and silk technological parameters.
Results/Recommendations :The incidence of dead eggs increased with increase in the duration of refrigeration. Overall among refrigerated batches one-day refrigeration of NB4D2 eggs was found good. The instar duration were influenced by refrigerating the eggs for different durations.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3319
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Seed technological traits of NB4D2 cocoons raised in different seed areas of Karnataka.
Personnel :Dilip Kumar, Krishna Prasad NK
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To evaluate NB4D2 seed cocoons raised in different seed areas of Karnataka.
· To study the grainage parameters of NB4D2 seed cocoons raised in different seed areas of Karnataka.
Results/Recommendations :Results revealed that cocoons of Attibele seed area, which is nearer to Bangalore bivoltine seed cocoon market, performed better in respect of defective cocoons, cocoons parameters and grainage parameters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4367
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Investigations on some methods of artificial hatching of silkworm (Bombyx mori L) eggs.
Personnel :Kumaraswamy HT, Vishveshwaraiah BL
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To study the effect of varying temperature, concentration and duration of HCl solution on artificial hatching of hibernating eggs.
· To establish hydrogen peroxide as a artificial hatching agent
· Preliminary studies on artificial hatching using different acids
· To study the feasibility of hot water treatment as a method of artificial hatching.
· Evaluate different method of egg friction.
Results/Recommendations :
· Hot water treatment at 55°C at 8 seconds duration was as effective as HCl treatment.
· Frictioning with 2½” painting brush for 9 minutes gave significant higher hatching percentage.
· Treatment with nitric acid 1.07 specific gravity for 4 minutes and glacial acetic acid 1.05 specific gravity for 4 minutes recorded 98.11 and 96.80 % hatching and were on par with Hcl control 98.55%.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2023
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of different types of dark treatment on hatchability and rearing performance of mulberry silkworm.
Personnel :Sudhakara K, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To find out the effect of different light, darkness regimes on egg laying.
· To find out the effect of different types of dark treatment during incubation.
· To find out the rearing performance and economic characters of the silkworm from the above treated eggs.
Results/Recommendations :All the methods of dark treatment have consistently performed better over open tray and newspaper bag. However, it would be ideal to impose the dark treatment from 5th day onwards since incubation from 1st day to 4th day was found to prolong the incubation period. These methods could be easily advocated to sericulturist using locally available materials.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4650
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Seed technological traits of Pure Mysore and NB4D2, breeds procured from different agro climatic zones of Karnataka.
Personnel : Rukmananda A, Krishna Prasad NK
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :
· Influence of agro climatic locations on seed technological traits of Pure Mysore and NB4D2.
· Seasonal influence on seed technological traits of Pure Mysore and NB4D2.
· Identification of effective performers over location as regard to grainage parameters for commercial egg production.
Results/Recommendations :The present study revealed that Pure Mysore cocoons from Magadi and NB4D2 cocoons from Attibele, Hassan, and Tiptur are the best combiners for commercial egg production. This also inferred that cross-involving NB4D2 from Bijapur performed poorly and the cocoons drawn from this area are not suitable for commercial egg production.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5349
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Silkworm Pathology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on cross-infectivity and viability of Nosema bombysis Naegeli.
Personnel :Srikanta HK, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1983-1986
Objectives :
· To study the cross-infectivity of Nosema bombysis to other insects.
· To find out the viability of pebrine spores under different conditions
· To find out pathogenecity of Nosema bombysis collected from different localities.
Results/Recommendations :
· Isolates of Mandya were found to be more virulent causing significantly lowest single cocoon, pupal and shell weight as well as shell ratio, filament length and denier than other isolates from Kolar, Bangalore and Mysore.
· The cross-infected lepidopteran insects showed sluggishness, uneven growth and uneven moulting, loss of appetite and difficulty in moulting.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 1874
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of antibiotics on the growth, development and incidence of disease in silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Radhakrishna Rai B, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1985-1987
Objectives :
· To study the effect of antibiotics on the growth and development of Bombyx mori L.
· To know the effect of antibiotics on the commercial characters of cocoons.
· To know the effect of antibiotics on the incidence of diseases in Bombyx mori L. larvae.
Results/Recommendations :Performance of NB18 and Pure Mysore races under the influence of antibiotics, chloramphenicol and tetracycline at different concentration revealed notable differences among them. Maximum fecundity was observed in NB18 when Chloramphenicol (0.08%) was administered daily once, where as in Pure Mysore maximum fecundity was observed with 0.04% tetracycline. Antibiotics significantly increased the cocoon yield in terms of number and weight irrespective of races.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2021
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Investigations on the Aspergillosis of mulberry silkworm with special reference to its control,
Personnel :Anitha Peter, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1987-1988
Objectives :
· To study the influence of temperature on the growth of the fungus.
· To determine the LC50 value.
· To study the susceptibility of different silkworm races to Aspergillus tamarii Kita
· In vitro control of Aspergillus tamarii Kita.
· In vitro control of the fungus using various fungicides at different concentrations.
Results/Recommendations :
· Maximum fungal growth was observed in the control than at 26°C, 28°C and 30° C.
· LC50 in the 1st instar was 2.65 x 10-5 and in the 2nd instar it was 6.45x10-6.
· Among the different races tested i.e. KA, NB4D2, NB7, NB18, and PM for their susceptibility, KA was most susceptible in the 1st and 2nd instars.
· Among the 9 chemicals tried for in vitro control of fungus, 100% inhibition was found in Benzoic acid, Bavistin, formalin, Mancozeb and Zineb.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2291
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Site of infection of Kenchu virus and racial susceptibility of silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel :Prathima RR, Govindan R
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :
· To find out the site of infection of Kenchu virus in silkworm Bombyx mori.
· To study the susceptibility of different races of silkworm Bombyx mori to Kenchu virus.
· To know the extent of deterioration in quantitative traits in surviving population with infection.
Results/Recommendations :
· Kenchu virus infect only the midgut region of silkworm.
· Pure Mysore and MW1 races were the most susceptible while AP2 was the tolerant line to Kenchu virus infection and the remaining races Nistari, KA, NB18 and NB4D2 were intermediate.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2471
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Biochemical changes in silkworm Bombyx mori L due to infection by Beauveria bassiana (Bals) Vuill.
Personnel :Ambika T, Narayanaswamy TK
Project Period :1989-1990
Objectives :Find out the effect of Beauveria bassiana infection on the 5th instar silkworms of resistant race Pure Mysore and susceptible race KA and the hybrid PM x KA on
· pH of haemolymph.
· Total soluble proteins of haemolymph.
· Glycogen contents in the fat bodies.
· Total sugar level of haemolymph.
· Glucose level of haemolymph.
· Trehalose level in haemolymph and fat bodies.
· Urea, uric acid and ammonia levels of haemolymph.
· Acid phosphatase and esterase activity in haemolymph.
Results/Recommendations :
· In all the 3 races, the haemolymph pH reached on acidic state by the 5th day of 5th instar.
· The infection considerably reduces the total soluble protein content in susceptible race KA and higher level in resistant race.
· Infection brought down the fat body glucose content in KA and increases in infected individual of PM and PM x KA.
· Total sugar level in the haemolymph increased in all the 3 races of infected larvae.
· Haemolymph trehalose content exhibited an increasing trend in all the 3 races.
· Haemolymph glucose content in the infected larvae was found tobe high in KA but lower in other two races.
· The haemolymph uric acid accumulation increased in all the 3 races due to infection by fungus, suggesting the onset of Urecomia in the haemolymph.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2559
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Epizootiology and effect of some chemicals on Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Sudheer V, Govindan R
Project Period :1990-1993
Objectives :
· Histopathology and histochemistry of silkworm midgut infected by Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus.
· Seasonal influence on development of Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis under Bangalore conditions.
· Effect of differential refrigeration of silkworm eggs on progress of Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.
