Notes:
Geography and Demographics
[1] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, li.
[2] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, li-lii.
[3] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, liv.
[4] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lii.
[5] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, liii.
[6] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[7] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[8] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[9] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[10] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[11] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[12] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 167.
[13] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 168.
[14] Carson, "A Metamorphosed Language,” 32.
[15] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 301.
[16] Carson, "A Metamorphosed Language,” 32.
[17] Carson, "A Metamorphosed Language,” 31.
[18] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 455.
[19] Leinweber, "Muslim Public Schools in Post-Conflict D.R. Congo,” 5.
[20] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 455.
[21] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 276.
[22] De Herdt et al., “Make Schools Not War?” 687.
[23] Leinweber, "Muslim Public Schools in Post-Conflict D.R. Congo,” 1.
[24] Leinweber, "Muslim Public Schools in Post-Conflict D.R. Congo,” 1.
[25] De Herdt et al., “Make Schools Not War?” 690.
[26] Leinweber, "Muslim Public Schools in Post-Conflict D.R. Congo,” 5.
[27] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[28] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
[29] “The World Factbook: Congo, Democratic Republic of.”
Congo Free State:
[1] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 23.
[2] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 490.
[3] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 490.
[4] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 491.
[5] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 31.
[6] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 31.
[7] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 15.
[8] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 37.
[9] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 491.
[10] Johnson “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 32-33.
[11] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 27.
[12] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 33.
[13] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 39.
[14] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 40.
[15] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 61.
[16] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 33.
[17] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 35.
[18] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 65.
[19] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 68.
[20] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 71.
[21] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 77-79.
[22] Stearnes, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters, 7.
[23] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 44.
[24] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 45.
[25] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 45.
[26] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 84.
[27] “The General Act of the Conference of Berlin.”
[28] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 54.
[29] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 86.
[30] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 89.
[31] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 21.
[32] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 94.
[33] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 123.
[34] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 127.
[35] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 307.
[36] Wong, “Discerning an African Post-colonial Governance Imbroglio,” 72.
[37] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 22.
[38] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 120.
The Rwandan Genocide & The Congo Wars
[1] Nikuze, “The Genocide Against the Tutsis,” 1086.
[2] Mamdani, “A Brief History of Genocide,” 26.
[3] Uvin, “Reading the Rwandan Genocide,” 75.
[4] Stearnes, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters, 23.
[5] Nikuze, “The Genocide Against the Tutsis,” 1091.
[6] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 217.
[7] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 217.
[8] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 218.
[9] Nikuze, “The Genocide Against the Tutsis,” 1090.
[10] Mamdani, “A Brief History of Genocide,” 42.
[11] Stearnes, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters, 22.
[12] Newbury, "Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda," 11.
[13] Newbury, "Ethnicity and the Politics of History in Rwanda."14.
[14] Mamdani, “A Brief History of Genocide,” 36.
[15] Prunier, Africa’s World War, 5.
[16] Prunier, Africa’s World War, 5.
[17] Prunier, Africa’s World War, 5.
[18] Prunier, Africa’s World War, 77-78
[19] Wong, “Discerning an African Post-colonial Governance Imbroglio,” 79.
[20] Baregu, "The Clones of 'Mr. Kurtz,'” 12.
[21] Stearnes, Dancing in the Glory of Monsters, 5.
[22] Baregu, "The Clones of 'Mr. Kurtz,'” 16.
[23] Reyntjans, “The Democratic Republic of Congo, from Kabila to Kabila," 314.
[24] Turner, “The Kabilas’ Congo,” 217.
[25] Bak et al., Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption, 2.
Resource Exploitation:
[1] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 12.
[2] Kabamba, "External Economic Exploitation in the DRC,” 125.
[3] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 29.
[4] Matti, “Resources and Rent Seeking,” 403.
[5] Matti, “Resources and Rent Seeking,” 405.
[6] Moran et al., “Global Supply Chains of Coltan,” 358.
[7] Moran et al., “Global Supply Chains of Coltan,” 363.
[8] Usanov et al., Coltan, Congo, and Conflict, 62.
[9] Usanov et al., Coltan, Congo, and Conflict, 57.
[10] Kabamba, "External Economic Exploitation in the DRC,” 125.
[11] Tsabora "Fighting the 'Resource Wars' in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,” 110-111.
[12] Kelly, Rape in War: Motives of Militia in DRC, 6-8.
[13] De Koning, Controlling Conflict Resources in the DRC, 2.
[14] De Koning, Controlling Conflict Resources in the DRC, 6.
