Vocabulary

Chapter 19 Key Terms

• Wilbur and Orville Wright

  • American bicycle mechanics; the first to build and fly an airplane, at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, December 7, 1903. 

• KLM Royal Dutch Airlines

  • Oldest major airline, operating since 1920 in Europe and connecting to the Dutch East Indies in 1929. 

• Auguste and Louis Lumiere

  • French inventors of motion pictures whose equipment demonstrations abroad stimulated the growth of cinema around the world.  

• Marie Curie

  • Polish-born Pioneer in the study of radiation and winner of Nobel Prizes for physics (1903) and chemistry (1911); first female professor at the Sorbonne. 

• Sigmund Freud

  • Austrian psychiatrist, founder of psychoanalysis. He argued that psychological problems were caused by traumas, especially sexual experiences in early childhood, that were repressed in later life. His ideas caused considerable controversy among psychologists and in the general public. Although his views on repressed sexuality are no longer widely accepted, his psychoanalytic methods are still very influential. 

• Pablo Picasso

  • Key figure in the movement of modern art away from realistic representation; a founder of cubism and surrealism 

• Igor Stravinsky

  • Influential modernist composer known for his experimentation and pulsing rhythms. 

• Max Planck

  • German physicist who developed quantum theory and was awarded the Nobel Prize for physics in 1918. 

• Albert Einstein

  • German physicist who developed the theory of relativity, which states that time, space, and mass are relative to each other and not fixed. 

• Thomas Malthus

  • Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. 

• demographic transition

  • A change in the rates of population growth. Before the transition, both birthrates and death rates were high, resulting in a slowly growing population; then the death rate dropped but the birthrate remained high, causing a population explosion; finally, after the transition, the birthrate dropped and population growth slowed down. This is the situation today in the wealthiest modern industrial economies.  

• Le Corbusier

  • Professional name of architect Charles-Éduard Jeanneret, who led a modernist movement away from surface decoration and toward form following function. 

• neoliberalism

  • The term used in Latin America and other developing regions to describe free-market policies that include reducing tariff protection for local industries; the sale of public-sector industries, such as national airlines and public utilities, to private investors or foreign corporations; and the reduction of social welfare policies and public-sector employment.  

• keiretsu

  • Alliances of corporations and banks that dominate the Japanese economy. 

• Asian Tigers

  • Collective name for South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore—nations that became economic powers in the 1970s and 1980s. 

• newly industrialized economies

  • Rapidly growing, new industrial nations of the late twentieth century, including the Asian Tigers. 

• Deng Xiaoping

  • Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong.  

• Tiananmen Square

  • Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.  

• World Trade Organization

  • An international body established in 1995 to foster and bring order to international trade. 

Chapter 20 Key Terms

• Universal Declaration of Human Rights

  • A 1948 United Nations covenant binding signatory nations to the observance of specified rights. 

• cultural imperialism

  • Domination of one culture over another by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority.

• global popular culture

  • Popular cultural practices and institutions that have been adopted internationally, such as music, the internet, television, food, and fashion. 

• Baron Pierre de Coubertin

  • Founder of the modern Olympic movement, which held its first games in Athens in 1896. 

• global elite culture

  • At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the attitudes and outlook of well-educated, prosperous, Westernoriented people around the world, largely expressed in European languages, especially English. 

• globalization

  • The economic, political, and cultural integration and interaction of all parts of the world brought about by increasing trade, travel, and technology. 

• terrorism

  • Political belief that extreme and seemingly random violence will destabilize a government and permit the terrorists to gain political advantage. Though an old technique, terrorism gained prominence in the late twentieth century with the growth of worldwide mass media that, through their news coverage, amplified public fears of terrorist acts.

• Osama bin Laden

  • Saudi-born Muslim extremist who funded the al-Qaeda organization that was responsible for several terrorist attacks, including those on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon in 2001. 

• weapons of mass destruction

  • Nuclear, chemical, and biological devices that are capable of injuring and killing large numbers of people. 

• nongovernmental organizations

  • Nonprofit international Organizations devoted to investigating human rights abuses and providing humanitarian relief.