· Survival of CPV under different environmental conditions.
Results/Recommendations :Among 11 chemicals administered along with cytoplasmic polyhedra calcium hydroxide, Calcium hypochlorite, Asiphor (iodine), Formalin and Sodium hypochlorite reduced larval mortality significantly and improved cocoon weight and shell weight at both 0.1 and 0.3% concentrations. Among bed disinfectants Calcium hypochlorite, Calcium hydroxide, Bavistin, Benzoic acid, Formalin, Asiphor and Sodium hypochlorite produced less number of polyhedra in the midgut of infected silkworms, less mortality and more shell and cocoon weight.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2918
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Epizootiological aspects of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Bhaskar RN, Govindan R
Project Period :1991-1996
Objectives :
· To study the instar and breed susceptibility of silkworm to BmCPV.
· To know the effect of nutritional status of mulberry leaf raised with different doses of NPK under irrigated condition on the build up of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.
· To study the spread of BmCPV through contamination under varied spacings.
· To evaluate the influence of method of rearing early instars on development of cytoplasmic polyhedrosis.
Results/Recommendations :
· Early instar silkworms are more susceptible to BmCPV with less LC50 value of 0.7510 x107 to 0.8748 x107.
· Breed susceptibility of silkworm to BmCPV infection reflected higher LC50 value for multivoltine breeds and lower value for bivoltine methods.
· Worms fed on leaves raised from higher potash applied plots yielded comparatively higher ET50 value for symptom manifestation.
· Improved method of chawki rearing with use of wax paper and wet foam rubber with 5 feeds/day yield better result and more ET50 value for symptom expression.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis no, 4231
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Efficacy of some chemicals as bed disinfectants against Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Umesha T, Govindan R
Project Period :1992-1993
Objectives :
· To know the effect of some chemicals on silkworm Cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV) inclusion bodies.
· To evaluate the efficacy of selected chemicals and their combinations as bed disinfectants against CPV.
· To develop an appropriate schedule of bed disinfectant application for effective prevention of CPV.
Results/Recommendations :Even with sericulturists, schedule of dusting twice in each of 2nd and 3rd instars, once in 4th and twice in 5th instar with the composite- Calcium Sulphate + Calcium carbonate + Paraformaldehyde + Benzoic acid + lime (2:2:2:2:92) proved best.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3225
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Efficacy of some antifungal agents on Aspergillosis of mulberry silkworm caused by Aspergilllus tamarii Kita.
Personnel :Manjunatha Gowda, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· To study the in vitro efficacy of some fungicides against Aspergillus tamarii Kita.
· To know the time, dosage and interval of application of effective chemicals to be used as bed disinfectants.
· To work out the economics of the use of effective anti fungal agents.
Results/Recommendations :
· Four chemicals out of ten is found to be effective against Aspergillus tamarii viz Mancozeb, Carbendazim, Captan and Chloroptholonil. Most effective chemicals with maximum inhibition was Carbendazim.
· Chloroptholonil 2% (4g/0.1 m2 area) when applied twice a day in first instar and once a day in second instar gave maximum survival and Carbendazim 1 % (2g/0.1m2 area) followed next in the same schedule of application.
· Use of these chemicals would cost Rs.62.48 in case of Chloropthalonil and Rs.41.50 in case of Carbendazim for every 100 dfls.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3240
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of antibiotics on growth of silkworm Bombyx mori L and disease development.
Personnel :Dechu PS, Govindan R
Project Period :1993-1995
Objectives :
· To study the effect of antibiotics on growth and development and economic characters of silkworm.
· To know the efficiency of antibiotics on the development of diseases in silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :
· When 9 antibiotics namely Neomycin, Kloxocilline, Bacterium D.S, Tetracycline, Erythrocin, Norfloxins, Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin and Amikasin were administered orally to silkworm through mulberry leaf, the larval weight was significantly more in all antibiotics except Bacterium D.S at 500, 1000 and 1500 ppm concentration.
· Tetracycline (500 and 1000 ppm), Chloraphenicol (1500 and 1000 ppm) and Kloxocillin (1000 ppm) were effective in increasing larval survival, larval weight and rate of pupation.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3508
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Host range and strain virulence of Aspergillus tamarii Kita is pathogenicity to different races of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Bhagyalakshmi TA, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives :
· To investigate the host range of Aspergillus tamarii Kita.
· To know the relative virulence of Aspergillus tamarii isolated from different localities.
· To study the effect of serial passage of Aspergillus tamarii through lepedopteran insects including Bombyx mori and continous culturing on laboratory medium on virulence.
· To know the susceptibility of different silkworm races to Aspergillus tamarii.
Results/Recommendations :
· Infection of either mulberry pests or other crop pests with Aspergillus tamarii was not seen in the field. But in laboratory only Helicoverpa armigera, Spodiptera litura and Plutella xylostella were found to be susceptible.
· Bivoltines were highly susceptible and multivoltine were less susceptible.
· All the 12 races screened were susceptible to Aspergillus tamarii.
· Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis no 3331
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of commercial germicides for their utility as disinfectants in silkworm rearing.
Personnel :Jagannath KR, Jayaramaiah M
Project Period :1994-1996
Objectives :
· In vitro evaluation of commercial germicides against important pathogens of silkworms.
· To find out the safety level of different germicides to silkworm egg and larvae.
· To study the efficacy of germicides in reducing inoculum in rearing house and their residual toxicity.
· To assess the effect of disinfection on rearing performance of the silkworm.
Results/Recommendations :Bleaching powder singly and as mixture with lime was the best in the suppression of source of inoculum in the rearing house and in promoting healthy growth of silkworm which contribute for better silk cocoon production under all types of rearing structures. Hence, bleaching powder could safely be used as both room disinfectant and bed disinfectant in silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4232
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Characterization, pathophysiology of infection and chemical prevention of Kenchu virus of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Anitha Peter, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To characterize the kenchu virus of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
· To know the survival of kenchu virus using ELISA.
· To elucidate the biochemical changes in silkworm due to kenchu virus infection.
· To evaluate the efficacy of some chemicals for prevention.
Results/Recommendations :Kenchu virus infects the midgut columnar cell nucleus, the site of viral multiplication. The nucleus become hypertrophied in which the developing virogenic stoma was initially observed as a small patch which later increased occupying the entire nucleus chromatin content reduced, become more dense and finally resulted in peripheral condensation.
Virus could be detected as early as 12 hr in infected tissue using dot ELISA and ELISA.
Survivability of Kenchu virus could be detected in the poultry dropping, silkworm faeces, manure pit and in rearing tray washing using ELISA.
Oral administrant with formic acid and formalin at 0.3% and 0.5 % and bed disinfectant with 0.5% and 1.0% found better control.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4073
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Characterization, cloning of DNA and Pathophysiology of Kenchu virus infection in Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Ambika T, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· Studies on the DNA of the Kenchu virus.
· Estimation of molecular weight of DNA.
· Restriction analysis of DNA.
· Formulating appropriate strategies for cloning DNA in to a plasmid vector.
Results/Recommendations :Agarose gel electrophoresis indicated the presence of two types of DNA viz., DNA-I and DNA-II with distinctly different mobilities on the gel, the molecular weight being 23 kb and 6 kb respectively. Indirect ELISA and Dot-blot assay of entire as well as different parts of midgut separately in two breeds indicated the presence of viroids in midgut tissues of both PM and NB18 as early as 2 hr pi itself.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4245
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Instar and Breed susceptibility of silkworm Bombyx mori L to BmNPV and genetic control of susceptibility.
Personnel :Usha CD, Govindan R
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To study the instar susceptibility of silkworm Bombyx mori L to Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Bm NPV) infection.
· To study the susceptibility of different breeds of Bombyx mori L to BmNPV infection.