Belgian Congo
[1] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 102.
[2] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 104.
[3] Williams, “An Open Letter to His Serene Majesty,” 11.
[4] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 23.
[5] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 102.
[6] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 113.
[7] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 139.
[8] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 140.
[9] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 142.
[10] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 22.
[11] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 144.
[12] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 137.
[13] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 145.
[14] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 152.
[15] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 169.
[16] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 61.
[17] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 180.
[18] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 370.
[19] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 62-63.
[20] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 203.
[21] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 204.
[22] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 206.
[23] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 262.
[24] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 24.
[25] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 25.
[26] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 97.
[27] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 259.
[28] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 294.
[29] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 226, 231.
[30] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 27.
[31] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 34.
[32] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 33.
[33] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 33.
[34] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 296.
[35] Maxwell, “The Soul of the Luba,” 328.
[36] Maxwell, “The Soul of the Luba,” 329.
[37] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 107.
[38] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 108.
[39] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 111.
[40] Maxwell, “The Soul of the Luba,” 344.
[41] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 41.
[42] Wong, “Discerning an African Post-colonial Governance Imbroglio,” 64.
[43] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 77.
The Legacies of Colonization and Kleptocracy
[1] Schatzberg, "The Structural Roots of the DRC's Current Disasters,” 118.
[2] Schatzberg, "The Structural Roots of the DRC's Current Disasters,” 119.
[3] Schatzberg, "The Structural Roots of the DRC's Current Disasters,” 120
[4] Schatzberg, "The Structural Roots of the DRC's Current Disasters,” 120.
[5] Lasker, “Inside Africa’s PlayStation War.”
[6] Reytjens, “The Democratic Republic of Congo, from Kabila to Kabila," 312.
[7] Bak et al., Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption, 3.
[8] Bak et al., Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption, 4.
[9] Bak et al., Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption,4.
[10] Bak et al., Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption, 7.
[11] Bak et al., Overview of Corruption and Anti-Corruption, 4.
[12] Schatzberg, "The Structural Roots of the DRC's Current Disasters,” 121.
[13] Reyntjens, “The Democratic Republic of Congo, from Kabila to Kabila," 312.
[14] Wong, “Discerning an African Post-colonial Governance Imbroglio,” 88.
[15] Kelly, Rape in War: Motives of Militia in DRC, 3.
[16] UNHCR Operations Worldwide. Democratic Republic of the Congo Global Focus.
[17] Reuters in Lubumbashi, "Unknown disease kills 143 people in south-west DRC.”
Precolonial Civilizations:
[1] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary,lv.
[2] Cultural Survival, “Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights,” 1.
[3] Cultural Survival, “Observations on the State of Indigenous Human Rights,” 2.
[4] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 18.
[5] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lv.
[6] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lvi.
[7] Johnston, “On the Races of the Congo,” 467-468.
[8] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 9.
[9] Maxwell, “Remaking the Boundaries of Belonging,” 60.
[10] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 9-10.
[11] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 10.
[12] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 11.
[13] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 14.
[14] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 14.
[15] Maxwell, “Remaking the Boundaries of Belonging,” 61-62.
[16] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lvii.
[17] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lvii.
[18] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 15.
[19] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 323-324.
[20] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 15.
[21] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 15.
[22] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 16.
[23] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 323-324.
[24] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lviii.
[25] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 16.
[26] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lviii.
[27] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 8.
[28] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 288-290.
[29] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 9.
[30] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 9.
[31] Johnson, “King Leopold’s Exploitation,” 18-19.
[32] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 13.
[33] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lvi.
[34] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 21.
[35] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 22.
[36] Hochschild, King Leopold’s Ghost, 11.
[37] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 22.
[38] King Affonso I of Kongo, “Letter to King Jao III of Portugal”, 3.
[39] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 23.
Independence & Mobutu's Reign
[1] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 321.
[2] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 229.
[3] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 264.
[4] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 82.
[5] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 252.
[6] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 252.
[7] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 366.
[8] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 238.
[9] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 84.
[10] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 459.
[11] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 88.
[12] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 89.
[13] Lumumba, “Speech at the Ceremony of the Proclamation of the Congo’s Independence.”
[14] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 244.
[15] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 510.
[16] Weiss and Carayannis, “Reconstructing the Congo,” 117.
[17] CIA, Summary Chronology of ZRRIFLE/QJWIN Activities.
[18] Weiss and Carayannis, “Reconstructing the Congo,” 117.
[19] Weiss and Carayannis, “Reconstructing the Congo,” 117.
[20] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 306.
