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5-1
The Gunpowder Empires
The Gunpowder Empires
The Safavid, Ottoman, and Mughal Empires were the three Gunpowder Empires.
Land Empires Expand
Expanded with new technologies helping larger empires be established.
EX: Gunpowder
Religious borders expanded.
EX: The Islamic conquest expanded (Took Syria and Egypt from Mamluk rule)
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires are called “Gunpowder Empires.”
Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman expansion across the Southern Mediterranean Sea intensified the European States' fear of Islam expansion.
Grew from a tiny state in Northwestern Anatolia.
Military (Utilizing Gunpowder) w/strong Infantry, Cavalrymen, and Janissaries.
Suleiman (SOO-lay-man) the Magnificent (r. 1520–1566), led the greatest Ottoman assault on Christian Europe.
He greatly expanded the Ottoman Empire to the Balkans and the Eastern Mediterranean, as shown by the light tan section of the map below.
This accomplishment further pushed the Ottoman sultans closer to reaching their goal, taking control of the whole Mediterranean.
The Ottomans were not very tolerant of other religions and cultures.
Faught a two-year war with Venice, Italy’s most powerful city-state leaving Venice with its military destroyed.
Safavid Empire
Safavids, like the Ottomans, had difficulty funding their military.
Started using a slave army not long after the Ottomans had started using them.
Trade rested on the trade of Iran’s silk fabrics, the most powerful in trade being knotted multicolor yarn carpets with stretched warp threads done primarily by women and girls. Overland trade decreased, resulting in the weakening of their stable government/economy.
Didn't have a grand or small manufacturing or production system leading to them having no significantly recorded technological advances by the Safavids.
The Safavids in the beginning of their reign had converted Iran into Shi'ite Islam.
Nomads remained as one of their main military forces till the Safavids fell in 1722, caused by an Afghan raid, a decrease in their government power, and a loss of control over nomadic groups.
Mughal Empire
The founder was Babur (1483-1530), who defeated the last Muslim Sultan of Delhi in 1526.
Mughal, Persian for Mongol
Akbar Sultan of the Mughal Empire in India(1556-1605), Babur’s grandson, was a mercurial man that established the expanding state's central administration.
India was said to be the most prosperous empire in the 16th century under Akbar
Expanded the empire by pursuing a policy of conciliation with Hindus
Nomads had weavers producing objects like carpets similar to the Safavids
The Mughals survived only in name until 1858 when it met its end European trade grew at the Surat port in Northwestern Multan.
Mughal power started to diminish after 1707.
Russian Empire
The early 17th century was known as the "Time of troubles" as the Russian Empire faced great hardships that eventually led to the fall of the Russian Empire.
Relied on overland trade as the Russian Empire lacked seaports.
(Russian Empire) Muscovy's principles were based on the principles of Moscow, which was North of the Treeless Steppe.
The Russian Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to NorthEastern Asia and North America.
By the 1600s the Empire was impoverished and landlocked by its surrounding states and mountain terrain. The only open route for trade and expansion was Serbia as all other areas were blocked or already occupied.
-Ivan IV the Terrible (1533-1584)
By the end of Catherine the Great's rule in 1796, Russia had encompassed all of north and northeastern Eurasia.
Manchu Empire
After the death of Emperor Yongle in 1424, shipbuilding skills deteriorated, and technological advancements came to a crawl.
In the late 1500s, many Mongols were unified by their devotion to Dalai Lama. This spiritual unification was taken advantage of by Galand a brilliant leader that restored Mongol as a military power around the 1600s.
Pirates in the Asiatic coasts near Japan would loot the coasts and the Ming military's resources concentrated against rivals in the North resulted in many Chinese civilians migrating to Southern China for better oversea trade.
Imjin war caused the Ming and Mongols to form a temporary partnership until its end when they had gone back to being enemies.
Ming general would join forces with the Manchu Empire in the summer of 1644. The Manchu Empire would then take over the Ming Empire and would go on a 40-year conquest to take its lands.
Manchu took over from the first Qing empower and became regents for the first emperor's son Kangxi until he executed the chief regent, thus gaining control of his empire.