Results/Recommendations :Infectivity studies indicated that the earlier instars of silkworm Bombyx mori were most susceptible to the tested dose of nuclear polyhedrosis virus. The log LC50 value was least for first instar indicating its high susceptibility to BmNPV. Fourth and Fifth instar silkworms are less susceptible in view of high log LC50 in comparison with the early instars.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4053
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Management of pebrine disease of Mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L through thermotherapy.
Personnel :Sheeba Revi, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1996-1998
Objectives :
· To know the effective thermal point to suppress/to eliminate the development of pebrine pathogen (Nosema bombysis Naegeli) in different developmental stages of Bombyx mori L.
· To know the effect of temperature on larval growth and development and cocoon parameters with pebrine infection.
Results/Recommendations :The effective thermal point for 36 hours old egg is 45°C, for 2 hour and 72 hr old egg is 45° C, for 2 hr, for larval stage (successively after 1st and 2nd moults) is 36° C for 24 hr to 60 hr and it was 36°C for 16 hr for 7 days old cocoons. Thus thermo therapy could emerge as one of the effective tools in pebrine disease management in seed areas as well as grainages in commercial cocoon producing areas.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4804
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Epizootiology of Flacherie causes by Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and relative toxicity of its subspecies to silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Banu Prakash KG, Govindan R
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To know the relative toxicity of different subspecies of Bacillus thuringiensis to silkworm.
· To study the instar and breed susceptibility of silkworm to Bacillus thuringiensis var Kurstaki H 3a 3b.
· To test the survivability of Bacillus thuringiensis var Kurstaki H 3a 3b in rearing room dust, manure pit and poultry bird faeces and its pathogenicity to lepidopteron caterpillar.
Results/Recommendations :
· The important subspecies which are extensively used in crop pest management viz., Kurstaki, entomocidus and galleriae were found flintly toxic to silkworm.
· Composite 03 comprising of 2% each of paraformaldehyde, salicylic acid and M-PABA with lime (94%) was the highly effective bed disinfectants.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5134.
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Susceptibility of new Bivoltine silkworm breeds to Bm NPV and spread of virus.
Personnel :Ravikumar A, Bhaskar RN
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :
· To assess the sensitivity of new bivoltine breeds against BmNPV.
· To find out less susceptible bivoltine breeds against BmNPV.
· To study the nature of spread of BmNPV among different bivoltine populations.
Results/Recommendations :
· Among different bivoltine silkworm breeds KSO1 recorded the least incidence of NPV compared to CSR5, which was less sensitive and caused less reduction in rearing and cocoon parameters.
· As the density of NPV infected individual increased in healthy population, there is reduction in mature larvae weight, ET50 for symptoms, ET50 for mortality, rate of cocooning, cocoon weight, pupal weight and release of BmNPV silkworm larvae to early instar had more drastic effect on parameter studied.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5583
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of mulberry leaf maturity on the development of BmNPV.
Personnel :Shantha Kumar K, Bhaskar RN
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To know the influence of differential mulberry leaf maturity on the development of Bm NPV.
· To know the biochemical changes that take place in the haemolymph of silkworm Bombyx mori due to the differential leaf maturity.
· To find out the efficacy of some bed disinfectants to prevent BmNPV incidence.
Results/Recommendations :
· Hypoproteinemia (20.49%) and Hypoglycemia (16.68%) was observed in the haemolymph of Bm NPV inoculated larvae when compared to healthy
· Among the bed disinfectants, Resham Jyothi, Labex, Sanjeevini, and RKO were found more effective in minimizing the grasserie diseases of silkworm.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5536
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effective use of lime and bleaching powder as surface disinfectant for mulberry silkworm cocoon crop success.
Personnel : Shivashankar NG, Vijayendra M
Project Period :2001-2002
Objectives :
· To find out the effective dose of lime and bleaching powder combinations.
· To find out the incidence of diseases in silkworms.
· To find out the efficacy of lime and bleaching powder economic parameters of silkworm during different seasons.
· To find out the cost benefit ratio of the lime bleaching powder combinations as surface disinfectants.
Results/Recommendations :Surface disinfectants with 25 g lime + 25g bleaching powder per litre and 50 g lime/litre showed significant results compared to 50 g bleaching powder per litre. Among the seasons, winter season is good for rearing followed by rainy season as compared to summer, where in lower yield and economic characters of cocoon were noticed.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6395
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Efficacy of medicinal plant extracts on stability and spread of BmNPV
Personnel :Shubha K, Bhaskar RN
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To know the antiviral property of medicinal botanicals.
· To study the effect of medicinal botanicals on stability and spread of BmNPV.
Results/Recommendations :Among the medicinal plants used, Psoralea coryleifolia at higher proportion showed significantly higher influence on all the parameters compared to control. Administration of 1:3 aqueous extact of all the species of botanicals for different hours of treatments (1, 2, 3, 6 & 12h) of BmNPV resulted significantly higher larval and grainage parameters compared to control. There was decrease in larval and pupal mortality (7 and 5.41%) in the treated lots of Psoralea coryleifolia compared to 1h treated lots of Adathoda vasica (31.50 and 37.67%). This may be dues to inactivation and congregation of BmNPV due to botanicals effect as exhibited. Among the two controls experimented Vijetha treated lots recorded higher larval and lower cocoon parameters compared to control. In general the response of rearing parameters due to botanical treatment was Psoralea coryleifolia < Phyllanthus niruri < Tribulus sterrestris < Withania somnifera < Adothoda vasica.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis
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Entomology
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Faunistic study of Arthopods infesting mulberry (Morus sp) and biology of Euproctis fraterna Moore.
Personnel :Nagappa Biradar, Siddappaji
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :
· To study the incidence of different taxa of Arthropods infesting mulberry crop canopy.
· To study the sequence of appearance, duration of infestation and intensity of attack of harmful species.
· To workout the biology of Tussock caterpillar.
Results/Recommendations :The population density of sucking insects, mites and defoliators was higher by 4.55, 3.80 and 16.05 times on M5, than that of high density planted Mysore local. Biology of Tussock caterpillar, Euproctis fraterna studied through two generation indicated that the total duration from egg to adult emergence was 48.35 and 52.35 days during Dec-Jan and 41.52 and 43.84 days during Feb-March for males and females respectively. The females underwent six instars, one instar extra than males.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2362
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Population dynamics of Indian Uzi fly Exorista bombycis (Louis).
Personnel :Narayana Swamy KC, Devaiah MC
Project Period :1988-1991
Objectives :
· To study the bio ecology of the Uzi fly.
· To study the mating behaviour of uzifly.
· To study the ovipositional behaviour of uzifly.
· To study the alternate hosts of uzifly.
· To study the flight range of Uzi fly.
· To study the population dynamics of uzifly.
Results/Recommendations :
· Total life cycle of Exorista bombysis ranged from 16.02 to 25.98 days.
· Rate of population was minimum (87.21%) during October and maximum (97.91%) during May.
· All biological parameters except sex ratio were negatively correlated with temperature, while positively correlated with humidity.
· Multiple mating behaviour observed.
· During the lifespan of adult, they were able to mate 6-8 times.
· Maximum flight range of 2.7 km was recorded.
· Uzifly preferred Samia cynthia ricini, Antheraea mylitta, Spodoptera litura, Heliothis armigera, Achoea janata and Adjsura atinsoni as alternate hosts.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2717
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Reproductive biology of the Indian uzi fly Exorista bombycis (Louis) and the role of light energy on its management.
Personnel :Fatima Sadatulla, Siddappaji C
Project Period :1993-1994
Objectives :
· To study the adult reproductive behaviour.
· To study the adult morphology and trace the development of the reproduction systems.
· To study the host parasitoid relationship and to study the effect of light energy.