[21] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 511.
[22] Matti, “Resources and Rent Seeking,” 405.
[23] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 285.
[24] Wong, “Discerning an African Post-colonial Governance Imbroglio,” 75.
[25] Weiss and Carayannis, “Reconstructing the Congo,” 119.
[26] Matti, “Resources and Rent Seeking,” 404.
[27] Van Reybrouck, Congo: The Epic History, 358.
[28] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 285.
[29] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 284.
[30] Wong, “Discerning an African Post-colonial Governance Imbroglio,” 78.
[31] Matti, “Resources and Rent Seeking,” 405.
[32] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 231.
[33] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, 231.
[34] Kisangani and Bobb, Historical Dictionary, lxxvi.
[35] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 171.
[36] Nzongola-Ntalaja, Resistance and Repression in the Congo, 172.
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World Bank Group. "The World Bank in DRC." The World Bank. Last modified October 18, 2024. Accessed December 6, 2024. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/drc/overview
Image Credits
Introduction Page
0.1-- https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/static/flags/CG-flag.jpg
0.2- https://ontheworldmap.com
0.3- created by Bobby Gailliaert
Geography and Demographics
1.1- Rwenzori Mountains. (2024, October 31). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwenzori_Mountains
1.2- https://origin-congo.wwf-sites.org/congo_basin_at_a_glance/area/ecosystems/ Copyright Congo Basin Forest Partnership
1.3- Congo River. (2024, October 22). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_River
1.4- https://trilliontrees.org/2023/09/18/forests2follow-the-congo-basin-a-globally-significant-landscape/
1.5- https://www.tumblr.com/mappafrica/123502330165/places-the-inga-falls-in-the-drc-form-a-part
1.6- Copyright: Karine Aigner / WWF-US https://www.worldwildlife.org/places/congo-basin
1.7- Photo by Myriam Asmani (CC BY-SA 2.0), https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/places-global-african-history/kinshasa-congo-1881/
1.8- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-15722799#over2
1.9- https://edrcrdf.wordpress.com/2014/05/27/i-will-no-longer-improve-my-lingala-speaking-until-convinced/
1.10- World Bank / Vincent Tremeau, https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/06/16/the-new-ambitions-of-congolese-schoolchildren-now-that-school-is-free
Resource Exploitation
2.1- Alice Harris/John Hobbis Harris - E. D. Morel, King Leopold’s Rule in Africa, William Heinemann, London, 1904 and Funk & Wagnalls Company, New York, 1905.
2.2- Congo Free State. (2024, November 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State
2.3- http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4332605.stm
2.4-https://www.thetimes.com/world/africa/article/plunder-enforced-by-torture-and-murder-bhp8llzwl
2.5- https://www.oregonpsr.org/uranium_mining_shinkolobwe
2.6- https://issafrica.org/iss-today/child-miners-the-dark-side-of-the-drcs-coltan-wealth
Precolonial Civilizations
3.1- https://www.africarebirth.com/the-rise-and-fall-of-the-ancient-kongo-kingdom/
3.2- African Pygmies. (2024, December 2). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Pygmies
3.3- By Portuguese National Mint - Genea - Diogo Cão, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=11484251
3.4- - https://www.britannica.com/place/Luba-Lunda-states
3.5- https://sankayi.com/the-origins-of-the-luba-kingdom/
3.6- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Lunda_Empire.png
3.7- https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zfkfn9q#z7vm7yc
3.8- https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=1337145
3.9- https://catholiceducation.org/en/faith-and-character/king-afonso-i-of-kongo12-06-17.html
3.10- https://www.gettyimages.com/photos/king-john-ii-of-portugal
Congo Free State
4.1- Congo Free State. (2024, November 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congo_Free_State
4.2- By published by L Herbst, Sydney - State Library of New South Wales, PXA 1023, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=110997088
4.3- Henry Morton Stanley and David Livingstone on the River Ruzizi. Lithograph
4.4- https://www.historic-uk.com/HistoryUK/HistoryofBritain/Dr-Livingstone/
4.6- Marie Henriette of Austria. (2024, November 22). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Henriette_of_Austria
4.7- Brussels Geographic Conference. (2024, June 27). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brussels_Geographic_Conference
4.8- Credit: Creative Commons; https://www.brusselstimes.com/801229/today-in-history-the-brussels-anti-slavery-conference-that-shaped-european-colonialism
4.9- https://www.oerproject.com/OER-Materials/OER-Media/HTML-Articles/Origins/Unit7/The-Berlin-Conference
4.10- Henry Shelton Sanford. (2024, November 17). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Shelton_Sanford
4.11- https://www.onthisday.com/people/otto-von-bismarck
4.12- https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cartoon_depicting_Leopold_2_and_other_emperial_powers_at_Berlin_conference_1884.jpg
4.13- https://www.forgottenweapons.com/the-first-maxim-machine-gun/
4.14- Dias, E.C. “Tippu Tip” (c.1890). One More Voice, new dawn edition, 2021, https://onemorevoice.org/html/transcriptions/liv_021077_ART.html.
