What does "discrimination" mean to you?
What kinds of situations come to mind when you see or hear "discrimination"?
What do you want to know about "discrimination"? Why?
差別- どのように定義されているのでしょうか?
差別(さべつ)とは、特定の個人や集団を他の個人や集団と比較して不公平に扱う行為を指す。この行為は、人種、性別、年齢、宗教、国籍、身体的特徴、社会的地位など、様々な要素に基づいて行われる。差別は、個人の尊厳や人権を侵害し、社会的な不平等を生む要因となる。 差別には、直接的な差別と間接的な差別の二種類が存在する。直接的な差別は、明確に特定の個人や集団を不利に扱う行為を指す。一方、間接的な差別は、表面上は公平に見えても、実際には特定の個人や集団を不利にする結果をもたらす行為を指す。(実用日本語表現辞典, 2023.11.10, weblio辞書【2025.03.01】)
人はそれぞれ、性、出身、国籍、人種・民族、性的指向、障害の有無など、さまざまな違いがあり、さまざまなアイデンティティを持って生きています。アイデンティティの中には、社会的に少数派であったり、差別を被るなど不利な立場に置かれがちなマイノリティ性を有するものがあります。そして、一人の人が、複数のマイノリティ性を生きる場合もあります。民族的マイノリティの女性、性的マイノリティの子ども、障害のある被差別部落出身者などがそれにあたります。(ヒューライツ大阪, 日付なし, 1.交差性・複合差別とは【2025.03.01】)
差別が生まれる背景には、ある集団に属する人々に対して、特定の性格や資質をみんなが持っていると見なしたり、信じたりする「固定観念」(ステレオタイプ)があります。そのステレオタイプに、好感、憧憬、嫌悪、軽蔑といった感情を伴ったものが「偏見」です。例えば、性別の違いで固定的な思い込みや偏見を持つことを「ジェンダーバイアス」と言います。この「ジェンダーバイアス」により、性別によって能力差があると決めつけ、社会的な評価や扱いに差をつけるとどうなるでしょうか。いわゆるジェンダーに基づく差別が生まれます。このように、他者への理解不足や誤ったステレオタイプが偏見を生み、差別を作りだしてしまうのです。(Plan International Japan, 2023.06.26, 差別の原因は一体なに?世界で起きた問題や運動から解決策を考える【2025.03.01】)
1. Discrimination: “treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their race, gender, sexuality, etc.” (Cambridge Dictionary, no date, discrimination)
2. “Discrimination strikes at the very heart of being human. It is harming someone’s rights simply because of who they are or what they believe. Discrimination is harmful and perpetuates inequality. We all have the right to be treated equally, regardless of our race, ethnicity, nationality, class, caste, religion, belief, sex, gender, language, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex characteristics, age, health or other status. Yet all too often we hear heartbreaking stories of people who suffer cruelty simply for belonging to a “different” group from those in positions of privilege or power.
Discrimination occurs when a person is unable to enjoy his or her human rights or other legal rights on an equal basis with others because of an unjustified distinction made in policy, law or treatment.” (Amnesty International, 2024, discrimination)
3. Multiple discrimination: "People might be discriminated against because of one or more characteristics that are part of, or are perceived as part of their identity. People have multiple layers to their identity and may define themselves, or be defined by others, according to various criteria, including gender, sex, sexual orientation, nationality, ethnicity, social status, disability, religion and so on.
The concept of multiple discrimination recognises that discrimination can occur on the basis of more than one perceived characteristic. For example, a person who is discriminated on the grounds of their ethnicity may be also discrimination on the grounds of gender, sexual orientation, age, and so on. Such discrimination can, and often does, create cumulative disadvantage." (Council of Europe, 2025, Intersectionality and Multiple Discrimination)
Japan: Japanese women face discrimination, victim blaming, harassment as they seek equal rights (Japan Today, 21 March 2021 )
日本:LGBTQの人たちが置かれている現状と抱えている課題(VIEW next online, 2022/11/01)
日本:「中国の子は信用できないよ」19歳で日本に留学し体験した日本人の差別と優しさ。モデル・KEINの日本での人種差別の記憶|イエローライト(NEUT, 2022/06/28)
Japan: 90% in Japan feel discrimination against disabled exists: survey (Kyodo Japan, 11 March 2023 )
Australia: Do you believe racism is widespread in Australia? (ABC, 1 June 2020)
Japan: Japan court rules ban on same-sex marriage is ‘unconstitutional’ (Al Jazeera, 14 March 2024)
Japan: 3 foreign-born residents sue over racial profiling by Japan police (Kyodo News, 29 January 2024)
Uganda: Uganda’s president approves tough new anti-LGBTQ law (Al Jazeera English, 20 May 2023)
Discrimination (Amnesty International, no date)
Japan's bullying problem: Social media worsens a deeply entrenched issue [Video 5:05](France 24 English, 20 January 2022)
Black Lives Matter: What is systemic racism? Kids’ questions answered [Video: 3:56] (BBC, 9 July 2020]
intersectionality 101 [Video: 3:03] (Learning for Justice, 19 May 2016)
Kawasaki enacts Japan's first ordinance punishing hate speech [Video 44 secs] (Arirang News, 12 December 2019)
LGBTQ Community faces rise in discrimination [Video 2:47](CNBC Television, 30 January 2022)
In what ways do refugees face discrimination? [Video 3:38] (Nomaid Istanbul, 28 October 2019)
Examples of local action in Japanese society
「人種差別反対」名古屋で300人がデモ、高校生が主催(朝日新聞, 2020/06/21)
「ヘイトスピーチ」に市民団体抗議、アイヌ民族テーマのシンポめぐり(朝日新聞, 2024/03/10)
Ueno Chizuko: Japan’s Feminist Icon Gaining International Recognition (Nippon.com, 18 September 2024)
Examples of local action in other societies
Germany: Grassroots Anti-Racism project (Educational initiative Ferhat Unvar, 2023) -- click on "EN" (bottom-left) to read in English
Indonesia: Foundation for the Empowerment of Women Heads of Families (PEKKA, 2025) -- click on "EN" (top-right) to read in English
Mural artivism: Breaking the walls of gender inequality (UN Women Europe and Central Asia, 3 June 2021)