Results/Recommendations :The adult uziflies emerged mostly during morning hours, emergence of adult flies from each hatch of puparia was spread over three to four days and most of the flies emerged on second day. The emergence of uzi flies was maximum in December and minimum in May. The Indian Uzi fly started feeding about an hour after its emergence. The duration of mating of the uzi flies had no influence on fecundity. However it had a positive significant effect on egg hatchability.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3475
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on ants associated with mulberry and silkworm.
Personnel :Harikrishna HK, Raghunath Reddy DN
Project Period :1995-1996
Objectives :
· To study the different species of ants associated with mulberry and silkworm.
· To study the stage of silkworm preferred by major ant species.
Results/Recommendations :The most common ant species encountered under mulberry ecosystem are Crematogaster sp. Myrmicaria brunnea saunders, Componotus compressus (Fabricius). The silkworm when out of moult was the most susceptible stage. Among the pests of silkworm, loss due to uzi infestation was more followed by ants. Ants showed marked preferences towards green cocoons compared to stifled cocoons under laboratory conditions causing 66.33% damage.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4261
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of different measures of control against the Indian uzifly Exorista bombysis (Louis) a parasitoid of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Chandrappa D, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :
· To conduct survey specifically on the use of different control actions against Indian uzifly by the sericulturists in the traditional silk raising Districts.
· To document impressions of the users of control action against the uzifly as related to silk cocoon production under varied types of roofing.
Results/Recommendations :The silk cocoon yield varied according to the type of roofing, however loss due to uzi fly as evidenced in V instar was minimum in RCC roofing and maximum in tiled roofing. Under laboratory condition the uzifly infestation was nil, when silkworm reared under nylon net covered to individual rearing trays in all the seasons. Use of ready to use dust against the uzifly was not found effective in checking the infestation.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4767
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Bioecology of thrips infesting mulberry.
Personnel :Sanna Lachma Naik, Raghanatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :
· To study the fauna and the biology of more common species of thrips infesting mulberry.
· To study the seasonal incidences of thrips on mulberry.
· To study the chemical changes in the thrips infested mulberry leaves.
Results/Recommendations :Significantly maximum mean population of thrips was observed during March, while it was least during Sept. The mean biochemical and mineral constituents like total sugar, total carbohydrate, crude protein, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium. Calcium, Magnesium and Sulphur contents were significantly minimum in thrips infested leaves compared to the healthy, while moisture percent was maximum in infested leaves.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 4568,
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Bio-ecology and management of the mulberry leaf roller Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson).
Personnel :Srinivasa Gowda R, Narayanaswamy TK
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To study the seasonal incidence and extent of damage causes by the mulberry leaf roller.
· To study the biology of the mulberry leaf roller.
· To study the enemies of leaf roller.
· To identify safer chemicals and botanicals for its management.
Results/Recommendations :
· The early instar larvae starts scraping the green matter of leaf by staying insides the silken web. The later instars (IV and V) starts feeding whole leaf content, leaving midrib from inside the leaf folding.
· Apanteles sp. and Chelonus sp. are the parasitoids of leaf roller grubs of carabid beetles and Calosoma sp. are the predators of leaf roller and Aspergillus tamarii and Beauvaria bassiana are found to be the pathogens of leaf roller larvae
· Spraying of Dichlorvas (0.076%) or 0.152% or Dimethoate (0.07%) or Malathion (0.1%) with 2 sprays in 10 days interval after 30 days of pruning found to be effective in reducing pest population.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5517
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Species abundance of thrips in relation to phenology of mulberry varieties.
Personnel : Manjunath DV, Jayaramaiah M
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :
· To find out the abundance of thrips in relation to phenotypic characters of mulberry varieties.
· To establish the morphological and physiological characters contributing to differential abundance of the thrips.
· To establish chemical nature of resistance of mulberry varieties to thrips.
Results/Recommendations :
· Mysore local was the tolerant genotype and MR2 is the susceptible genotype.
· MR2 is characterized by acute angled leaves could be grown in high rainfall area because of the incidence of thrips.
· Certain morphological, histological, biochemical characters like less veinal space, thick, short with more numbers of trichomes on midrib, then leaf lamina with compactly arranged mesophyll cells, less contents of proteins, carbohydrates, sugar and more minerals, phenols are found to be associated with host plant tolerance.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6302
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Effect of stifling methods and storage duration on quality of cocoon and silk of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Mahankalappa Y, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1984-1986
Objectives :
· To study the effect of stifling methods on storage of cocoon.
· To find out the optimum storage duration of mulberry cocoons.
· To record the moulds and insects which affect cocoon during storage.
· To find out the effect of storage on physical and commercial characters of the cocoon.
· To find out the effect of storage on quality of the silk.
Results/Recommendations :
· In case of PM x NB4D2 and NB4D2 cocoons, the maximum average length of silk filament and minimum reeling waste was observed in cocoons stifled in hot air with 10 days of storage.
· Minimum number of breaks was observed in PM x NB4D2 and NB4D2 cocoons stifled in hot air with 10 and 20 days of storage respectively.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.1987
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Silk Reeling
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of Sodium acetate and Sodium carbonate on reelability of mulberry silk cocoons and silk of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Sidda Reddy SV, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives :
· To find out the commercial characteristics of the soaked cocoons.
· To find out the possibility of reeling mulberry silk cocoons soaked in sodium acetate and sodium carbonate solution.
· To find out the quality of silk reeled from chemically soaked cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :
· Among the chemicals, sodium carbonate recorded the maximum filament length at 0.6% concentration for 2 hr soaking.
· Raw silk % was maximum in sodium acetate at 0.6% concentration for 2 hr soaking and the reeling wastage also minimum at the same concentration.
· Regarding winding breaks, Sodium carbonate at 0.6% concentration with 2 hr soaking duration recorded less breaks compared to control.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2151
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of sodium acetate and sodium carbonate on reelability of mulberry silk cocoons and silk of Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Siddareddy SV, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1986-1987
Objectives :
· To find out the possibility of reeling mulberry silkworm cocoons soaked in Sodium acetate and Sodium carbonate solutions.
· To find out the commercial characteristics of the soaked cocoons.
· To find out the quality of silk reeled from chemically soaked cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :
· Maximum average length of silk filament was observed in 2 hr soaking duration at 0.6% concentration in both the chemicals viz., Sodium acetate and Sodium carbonate.
· Minimum breaks were observed in Sodium acetate at 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0% concentration with 2 hr soaking duration and in Sodium carbonate 0.8 and 1.0% concentrations with 2 hr soaking duration.
· Maximum elongation % was observed in Sodium acetate at 0.8% with 1 hr soaking duration, which was superior to control and minimum was observed in Sodium acetate at 1.0% with 1 hr soaking period.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2151
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of sodium carbonate and sodium acetate on the reelability of melted cocoons of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Narendra Babu N, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1987-1988
Objectives :
· To find out the influence of soaking of melted cocoons in different salt solutions on reelability of the melted mulberry silk cocoons.
· To find out the commercial characteristics of the soaked melted cocoons in chemical salts.
· To find out the quality of silk reeled from the chemically soaked melted mulberry silk cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :
· Influence of Sodium carbonate on melted cocoons (PM x NB4D2) shows maximum average filament length 568.12m, highest denier (2.78), minimum breaks (4.33), lowest renditta (12.29) highest raw silk percentage (25.99), were recorded at 1 % concentration with 3 hr soaking duration.
· In case of Sodium acetate maximum average filament length (544.12 m), the highest denier (2.84), minimum number of breaks (3.33). Lowest renditta (11.61), highest raw silk percentage (15.68), minimum reeling waste percentage (25.13) were recorded at 1% concentration with 3 hr soaking duration.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2203
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Properties of water on reelabilty and quality of mulberry silk.
Personnel :Doreswamy C, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1991-1993
Objectives :
· To study the properties of reeling water used in traditional silk reeling areas.
· To study the varied properties of water on reelability and quality of silk.
