Embedded Files
6-1 Protestant Reformation
Cause:
The Papacy was the central government of Latin Christianity
The Latin Church held a lot of power
Church gave a lot of unreasonable rules like indulgences
Social and political grievances against the church
Effect:
Theological controversies broke religious unity in Latin Church
Educated Europeans started to challenge authority
Martin Luther objected to the ways preachers asked for money
Insisted that the only way to salvation was through faith in Jesus Christ
Protestant Reformation: led by Martin Luther, a religious reform movement
Romanists were Roman Catholics who relied on good works
Use of the printing press to spread ideas of the Protestant Reformation
John Calvin was one of the most influential Protestant leaders
Calvinist: Theological system that emphasizes the doctrine of predestination, holding that God extends grace and grants salvation only to the chosen, or elect
Renaissance sparked, humanism
6-1 Counter-Reformation
Launched by the Catholic Church
Council reaffirmed the supremacy of the pope: "protestant errors"
Bishops and the pope limited efforts to reform practices that Luther condemned as corrupt
Jesuits were a group whose purpose was to educate the church by teaching and preaching, Europeans wouldn't listen to Protestants
Persecution and execution of those with differing views
Charles and King Philip: key political & Military Architects of Counter-Reformation
Caused destruction of the Spanish Armada
Local Religions
Institutions enforcing religious orthodoxy were strongest in urban places and weakest in villages and small towns
2 distinct traditions:
An enduring belief in magic and spirits passed down orally from Pre-Christian times
Biblical teachings, Christianity, and Jewish
Miracles, saints, and devils coincided with beliefs about magic, sorcery, scriptures, and witchcraft
The Protestant Reformation brought greater religious freedom, but sadly brought conflicts and persecution
Witch-Hunts
Protestants and Catholics both sanctioned widespread witch-hunts, seeking to enforce orthodoxy
People suspected of witchcraft white & black magic, devil
Fear of witches death tolls highest in German States
Accepted that some women and men possessed special powers
Active participation of rulers and judicial authorities - Executions of people
The Scientific Revolution
Intellectual movement in Europe!
Printed books spread new scientific ideas across Europe
New sciences challenged long-established ways of thought
The world of new ideas was forever changed
Aristotle- believed that the four elements that made up everything were earth, wind, air, and fire
Galileo Galilei- made telescopes look more closely at the heavens
Nicolaus Copernicus- the sun was the center of the universe
Religious leaders shut down the heliocentric universe, as it was contrary to the bible.
Isaac Newton- Law of gravity and the development of calculus made him the most influential man of his era
President of the Royal Society (promoted science)
The Early Enlightenment
Enthusiasm for an open & critical examination of human society!
Inspiration:
Scientific thought led many to question the reasonableness of everything
Religious warfare (Protestantism vs catholicism) inspired early Enlightenment
Applying scientific method: analyze economics, politics, and social organizations
Results:
Burning or banning of books of Enlightenment thinkers
Persecution of Enlightenment thinkers
François - Marie d-Arouet (Voltaire): "No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for"
Timeline of important events in 6-1
Mnemonic Device to help you remember the order:
Protestant-Reformation, Counter-Reformation, Witch-Hunts, Scientific Revolution, then Early Enlightenment
Summary
Summary
The creation of the printing press created an expansion of European literacy and new ideas. Theological controversies and challenges to authority made by educated Europeans started to brew, causing many conflicts. In a spark of these new ideas, things like the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment began to be promoted by educated Europeans. The Enlightenment, with the examination of human society, would later go on to inspire many social organizations and revolutions
A little quiz for review
https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1Z0WidrTmQDOKhswprQSOU0unpDgm0b_dPA5JCCz541o/edit
A little Quizlet for vocab
6-2
Spain's war against Protestantism and Islam - Page 153 WH textbook
Charles V's son, Philip II, inherited his father's European territories in the low countries and Italy
Philip II inherited the throne of Spain with its rich American Empire
Charles V’s decision to simultaneously fight both Protestantism and the Muslim Ottoman Empire created a crushing debt burden for Philip II
American bullion shipments dramatically increased the money supply in Europe
Monarchies of England - Page 154 WH textbook
Religious divisions fueled political conflicts in England
Charles V was Europe's most powerful monarch (Ruling Spain from 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 to his abdication in 1556)
Warfare and Diplomacy- Page 155 WH textbook
France, and England, European states fought numerous international conflicts, provoked in part by efforts to protect or extend colonial empires.
Thirty Years’ War (1618–1648), caused long-lasting depopulation and economic decline in much of the Holy Roman Empire.
These wars led to dramatic improvements in the organization, skill, and weaponry of European armed forces, making them among the most powerful in the world.
only England among major European powers did not maintain a standing army.
As nations built up their strength, they also acted to preserve a balance of power. Although France was Europe’s most powerful state, coalitions of the other great powers frustrated Louis XIV’s efforts to expand its borders.
The Emergence of Free Netherlands- Page 156 WH textbook
The rise of the Netherlands as an economic power stemmed from very different policies. The Spanish crown had acquired these resource-poor but commercially successful provinces as part of Charles V’s inheritance.
Unable to bear the military costs any longer, Spain accepted a truce that recognized autonomy in the northern Netherlands in 1609
Finally, in 1648, the independence of the seven United Provinces of the Free Netherlands (their full name) became final.
Rather than being ruined by the long war, the Netherlands emerged as the world’s greatest trading nation. This economic success owed much to a decentralized government.
But in economic matters, each province was free to pursue its own interests. The most successful was the maritime province of Holland, which grew rich by favoring commercial interests.
After 1650 the Dutch faced growing competition from the English, who were developing their own close association of business and government.
In a series of wars (1652–1678) England used its naval might to break Dutch dominance in overseas trade and extend its own colonial empire
During the eighteenth century, Britain’s trading position strengthened still more.
Summary points- Page 156 WH textbook
By the early eighteenth century, the Royal Navy had surpassed the rival French fleet in numbers.
In both England and France, monarchs struggled with rivals over the limits of royal authority
Armies grew larger and more sophisticated while European powers strove to maintain a balance of power
Spain enforced Catholic unity through the Inquisition and France through the Bourbon policy
The English church became an arm of royal power
Important figures remember-
Charles V
Phillip II
King Charles I
Charles II
James II
Resources-
6-3
6-3 The case in the Christian religion, differences in doctrine and interpretation of oral and written traditions divided the world of Islam.
6-3a By the 16th century, the Sunni-dominated Ottoman Empire and Shi’ite Safavid Empire shared the main Islamic beliefs but were divided by several centuries of different cultural and linguistic histories.
The Shi’ite doctrine says that all temporal rulers, no matter their title, are temporary stand-ins for the Hidden Imam the 12th descendant.
6-3b Akbar made himself the main thing of a new “Divine Faith”
They understood the second grammatical meaning, “God is Akbar.”
Most of the Hindu appointees were warriors from the north called Rajputs, one of whom rose to be a powerful revenue minister.
Section Review
The imposition of Shi’ite belief confirmed differences between Iran and its neighbors that had been long in the making.
Akbar made himself the center of a new “Divine Faith” incorporating Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, and Christian beliefs.
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