The Maritime Worlds of Land Empires
Technological and military changes occurred throughout the land empires between 1500 to 1750.
Of these advancements was the improvement of ship design and navigation, which gave the European powers an edge in transportation and trade compared to locals.
The spread of religions was a big factor in the growth of Land and Seafaring empires. For Example, Islam spread West towards Europe and Christianity went towards the Western world.
Section Review
Ottoman Empire grew and spread its belief system as they went, Janissaries were used, then abolished, and many Emporers retained the throne that lasted till the mid-late 1900s.
-Reached the height of its time under Suleiman the Magnificent.
Safavid Empire grew into the ever-growing space between Iran and its neighbors. As time went on military costs, inflation, and the decrease in overland trade weakened the empire.
Mughal Empire was founded by Babur and had grown under Akbar and his successors. The Mughal Empire had ended up encompassing most of India by its end.
-Was prosperous in trade
-Granted Europeans trade privileges in exchange for naval support
Russian Empire grew through the exploitation of Serbia, their only usable trading route as it lacked seaports. Because there were no sea ports the Russian Empire relied on overland trade with their neighboring states.
Manchu Empire. After many years of declining finances, administration issues, and trade problems the Ming Empire fell into the hands of the Manchu Empire. The Manchu Empire eventually went on many conquests to claim the remains of the Ming Empire's lands.
Credit to The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History 7th Edition Update, AP® Edition 7th Edition
5-2
The Land Empires and their Governance
5-2a: People who served in the military or bureaucracy and conversed in Osmanli belonged to the sultan, and didn't have to pay taxes. Islam controlled urban social life as the main religion of the area.
5-2b: Janissary corps grew, which was expensive. The Sultan drew back on land holds which caused rebellions. Muslim traders were charged fees, and even though European traders were also charged, the cost was not as much.
5-2c: Istanbul and Isafahan had many similarities and differences. They were similar to the Ottoman empire.
5-2d: All but the southern tip of India fell under the Mughal rule. In 1723, the sultan left to form his own independant state. This removed heavy power restrictions and religious intolerance, benefiting new regional powers. Although the removal of central power brought more tolerance, it really just let Europe invade easier.
5-2e: As Russia expanded, it gained many new languages, religions, and ethnic groups. Tsars rewarded their nobles with land grants. This is what caused surfdom in Russia, which was similar to slavery. Most people in Russia were surfs.
5-2f: The Manchu family led the Qing Dynasty and invaded China, establishing a new administration after brutal warfare. Infrastructure was repaired, economy improved, and foreign trade was encouraged.
5-2g: Aztecs used the tribute system. The base of their economy was war and agriculture, and commerce was without money or credit. Aztecs did human sacrifices for the sun god.
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5-3
5-3a -There was a great deal of political diversity in modern Europe. City-states, either independently or bound together in federations, of which the Holy Roman Empire of the German heartland was the most notable example. There were also a small number of republics. At the same time, a number of strong monarchies emerged and made national identities.
5-3b Habsburg's Spain- powerful European royal family, founded in the Austrian Empire. Charles V-emperor in 1519, became the first monarch of Spain. Charles had an ambition in defending Christian Europe. Promotion of national political unification + religious unity.
5-3c The Estates General was able to assert its rights during the sixteenth-century French Wars of Religion when the monarchy was weak.
While some historians have used the term absolutism to describe the power of French monarchs in this era, even the most powerful of them, Louis XIV, carefully negotiated his policies with both the nobility and city authorities.
Capable of housing 10,000 people and surrounded by elaborately landscaped grounds and parks, the palace became an effective symbol of growing royalty and power. Most contemporary European rulers admired and imitated the centralized powers and apparent absolutist authority of the French monarch. The checks and balances of the English model were more admired in later times and gained a favorable press with the beginnings of the Enlightenment.
section review
Greater political centralization enabled early modern monarchs to exert increased influence on economic, religious, and social life.
While the Holy Roman Empire fragmented along religious and political lines, Spain and France achieved greater centralization and religious unity.
France enforced through Bourbon policy, while in England the church became an arm of royal power.
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