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Citation
Citation
University Of Missouri-Rolla. (1997, December 27). Testing Shows Titanic Steel Was Brittle. ScienceDaily. Retrieved November 27, 2017 from www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/12/971227000141.htm
Abstract
Abstract
Researchers have made the assumption behind the sinking of the Titanic, the reason for this is what the large vessel is made out of. The steel in the Titanic was not “impact-resistant” as modern steel, and was “brittle” to say the least. The metal in the ship was frozen over due to the iceberg in the water and the metal being that it is “brittle” was not stable enough causing the Titanic it's tragic downfall.
Quoted Research
Quoted Research
“The steel used to build the Titanic was not as "impact-resistant" as modern steel, according to Dr. H.P. Leighly, a professor emeritus of metallurgical engineering at UMR. But it was the best steel available at the time, says Leighly, Felkins who studied some 200 pounds of steel from the wreckage”.
According to Leighly from Science Daily, “The naval architects can point their fingers and say, 'It was bad steel that caused the Titanic to sink”.
Citation
Citation
“What Really Sank the Titanic?” Materials Today, 7 Apr. 2015, www.materialstoday.com/metals-alloys/news/what-really-sank-the-titanic/.
Abstract
Abstract
It is very clear to see that a factor of the Titanic's sinking is the metal that was used to make her. Due to the cracking of the hull plates and or failure of the riveted seams. When she sunk into the water the Titanic was in two pieces and they settled 12 600 feet of water or roughly half a mile apart.
Quoted Research
Quoted Research
“The first phase of the wreck's analysis involved the scientific research performed in association with the expeditions to the wreck. As she sank, Titanic broke in half and the two pieces settled in 12 600 feet of water, approximately half a mile apart”.
According to Metals Today, “Titanic was designed to be ‘virtually unsinkable’ but a collision with an iceberg opened six of her compartments to the sea”.
By H.P. Leighly Jr. , University of Missouri-Rolla; B.L. Bramfitt and S.J. Lawrence, Bethlehem Steel Corporation
Researcher Zorianna Garcia
Citation
Citation
H.P. Leighly, Jr., University of Missouri-Rolla; B.L. Bramfitt
and S.J. Lawrence, Bethlehem Steel Corporation. “RMS Titanic: A Metallurgical Problem.” ASM Materials Information Redirect, products.asminternational.org/fach/data/fullDisplay.do?database=faco&record=1910&search=.
Abstract
Abstract
The article that I chose was about how the metallurgy at that time the Titanic was not very well done. They talked about how the metal that was used wasn’t even the best metal. It talks a little bit about how the metal that was used was a cheaper and less expensive. It also shows you lots of diagrams about many things such as a diagram about the test temperature and many more. Another very interesting thing that I had found was that the chemicals used in the Titanic actually was low in some of the needed materials. That actually caused the metal to be weaker than it should have been. It is a great article and it has many more examples.
Notable Quotations
Notable Quotations
“The RMS Titanic steel would not have met ASTM or ABS chemistry requirements due to the excesses of sulfur and phosphorus and deficiency in manganese.”
“The low notch toughness of the RMS Titanic steel of 4 joules (3 ft-lbs.) at the temperature of the sea water (-2 °C) at the time of the collision with the iceberg means that the steel would have been prone to brittle fracture. Certainly brittle fracture of the steel hull plate contributed to the sinking of the ship.”
By Katherine Felkins, H.P. Leighly, Jr., and A. Jankovic
Researcher Zorianna Garcia
Citation
Citation
“The Royal Mail Ship Titanic: Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember?” JOM Article on The Titanic: Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember?, www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/9801/Felkins-9801.html.
Abstract
Abstract
This article that I chose was quite interesting. It explained in detail about what kind of metal was used. It also talked about how the metal was put together and how that could have saved many people’s lives. Another interesting thing that I had also found in my article a section about the thickness of the metal and if how maybe it was a tad bit thicker the impact of the ice berg wouldn’t have been as strong.
Notable Quotations
Notable Quotations
“The steel plate from the hull of the Titanic was nominally 1.875 cm thick, while the bulkhead plate had a thickness of 1.25 cm. Corrosion in the salt water had reduced the thickness of the hull plate so that it was not possible to machine standard tensile specimens from it. A smaller tensile specimen with a reduced section of 0.625 cm diameter and a 2.5 cm gage length was used. The tensile-test results are given in Table III. These data are compared with tensile-test data for an SAE 1020 steel, which is similar in composition. The steel from the Titanic has the lower yield strength, probably due to a larger grain size. The elongation increases as well, again due to a larger grain size.”
“Charpy impact tests were performed over a range of temperatures from -55°C to 179°C on three series of standard Charpy specimens: a series of specimens machined with the specimen axis parallel to the longitudinal direction in the hull plate from the Titanic, a series machined in the transverse direction, and a series made from modern ASTM A36 steel. A Tinius Olsen model 84 universal impact tester was used to determine the impact energy to fracture for several specimens at the selected test temperatures. A chilling bath or a circulating air laboratory oven was used to prepare the specimens for testing at specific temperatures. The specimens were allowed to soak in the appropriate apparatus for at least 20 minutes at the selected temperature. Pairs of specimens were tested at identical test temperatures.”
Citation
Citation
University Of Missouri-Rolla. "Testing Shows Titanic Steel Was Brittle." ScienceDaily. ScienceDaily, 27 December 1997. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/1997/12/971227000141.htm
Abstract
Abstract
Based on this article, recent tests had proven that the metal used for the Titanic was a lot more brittle than today’s modern steel. Despite the fact that the metal was brittle, the metal was the best accessible at that time. To discover this information, metallurgist, Dr. H.P. Leighly, studied two-hundred pounds of steel from the wreckage. According to research, the titanic was made up of these metals. Steel, beryllium, RMS Titanic, chromium, tungsten, manganese, and stainless steel. The metal did not even come close to today’s modern steel but it was one of the best of its time.
Notable Quotations
Notable Quotations
“The steel used to build the Titanic was not as "impact-resistant" as modern steel, according to Dr. H.P. Leighly, a professor emeritus of metallurgical engineering at UMR. But it was the best steel available at the time, says Leighly, who studied some 200 pounds of steel from the wreckage.” - Dr. H.P. Leighly
“Tests of the steel's chemical composition also showed a high content of sulfur, oxygen and phosphorus. High levels of those elements cause steel to be more brittle.” -Dr, H.P. Leighly
Citation
Citation
Science Xplained: The Titanic's Metal Mysteries YaleUniversity,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pmqKALQofNs
Abstract
Abstract
This video talks about the metal’s condition on the day of the accident. Dr. Ainissa Ramirez, a science evangelist and professor at Yale tells you about the factors that made the Titanic so brittle. Apparently, the metal had been especially fragile of the cold temperature it was at. The metal used to build the Titanic changed its because of the cold water and air which made the Titanic extremely unsafe. If the metal had not changed its properties the titanic would have only gotten a big dent and some scared the passengers. The whole incident probably would have been long forgotten by now but that one crash into an iceberg caused over a thousand people’s lives.
Notable Quotations
Notable Quotations
SOMEONE PLEASE ADD THE QUOTATIONS FOR THIS!!!!
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