· Amelioration of water for silk reeling.
Results/Recommendations :
· Significant differences were observed with regard to reeling parameters as influenced by properties of water.
· Longer filament length, more denier, less renditta, high raw silk percentage, higher reelability percentage, less waste percentage were noticed in sidlaghatta water over the other water samples tried and less sericin solubility, more breakages, highest waste percentage, high renditta, less denier, shorter filament length was found in distilled water irrespective of the silk worm race.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 2879
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Amelioration of filature effluent for reeling of mulberry silkworm cocoons.
Personnel :Swamy Vivekananda BS, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· Amelioration of filature effluent and its composition.
· The effect of ameliorated filature effluent on reelability of mulberry silk cocoons.
· The influence of ameliorated filature effluent on quality of raw silk.
Results/Recommendations :
· Fresh water and ameliorated filature effluent was superior to other filature effluents, regard to average filament length, denier, renditta, raw silk percentage, reelability percentage, wastage percentage and breakage during reeling irrespective of cocoon races.
· Filature effluent can be conveniently re-used without affecting the quality of raw silk after amelioration.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 3359
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of cooking duration on reeling performance of some of the defective mulberry silk cocoons.
Personnel :Nagaraju N, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1994-1996
Objectives :
· To know the reeling performance of defective cocoons, viz., uzi pierced, internally melted, stained, malformed and normal cocoons of PM x NB4D2.
· To know the influence of cooking duration on the reeling performance of above defective cocoons.
· To assess the quality of raw silk obtained from the above defective cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :Maximum number of cohesion strokes was recorded when normal, uzi pierced and malformed cocoons were cooked for 8 minutes while in case of melted and stained cocoons it was maximum when cooked for 5 minutes duration. Minimum number of cohesion strokes was recorded in 12 minutes cooking duration in all types of cocoons.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4077
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of cooking systems and speed of reel on reeling parameters and quality of mulberry raw silk.
Personnel :Shankar BN, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :
· To study the influence of speed of reel on reeling parameters and quality of raw silk.
· To study the influence of silk cocoon cooking method on reeling parameters and quality of raw silk.
· To evaluate the interaction effect of cooking methods of silk cocoons and speed of reel on reeling parameters and quality of raw silk.
Results/Recommendations :
· Shell ratio of the silk cocoons produced in our country varies widely. Better reeling and quality parameter were observed at low reeling speed except tenacity and cohesion.
· Significantly high raw silk and reelability percentage and significantly low renditta and reeling waste percentage was recorded in the interaction of open pan system of cooking at the speed of 125 rpm, indicating that this interaction is best suited for PM x NB4D2 silk cocoons..
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4384
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on the properties of uzi pierced mulberry silk cocoons in relation to cooking and reeling.
Personnel :Raju M, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :
· To find out the optimum cooking temperature and duration required for economic reeling of uzi pierced cocoons.
· To evaluate the commercial characters and silk quality of uzi pierced cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :The uzi pierced cocoons can be effectively reeled at 98±2ºC with 6 minutes and 86±2ºC with 9 minutes cooking durations in order to obtain more raw silk coupled with good quality.
Source of Information :Thesis No.4618
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Reeling performance of defective mulberry silkworm cocoons on multi-end reeling machine.
Personnel :Ramesh KV, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :
· To study the reeling performance of defective mulberry cocoons on multi end machine.
· To know the characters of raw silk obtained from defective cocoons reeled on multi end reeling machine.
Results/Recommendations :Normal and uzi pierced cocoons cooked at temperature of 86±2° C for 14 minutes or 90±2° C for 5 minutes and melted and stained cocoons at 90±2° C for 12 and 14 minutes were found to be ideal for getting superior commercial characteristics and raw silk qualities.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 6211
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Reeling performance of CSR hybrids on cottage basin and multi end reeling machine.
Personnel :Pramod Kumar SK, Nageshchandra BK
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :
· To find out the reelability of CSR hybrid cocoons on cottage basin and multi end reeling machines.
· To find out the effect of cottage basin and multi end reeling machines on raw silk qualities.
Results/Recommendations :Study reveals that the CSR hybrids cocoons can be profitably reeled on multi end reeling machine. The export demand is based on the quality of raw silk which is an important factor to compete in the international market. Therefore, the improved reeling technique like multi end reeling machine play very important role to obtain better quality yarn.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6396
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By-Product Utilisation
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Comparative production of biogas from mulberry silkworm excreta and other substrates.
Personnel :Somanna D, Raghunatha Reddy N
Project Period :1994-1995
Objectives :
· To study the quantity of excreta produced by the mulberry silkworm hybrid, Pure Mysore x NB4D2.
· To study the composition of the excreta.
· To study the amount of biogas production from a unit of PM x NB4D2 silkworm excreta and in combination with substrates like cow dung, water hyacinth and Parthenium.
· To assess the manurial value of the bio-digested slurry.
Results/Recommendations :The present investigation indicated that bio-digestion of mixed strata was better in biogas production and increasing its manurial status.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.3422
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Investigation on the influence of mulberry varieties on pupal oil yield of different breeds of Bombyx mori L and utility of pupae.
Personnel :Srikanth Chavan, Chinnaswamy KP
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To quantify the pupal oil from different breeds of silkworm Bombyx mori L.
· To know the influence of different mulberry varieties on yield of silkworm pupal oil.
· To find out the manurial value of silkworm pupae and its use as manure.
Results/Recommendations :Both iodine and saponification number of pupal oil extracted from pupae raised on S54 was more followed by M5 and Mysore Local mulberry. The NB4D2 pupal oil registered higher values of iodine and saponification number followed by the oils obtained from cross breed PM x NB4D2 and Pure Mysore. The difference observed among the breeds was statistically significant.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4585
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Utilization of silkworm litter in mushroom culture.
Personnel : Narayana Reddy R, Raghunath Reddy DN
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· To study the possibility of utilizing the silkworm litter in Mushroom culture.
· To study the production potential of different strata.
· To study the nutritive value of mushrooms produced on different strata.
· To find out the comparative economics of mushrooms production on different strata.
Results/Recommendations :
· Mean yield and biological efficiency were maximum on paddy + mulberry stem combination.
· Narrow difference was recorded with respect to dry weight of mushroom when they grow on different substrate.
· The mushroom grown by utilizing sericulture waste like litter and excreta had a good response in terms of consumers acceptability.
· Cost of cultivation of mushroom was low when mulberry stem is used as a substrate and maximum in leaf litter and eri silkworm leaf litter.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5126
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Potentiality of by-products in Sericulture.
Personnel :Hariprasad KB,
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :To estimate the potentiality of fuel energy from sericulture.
Results/Recommendations :The fuel energy value determined with the mulberry varies significantly. Highest energy value was recorded in S41 (4612.76 cal/g) followed by S54 (4552.58 cal/g).
One acre of rainfed sericulture yields 5747.16kg by products having fuel value of 53.93% and 46.07% fuel value whereas irrigated mulberry sericulture produces 13022.19 kg of which 49.23% with fuel value and 50.27% with fuel value. Finally it is concluded that in the process of production of 1 kg of end product (silk), it generates by-products of 217 kg under irrigated (1:217) and 240 kg in rainfed (1:240) sericulture.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4660
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Utilization of eri silkworm litter in mushroom culture.
Personnel :Alakesh Malla Baruah, Raghunath Reddy DN
Project Period :1998-1999
Objectives :
· To study the possibilities of using eri silkworm litter/excreta in mushroom culture.
· To study the production potential of eri silkworm litter as strata in mushroom culture.
· To study the nutritional value of the mushroom cultured on different strata.
Results/Recommendations :The nutritive values of the mushroom were influenced by substrates. Higher nutrient content viz., total protein, total carbohydrate, total fibre and total fats were found in the mushroom harvested on ESWE.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK Thesis No.5308
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Non-Mulberry (Eri Culture)
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Consumption and utilization of Castor and Tapioca by Eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval.
