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Speeding up, slowing down and/or changing direction. Acceleration = change in velocity over time.
Average Speed is the distance traveled divided by an elapsed time.
For instance, if you travel 100 miles in 2 hours, your average speed would be 50 miles/hour. Here is the formula we will use:
Average Speed = Distance/Time
Centripetal Force = The push or pull on a moving object toward the center of its curved path. Centripetal force is always a net force. A rider in a coaster car experiences centripetal force on every turn, at the bottom of hills and on loops.
Conservation of Energy! This is a Law!
Conservation of Energy! This is a Law!
All energy is conserved. It is neither created nor destroyed, but it can change from one form to another.
For instance, a roller coaster car (or a skateboarder) will start with a certain amount of Gravitational Potential Energy at the start of the ride. As the car descends, the GPE is converted into Kinetic Energy. The total of GPE and KE is known as Mechanical Energy.
Both friction and drag oppose the motion of the car. They work together to steal energy from the car which is then converted to heat and sound. The end result is that the car eventually slows to a stop. The energy is not destroyed. It has been transformed in to heat and will move into space. Forever.
Conservation of Momentum Law – momentum is transferred, not lost! See below:
Momentum = mv + mv
Momentum = mv + mv
p = mv + mv
p = (12 * 10) + (8 * 0)
p = 120 + 0
Momentum = 120
Crash!
Crash!
Momentum = 120
Momentum = mv
Momentum = mv
Momentum = 120
p = mv
p = 20 * 6
Momentum = 120
Displacement – straight-line distance and direction from start to finish
Drag: the resistance force caused by the motion of a body through a fluid like as water or air. Air resistance.
If you double your speed, your drag will quadruple. For instance if you wave your hand in the air at 1 m/s from left to right your drag might equal 1 N. If you double your waving speed to 2 m/s, you will now experience 4 Newtons of drag.
Drag can convert energy a moving object into heat and sound, thereby slowing the object. The energy is conserved; kinetic energy is converted to heat.
Friction is a force that occurs when two masses rub against one another. Friction is a force that resists motion between surfaces. Friction acts opposite to the direction of motion. Friction steals the energy of moving masses and converts it to heat and sound. All energy is conserved. It is neither created nor destroyed.
When you rub your hands together you will feel friction, the force that resists motion and creates heat. Like drag, friction also opposes the motion of an object. Friction converts kinetic energy into heat and sound. The energy is conserved.
Friction can be used for positive purposes: athletes wear sneakers on a gym floor so that they don't fall down while running. However, because friction is not wanted in a machine like a bicycle, oil is used to minimize friction.
G-Force: Technically, a G-Force is not a force! The term g-force is a measure of acceleration, not force. G-“force” can be measured with an accelerometer.
Gravity is the attractive pull between any two objects. It is the force of attraction between objects with mass. All masses exert gravity. Gravity is a force. The mass of objects and their distance apart affect gravitation. Gravity between different masses can be calculated. The amount of each mass as well as the distance between them determines the gravitational pull.
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy = mass * acceleration due to gravity * height. As a coaster car is moved up the lift hill, it stores gravitational potential energy.
A coaster car on top of the largest lift hill will have the most GPE at that time. Once the car descends, this GPE is converted to Kinetic Energy.
If the car races back up a hill, its kinetic energy is transformed and stored as gravitational potential energy once more.
Newton's Laws of Motion!
Newton's Laws of Motion!
Inertia: Resistance to changes in motion. Inertia is a tendency of an object to resist changes in motion.
An object in motion will stay in motion in a straight line. An object at rest will stay at rest. Bigger masses have more inertia and therefore greater resistance to net forces. Inertia is also known as Newton's First Law. Inertia is NOT a force.
2) Newton's 2nd Law
2) Newton's 2nd Law
F = MA
F = MA
24 = 4 * 6
F = MA
F = MA
24 = 2 * 12
F = MA
F = MA
24 = 8 * 3
3) Newton's 3rd Law
3) Newton's 3rd Law
N3L = for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
Kinetic Energy!
Kinetic Energy!
Kinetic Energy is energy of motion. The amount of energy an object has depends on its mass and speed. A fast-moving object with a lot of mass will have a lot of kinetic energy. If two objects have the same mass, the one moving faster will have more kinetic energy.
Its equation: KE = ½MV^2.
This means that larger masses have more kinetic energy than smaller ones at the same speed. The equation also means that if you double your speed, you will quadruple your kinetic energy. Energy is measured in joules.
A coaster car will have the most kinetic energy at the lowest point of its ride. It will be fastest at the lowest point.
Mass: The amount of matter in an object. Mass does not change at different location. Your mass would be the same if you were to visit the moon. Mass is a measure of resistance to acceleration when a net force is applied. Mass determines the strength of gravity.
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy
Mechanical Energy is a combination of Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy. Observe the picture on the right. Please note that the amount of gravitational potential energy into kinetic energy and back. And yet, the mechanical energy remains constant. No energy is lost to heat or sound in this example.
Mechanical Energy = Potential + Kinetic
This is a similar situation on the left. For instance, a moving coaster car has a combination of gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy, the energy of motion. If energy is not transformed into friction and sound, the total energy, or mechanical energy remains constant.
Momentum: Mass x Velocity
Motion = change in position over time!
Net Force: A net force is the sum of all forces acting on an object that results in acceleration. In this example, the sum of forces is 70 N forward. This is because 120 - 50 = 70 N.
In this situation, the car will accelerate forward.
Potential Energy – stored energy (ex: gravitational, elastic)
Scientific Law = a mathematical way of explaining reality. The following equation shows how energy is conserved.
Speed = distance traveled per unit of time
Velocity – speed with a direction
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