Naturally- Harnessed electricity means that electricity is created in the natural world. Naturally-harnessed electricity can not be controlled by humans. This type of electricity happens naturally without any human interference. Some examples are lightning and static electricity.

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Human-harnessed electricity means that the electricity is produced or made by humans. Humans use electric generators to make electricity for lights and other purposes. Human-harnessed electricity can be controlled by humans. An example of this is the electricity that we use for lights!

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For a circuit to have power, all of the components should be connected for the electrons to flow and supply power.  A circuit is a completed path of electric current. Each component has a specific function for the circuit to operate. 

Replacing the switch with various items would allow us to determine if the objects are conductors that close the circuit or insulators that allow the circuit to remain open.

In contrast to conductors, insulators are materials that impede or block the free flow of electrons from atom to atom and molecule to molecule. If charge is transferred to an insulator at a given location, the excess charge will remain at the initial location of charging. The particles of the insulator do not permit the free flow of electrons; subsequently charge is seldom distributed evenly across the surface of an insulator.

While insulators are not useful for transferring charge, they do serve a critical role in electrostatic experiments and demonstrations. Conductive objects are often mounted upon insulating objects. This arrangement of a conductor on top of an insulator prevents charge from being transferred from the conductive object to its surroundings. 

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Conductors are materials that permit or allow electrons to flow freely from particle to particle. An object made of a conducting material will permit charge to be transferred across the entire surface of the object. If charge is transferred to the object at a given location, that charge is quickly distributed across the entire surface of the object. The distribution of charge is the result of electron movement. Since conductors allow for electrons to be transported from particle to particle, a charged object will always distribute its charge until the overall repulsive forces between excess electrons is minimized. If a charged conductor is touched to another object, the conductor can even transfer its charge to that object. The transfer of charge between objects occurs more readily if the second object is made of a conducting material. Conductors allow for charge transfer through the free movement of electrons.

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Unlike permanent magnets, temporary magnets cannot remain magnetized on their own. Soft magnetic materials like iron and nickel will not attract paper clips after a strong external magnetic field has been removed.

One example of an industrial temporary magnet is an electromagnet used to move scrap metal in a salvage yard. An electric current flowing through a coil that surrounds an iron plate induces a magnetic field that magnetizes the plate. When the current flows, the plate picks up scrap metal. When the current stops, the plate releases the scrap metal.

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Permanent magnets differ from temporary magnets by their ability to remain magnetized without the influence of a nearby external magnetic field. Typically, permanent magnets are made from "hard" magnetic materials where "hard" refers to a material's ability to become magnetized and remain magnetized. Steel is an example of a hard magnetic material.

Many permanent magnets are created by exposing the magnetic material to a very strong external magnetic field. Once the external magnetic field is removed, the treated magnetic material is now converted into a permanent magnet.

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• I can observe the interaction between a magnet and a magnetic object on opposite sides of various materials. (Knowledge)

• I can describe the difference between a magnet and an electromagnet. (Knowledge)

• I can explain the function and purpose of an electromagnet. (Reasoning)

• I can explain the effect of a magnetic field. (Reasoning)

• I can gather evidence through an investigation to communicate the difference between an electromagnet and a magnet. (Skill)

• I can plan and carry out an investigation that shows the interaction between a magnet and a magnetic object on opposite sides of various materials. (Skill)

The electromagnet is composed of a magnetic core and a coil, which can generate a magnetic field when current flows through the coil. Electromagnets are extremely widely used in our daily life. Because of its invention, the power of the generator has also been greatly improved. Electromagnets are adjustable and require an electric current to produce a magnetic field. Electromagnets can be turned on and off, while permanent magnets are always producing magnetic fields.

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Permanent magnets, also called bar magnets, are magnets that can maintain their magnetism for a long time. Permanent magnets are not easily demagnetized or magnetized. However, if the permanent magnet is heated above the Curie temperature or in an environment with high reverse magnetic field strength, its magnetism will also decrease or disappear.  The magnetic field of a bar magnet is strongest at either pole of the magnet. It is equally strong at the north pole when compared with the south pole. The force is weaker in the middle of the magnet and halfway between the pole and the center.

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