Personnel :Munshi Basaiah JM, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1987-1988
Objectives :
· To find out the quantity of food ingested by the eri silkworm during different instars.
· To find out the growth rate and approximate digestibility.
· To find out the conversion efficiency.
· To work out the leaf cocoon ratio on the basis of food offered and food consumed.
Results/Recommendations :
· The highest amount of food was consumed by the fifth instar larvae.
· The highest amount of both fresh and dry food consumed by eri silkworm on Aruna variety of castor.
· Mean CI on fresh weight basis was higher on Aruna variety of castor and lower on Tapioca.
· Amount of food digested increased with age and maximum during 5th instar.
· AD (Approximate Digestibility) decreased with larval weight.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2283
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Embryology of Samia cynthia ricini Boisdual (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).
Personnel :Krishnappa BL, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1988-1989
Objectives :
· To study the external morphology of eri silkworm.
· To study the progressive development of the embryo.
· To study the reserve food materials for the embryonic development.
Results/Recommendations :The length and width of the eggs had no change from the day of oviposition till 7th day, on 8th day both changed. There was a gradual reduction in the fresh weight of the eggs through out the development, however an increase was observed on the 3rd day of development. The level of proteins fluctuated during development. There was an overall decrease in its level during development. The extent of loss was less than that of lipids and carbohydrates. The lipid content gradually decreased during development. The extent of decrease was less than that of carbohydrates.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2361
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Genetic analysis of quantitative traits in eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval.
Personnel :Nagraju M, Govindan R
Project Period :1990-1992
Objectives :
· To study the per se performance of 5 races of Samia cynthia ricini and their possible hybrids.
· To estimate the extent of heterosis among the hybrids.
· To study the genetic variability among the material for various traits.
· To study the combining ability.
· To understand the gene action for various quantitative traits.
Results/Recommendations :
· Highly significant difference existed among the genotypes for most of the quantitative traits.
· 5 parental diallel crossing using WP, WZ, GP, GS, and GZ and their possible F1s of eri silkworm were reared and most of the F1 exhibited heterosis for total larval duration, maximum larval weight, cocoon yield, cocoon weight, shell weight, shell percentage, productivity, pupal weight, pupal duration, moth emergence, sex ratio, fecundity and hatching. GCA variance was highly significant for most of the traits suggesting the involvement of additive gene action.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.2768
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Quantification, nutritional composition of eri silkworm excreta and its possible use in biogas production.
Personnel :Ramakrishna Naik, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· To study the quantity of excreta produced by four races of eri silkworm.
· To study the composition of eri silkworm excreta.
· To study the amount of biogas produced from a unit of plain white race of eri silkworm excreta.
Results/Recommendations :The present investigation revealed that the eri silkworm excreta can also be used as a raw material for biogas production, which also yield rich manure after biodegradation.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.3288
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Evaluation of Castor genotypes for eri culture.
Personnel :Sannappa B, Jayaramaiah M
Project Period :1995-1997
Objectives :
· To evaluate the castor genotypes for their suitability to ericulture for cocoon and egg production.
· To identify the biochemical and anatomical characters contributing for their suitability to ericulture.
Results/Recommendations :Castor genotype Aruna and RC8 were best suited for rearing white-plain eri silkworm breed under Bangalore condition by recording superior larval, cocoon and grainage parameters and also duration of life stages. The quality of the cocoons and yield were also superior.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4548
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Influence of method of application of castrol leaves to the eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval.
Personnel :Ravi Shankar HM, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1997-1998
Objectives :
· To study the duration of life stages under different methods of application of castor leaves during different seasons.
· Effect of different method of application of castor leaves on growth and development of silkworm.
· Effect of different method of application of castor leaves on larval survivability and effective rate of rearing.
· Effect of different methods on economic traits of silk cocoons.
Results/Recommendations :The result clearly confirms that, the shoot feeding method through out the larval period was best suited for eri culture by recording superior larval, cocoon and grainage parameters.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4996
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Comparative morphology of eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval races.
Personnel :Ravindranath B. Madyal, Raghunath Reddy DN
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To study the external morphology of eri silkworm races.
· To construct setal maps of first instar larvae of selected breeds of eri silkworm for primary characters of taxonomic importance.
· To study the external morphology of pupal and adults of eri silkworm breeds.
Results/Recommendations :Study on comparative morphology of egg, larva, pupa and adult stages including male and female genitalia of white plain and white zebra breeds of Samia cynthia ricini revealed the existence of considerable variation between the two races with respect to their morphometrics structural differences.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.5569
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Quantification and potentiality of byproducts of ericulture.
Personnel :Shylaja TA, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :1999-2000
Objectives :
· To estimate the castor stem biomass.
· To quantify the eri silkworm excreta and leaf litter.
· To extract the chlorophyll content from the eri silkworm excreta.
· To quantity the eri pupae and eri silk moth resources.
Results/Recommendations :
· The castor variety CK980051 recorded maximum stem biomass both on fresh and dry weight basis.
· Maximum quantity of excreta was recoded during October-November rearing season in shoot with leaf method of feeding.
· Maximum pupal biomass was recorded during October-November in shoot with leaf and leaf with petiole method of feeding. The number of pupae obtained/kg and/lt varied considerable among the method of feeding during different rearing season.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No. 5509
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Anatomical studies of feeding and non-feeding stages of eri silkworm Samia cynthia ricini (Boisduval).
Personnel :Umajyothi J, Raghunatha Reddy DN
Project Period :2000-2001
Objectives :
· To study the internal anatomy system i.e. digestive, excretory, circulatory, respiratory, nervous system of larvae.
· To study the above system in pupa.
· To study the above system in addition to reproductive system in adults of both the sexes.
· To study the anatomy of silk glands in ripe worm, pre-pupa and pupa.
Results/Recommendations :Morphologically, silk glands have anterior and posterior regions. Anterior region is narrow, tubular and equal in width lies from spinneret to metathorax. Posterior region is highly convoluted and wider than anterior region. In the pre-pupa, the posterior ducts of silk glands shrink and uniform in width while in pupa they get degenerated.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6329
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Studies on amylase activity in eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval as influenced by host plants.
Personnel :Saritha Kumar S, Narayanaswamy KC
Project Period :2003-2005
Objectives :
· To estimate the amylase activity in digestive juice and haemolymph of eri silkworm during fifth instar as influenced by host plants.
· To find out the relationship between amylase activity of eri silkworm with body and silk gland biomass.
· To establish the relationship between amylase activity, survivability and some economic parameters.
Results/Recommendations :From the results, it is concluded that the activity of both digestive and haemolymph amylases, the consumption indices and economic parameters were higher when the larvae of Samia cynthia ricini were provided with castor and barkesseru leaves during fifth instar, indicating barkesseru as good substitute for castor to rear eri silkworm during 5th instar.
Source of Information : UAS, GKVK Thesis
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Consumption indices and yield attributes of eri silkworm, Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval as influenced by some plant extracts.
Personnel :Mamtha G, Narayanaswamy KC
Project Period :2004-2006
Objectives :
· To find out the effect of plant extracts on food consumption and utilization indices in eri silkworm.
· To study the yield attributes of eri silkworm as influenced by plant extracts.
· To study the changes in protein content in haemolymph of eri silkworm as influenced by plant extracts.