4.15- Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, Jean Blackwell Hutson Research and Reference Division, New York Public Library Digital Collections. Accessed November 19, 2024. https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47dd-fd4b-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99
4.16- https://graphicarts.princeton.edu/2013/09/14/how-the-white-man-trades-in-the-congo/
Belgian Congo
5.1- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_Map_of_Belgian_Congo_%281908_-_1960%29.svg
5.2- Public Domain Image; https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/williams-george-washington-1849-1891/#
5.3- https://www.biography.com/authors-writers/joseph-conrad
5.4- https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53017188
5.5- Léon Rom. (2024, September 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rom
5.6- https://dacb.org/stories/demrepcongo/sheppard-william/
5.8- - https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:E.D_Morel,_ca._1900-1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS10-23%29.jpg
5.9- - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MutilatedChildrenFromCongo.jpg
5.10- Cinquantenaire Arcade. (2024, November 30). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinquantenaire_Arcade
5.11- https://foreignpolicy.com/2022/06/06/belgium-congo-colonialism-leopold-ii-commodities/
5.12- https://www.historytoday.com/archive/contrarian/belgiums-heart-darkness
5.13- https://www.quora.com/What-was-life-like-for-a-European-in-Belgian-Congo
5.14- https://www.laciviltacattolica.com/african-missions-between-universalism-and-nationalism/
5.15- http://www.mr-johnson.us/imperialism-in-africa-activity.html
5.16- - https://www.soldatini.eu/2018/10/force-publique-soldiers-of-belgian-congo.html
Independence and Mobutu's Reign
6.1- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko
6.3- https://www.thecollector.com/patrice-lumumba-congo/
6.4- - Moïse Tshombe. (2024, November 17). In Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C3%AFse_Tshombe
6.5- - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko
6.6- https://www.brusselstimes.com/460710/today-in-history-1958-brussels-worlds-fair-opens-to-the-public
6.7- https://independance.africamuseum.be/en/exhibition/independance/independance-table-ronde
6.8- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baudouin_of_Belgium
6.9- https://www.tpaak.com/project-zrrifle
6.10- https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/17/books/review/the-lumumba-plot-stuart-a-reid.html
6.11- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko
6.12- https://www.amazon.com/Manifesto-Nsele-Mobutu-Sese-Seko/dp/B0CH22JK3H
6.13- https://www.realbanknotes.com/banknote/34029-Zaire-p46a-5000000-Zaires-from-1992
6.14- https://varldenshistoria.se/kultur/spraak/varfor-bytte-kongo-namn-till-zaire
The Rwandan Genocide & the Congo Wars
7.1- https://www.worldvision.org/disaster-relief-news-stories/rwanda-20-years-later
7.2- https://magazine.tcu.edu/spring-2014/history-rwandan-genocide/
7.3- Jean-marc Bouju/AP, FILE; https://abcnews.go.com/US/rwanda-genocide-remembered-25-years/story?id=62140174
7.4- https://african-volunteer.net/rwanda_history.html#google_vignette
7.5- https://www.un.org/en/preventgenocide/rwanda/historical-background.shtml
7.6- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juvenal-Habyarimana
7.7- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Kagame
7.8- By Don-kun, Uwe Dedering - Own work, a derivate of File: Democratic Republic of the Congo location map.SVG, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=30192382
7.9- https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/kabila-laurent-desire-kabila-laurent-1939-2001/
7.10- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Kabila
7.11- By Don-kun, Uwe Dedering - Own work, a derivate of File: Democratic Republic of the Congo location map.SVG, CC BY 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=31368732
Legacies of Colonization and Kleptocracy
8.1- https://news.un.org/en/story/2023/06/1137722
8.2- https://africacenter.org/spotlight/record-29-million-africans-forcibly-displaced/
8.3- - https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Congo_War
8.4- - https://www.france24.com/en/20081117-children-take-arms-nord-kivu-dr-congo-report
8.5- https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/02/1085182
8.7- https://reliefweb.int/map/democratic-republic-congo/democratic-republic-congo-drc-glance-situation-31-august-2023