Results/Recommendations :The leaf consumption, consumption index and growth rate were maximum when eri silkworms were reared on castor leaves treated with aqueous leaf extract of Tenospora cordifolia Willd at 200 ppm concentration. The digestion, approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food, efficiency of conversion of digested food and reference ratio were maximum in eri silkworms when reared on castor leaves fortified with aqueous leaf extract of Phyllanths niruri L. at 100 ppm concentration. Mature larval weight was significantly maximum when eri silkworms reared on castor leaves fortified with 200 ppm concentration of Parthenium hysterophorus L. (6.12g) compared to both water (4.86g) and normal control (4.14g). Larvae fed on castor leaves sprayed with 200 ppm concentration of Phyllanthus niruri exhibited reduced larval duration (132.00h), while the ERR was maximum (99.16%) with Parthenium hysterophorus. The cocoon (2.32g) and shell weights (0.294g) and shell ratio (12.22%) were higher when eri silkworms reared on castor leaves treated with Boerhavia diffusa L. (2.154g) at 200 ppm concentration. Reduced pupal duration (12.00h) and maximum eclosion rate (68.33%) were registered in Parthenium hysterophorus, whereas the moths resulted from the worms rared on castor leaves treated with 200 ppm concentration leaf extract of Tinospora cordifolia laid more eggs (403.53) with maximum hatchabillity (97.99%) and minimum egg retention in ovaries (3.31%). Maximum haemolymph protein content was noticed when eri silkworms reared on castor leaves sprayed with Parthenium hysterophorus at 100 ppm concentration (701.59 µg/ml). The order of plant extracts which induced favourable effect on consumption indices, economic parameters and haemolymph protein content in eri silkworms is Phyllanthus niruri L. > Parthenium hysterophorus L. > Tinospora cordifolia Willd. > Cassia sericea L. > Boerhavia diffusa L. > Tridax procumbens L.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK Thesis
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Extension
Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Impact of sericulture technologies as related silk cocoon production in Kolar district since ‘silk crisis’ 1980
Personnel :Raghu BV, Siddappaji C
Project Period :1996-1997
Objectives :
· To know the level/extent of adoption of sericulture practices/technologies for higher yield.
· To describe the socio-economic characters of the respondents.
· To measure the influence of socio-economic characters of the respondents on the level of adoption of the sericulture practices.
Results/Recommendations :The socio economic characters viz., caste structure, formal education as well as short term training in sericulture had significantly positive relationship only in respect of adoption level. There was no relationship between the extent of land under mulberry crop and the rearing site on adoption level of sericulture technologies.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.4636
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Project No.:UASB
Organization :University of Agriculture Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore
Project Title :Factors for sustainable grainage enterprise in Devanahalii taluk, Bangalore district.
Personnel :Sandeep Jena, Chinnaswamy KP
Funding Source :World Bank Assisted Sericulture Project
Project Period :2000-2002
Objectives :
· To identify the factors contributing to the sustainability of grainage enterprise.
· To identify the cause of discontinuing the grainage enterprise.
· To identify the motivating factors to take up grainage enterprise.
· To make comparative assessment of productivity and benefit cost ratio of private and government grainage.
Results/Recommendations :Factors contributes to sustainability of a grainage are-number of sericulturists in the area, demand for dfls, area under mulberry, market competition, quality of egg, quality of seed cocoon, net income. Net income or profit obtained by the grainage is one of the prime factors for sustainability. The motivating factor is obviously profit from the business. The annual egg production by the private grainages is comparatively higher than government grainage.
Source of Information :UAS, GKVK, Thesis No.6475
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Mulberry Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:UASD
Organization :University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Evaluation of Victory-1 for leaf yield and rearing performance in transitional tract of North Karnataka.
Personnel :Ch Satyanarayana, Patil RR
Project Period :1998-2000
Objectives :
· Per se performance of few improved silkworm breeds on V1 variety of mulberry.
Results/Recommendations :
· Superiority of CSR18 x CSR19 over CSR2 x CSR5 under Dharwad conditions.
· Superiority of CSR18 x CSR19 over CSR2 x CSR5 under Dharwad conditions.
Project Outcome :
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Evaluation of elite mulberry and silkworm germplasms under North Karnataka conditions.
Personnel :Patil RR, Rayar SG, Sunita Kusugal, Banakar BR, Hipparagi GD, Ganga Ankad
Funding Source :PSFA, Dept. of Sericulture, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
Project Period : 1999-2005
Objectives :
· Response of silkworm races to few selected elite mulberry genotypes.
Results/Recommendations :
§ PM x CSR2 with S1635 & RFS175 genotypes.
· Recommendation of RFS175 and M5 for chawki over S36 and S1708, TG, V1, RFS175, S1635 genotypes over M5 for leaf yield and silkworm rearing for medium black soils of Dharwad.
Project Outcome :
· Superiority of RFS175 and M5 for chawki over S36.
· Suitability and superiority of S1708, TG, V1, RFS175, S1635 genotypes over M5 for leaf yield and silkworm rearing for medium black soils of Dharwad.
· Superiority of NB4D2 and Swarnandhra over KSO1 and PM x NB4D2 respectively.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title : Popularization of V1 under North Karnataka conditions.
Personnel :Patil RR, Rayar SG, Sunita Kusugal, Banakar BR, Hipparagi GD, Ganga Ankad
Funding Source :PSFA, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore
Project Period : 1999-2005
Objectives :
· Leaf quality analysis.
Results/Recommendations :
· Identified suitability of V1 at 90 x 90 and 60 x 60 cm spacing for bioassay.
· Superiority of 60 x 60 for higher leaf yield and silkworm rearing.
· Superiority of 60 x 60 and (90 + 150) x 60 cm spacing for higher leaf yield over 90 x 90 and 60 x 30 cm.
· Suitability of V1 at 90 x 90 and 60 x 60 cm spacing for bioassay.
Source of Information :Information Collected from Authors.
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Agronomy
Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Bioconversion of sericulture wastes using Eudrilus euginiae (King berg) and Phanerochaete chrysosporium.
Personnel :Chandrashekar Kallimani S, Patil RR
Project Period : 1996-1998
Objectives :
· Nutrient analysis of vermicompost produced from silkworm litter.
Results/Recommendations :
· Primary, Secondary and micronutrient contents were more in 50 % mulberry and Tasar litters when used in combination with cowdung.
· Use of 50 % silkworm excreta along with 50 % cowdung for bioconversion of silkworm litter (Mulberry/Tasar/Eri) for nutritionally much richer vermicompost.
· Lignin degrading fungus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium along with earthworms catalyzed the process of degradation.
· Use of 50 % silkworm excreta along with 50 % cowdung for bioconversion of silkworm litter (Mulberry/Tasar/Eri) for nutritionally much richer vermicompost.
Source of Information : Information from Authors
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Project No.:UASD
Organization :Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title : Sustainable Mulberry production in Black cotton soils.
Personnel :Patil VC, Patil RR, Angadi SS
Funding Source :PSFA, Dept. of Seri, Govt. Karnataka
Project Period :1999-2001
Objectives :
· To workout the integrated nutrient management (INM) package for mulberry in black cotton soils.
· To study the effect of vermicompost on the yield and quality of mulberry leaves.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of 300:150:150 kg N, P2O5 & K2O/ha/yr vermicompost @ 5 ton/ha and in situ vermiculture @1,00,000 worms/ha resulted in significantly higher leaf yield of mulberry as compared to control.
· Application of fertilizers/vermicompost in situ vermiculture resulted in significantly higher crude protein content of mulberry leaves.
· Combined application of 200:100:150 kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha/yr and vermicompost @ 5 ton/ha resulted in the highest mulberry leaf yield of 37.4/MTs/ha/year
Source of Information : Completed project report submitted to PSFA, 2002
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Project No.:UASD
Organization :Department of Agronomy, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Studies on efficient resource management in mulberry cultivation.
Personnel :Patil VC, Patil RR, Angadi SS
Funding Source :ICAR, New Delhi
Project Period :1999-2002
Objectives :
· To study the effect of macronutrients, micronutrients, vermicompost and mycorrhizal inoculation on mulberry.
· To study effect of fertigation of NPK on mulberry.
· To study effect of drip irrigation and fertigation on yield and quality of mulberry leaves.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of recommended levels of NPK 250:120:120 Kg N, P2O5 and K2O/ha/yr through fertigation helps in saving of nutrients to the extent of 33% as compared to soil application of fertilizers.
· Weekly fertilization of 100% RDF in combination with vermicompost @ 2.5 t/ha/yr resulted in higher cocoon weight.
· Application of micronutrients increased the leaf N and crude protein content.
Source of Information : Completed project report 2003
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Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Response of V1 hybrid raised on black soils to application of graded levels of nitrogen and their effect on Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Munireddy, Patil RR
Funding Source :University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Period : 2003-2005
Objectives :
· Influence of feeding mulberry leaves obtained by application of graded levels of Nitrogen on silkworm growth and development and economic traits of Bombyx mori L.
Results/Recommendations :
· Application of 280 and 300 kg N registered maximum chawki and mature larval weight, silk gland weight, lower disease incidence and higher cocoon yield compared to check.
· Optimization of 280-300 kg N /ha/yr to V1 hybrid for medium black soils for higher leaf yield, leaf quality and silkworm rearing.
Project Outcome : Application of 280-300 kg N/ha/yr to V1 hybrid for medium black soils for higher leaf yield, leaf quality and silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Mulberry Physiology
Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Evaluation botanicals with Insect Growth Regulatory (IGR) activity on Bombyx mori L.
Personnel :Mamadapur BB, Patil RR
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· To evaluate the dust formulation of the effective plant products for improving economic characters.
Results/Recommendations :
· Dust application of Lantana camara and Clerodendron inermae (5 %) improved the economic traits.
· Application of Lantana camara and Clerodendron inermae (5 %) dust formulation on 3rd day of 5th instar larvae for enhancing cocoon yield.
Project Outcome :Application of Lantana camara and Clerodendron inermae (5 %) dust formulation on 3rd day of 5th instar Silkworm larvae for enhancing cocoon yield.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Silkworm Breeding and Genetics
Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Evaluation of few elite silkworm breeds of Bombyx mori L. and Mulberry (Morus alba L.) genotypes under different levels of Nitrogen.
Personnel :Sudharshana Reddy KR, Patil RR
Project Period :1992-1994
Objectives :
· To evaluate the effect of different mulberry varieties and nitrogen levels on the growth, development and disease incidence of mulberry silkworm.
Results/Recommendation :
· Application of 250 kg N/ha/yr for medium black soils of Dharwad for higher leaf yield, leaf quality and cocoon yield.
· Suitability of S54 for increased cocoon yield compared to M5 for shelf rearing.
· Application of 250 kg N/ha/yr for medium black soils of Dharwad for higher leaf yield, leaf quality and cocoon yield.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Rearing Technology
Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Studies on feeding methods and frequencies on V-1 hybrid mulberry.
Personnel :Gowda KT, Patil RR
Project Period : 2000-2002
Objectives :
· To workout the economics of silkworm rearing adopting different feeding methods and frequencies.
Results/Recommendations :
· The cost benefit ratio was higher in shoot rearing method than shelf rearing.
· Superiority of V1 over S36 for bioassay.
· Shoot feeding with three feed frequencies for transitional tract of Dharwad
Project Outcome :Shoot feeding with three feed frequencies for transitional tract of Dharwad
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Silkworm Physiology
Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Evaluation of plant growth promoters in enhancing mulberry and cocoon yield.
Personnel : Dorigol SB, Patil RR
Project Period : 1993-1995
Objectives :
· Effect of feeding plant growth promoter treated leaves on silkworm growth and cocoon yield.
Results/Recommendations :
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Large scale evaluation of Insect growth regulatory activity of Lantana camara L. and Clerodendron inermae G. on Bombyx mori L.
Personnel : Santoshkumar GH, Patil RR
Project Period : 1995-1997
Objectives :
· Economics of use of Lantana camara L. and Clerodendron inermae G.
Results/Recommendations :
· The higher cocoon yield produced due to higher food consumption and utilization resulted in increased fibroin content in silk gland and cocoon, in the larvae treated with Lantana camara followed by Clerodendron inermae as compared to lime powder (control).
· Dusting of Lantana camara 5% over silkworms for higher cocoon yield for multi (PM), bi (NB18) and multi x bi breeds (PM x NB18).
Project Outcome : Dusting of Lantana camara 5% over silkworms for higher cocoon yield for multi (PM), bi (NB18) and multi x bi breeds (PM x NB18).
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Project No.:UASD
Organization :University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Studies on extra foliation of aqueous extracts of few botanicals on Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Mahesha HM, Patil RR
Project Period :1997-1999
Objectives :
· Response of NB18 and PM x NB18.
Results/Recommendations :
· Extra foliation of leaf water extract of Parthenium (20%) and Tridax (30%) mulberry leaves were most effective in enhancement of cocoon yield.
· Extra foliation of leaf water extract of Parthenium (20%) and Tridax (30%) mulberry leaves for silkworm rearing.
Project Outcome :Extra foliation of leaf water extract of Parthenium (20%) and Tridax (30%) mulberry leaves for silkworm rearing.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Exploitation of plant products with phagostimulant properties on silkworm Bombyx mori.
Personnel : Patil RR, Rayar SG, Sunita Kusugal, Banakar BR, Hipparagi GD, Ganga Ankad
Funding Source : PSFA, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore
Project Period :1999-2005
Objectives :
· Economics of the effective plant products.
Results/Recommendations :
· Eucalyptus twig covering throughout was effective in improving majority of the economic traits like cocoon & shell weight and survival by reducing the disease incidence.
· Based on these investigations, dust formulations of different plants at different concentrations revealed the superiority of UASD-1 for lower disease incidence, higher/on par cocoon yield over chemical bed disinfectants like Vijetha, Sanjeevini, Resham Jyothi etc.
· Based on these investigations, dust formulation named UASD-1 has been recommended as plant based bed disinfectant.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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Non-Mulberry (Tasar Culture)
Project No.:UASD
Organization :Department of Sericulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Strain selection and bio-potential of the tropical tasar silkworm involving bio-components for indoor rearing on castor leaves.
Personnel :Patil GM, Kulkarni KA, Patil RK
Funding Source : DBT
Project Period :1999-2003
Objectives :
· Comparative biology and economic traits of tasar silkworm as influenced by castor and Terminalia.
· Strain selection of Tasar silkworm
· Termination of pupal diapause.
Results/Recommendations : Indoor rearing technology for tasar silkworm on castor leaves was developed.
Source of Information: Completed project report 2003
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Non-Mulberry (Eri Culture)
Project No.:UASD
Organization :Department of Sericulture, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Nutritional management and egg production techniques in Eri silkworm.
Personnel : Patil GM, Kulkarni KA, Patil RK
Funding Source :DBT
Project Period :1997-2000
Objectives :
· Evaluation of different genotypes of castor in terms of yield parameters and fecundity in eri.
· Evaluation of biochemicals/iodine compounds increase fecundity.
Results/Recommendations :Technology for increased eri egg production has been developed.
Source of Information : Completed project report 2001
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Extension
Project No.:UASD
Organization : University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad
Project Title :Technology development for mulberry sericulture in North Karnataka.
Personnel :Patil RR, Rayar SG, Sunita Kusugal, Banakar BR, Hipparagi GD, Ganga Ankad
Funding Source :PSFA, Government of Karnataka, Bangalore.
Project Period :1999-2005
Objectives : Creating infrastructural facilities, essential equipments and for collection and maintenance of mulberry and silkworm germplasms to facilitate students and research staff.
Results/Recommendations :
· Along with V1 hybrid other improved genotypes identified for medium black soils of North Karnataka namely S1635, S1708, RFS175, S146 were supplied to the different institutions/farmers for popularization of the genotypes in different districts of North Karnataka.
Source of Information :Information from Authors
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