1-1. Military history reveals that armies throughout the world participated in some form of drill. The primary value of drill, historically, is to prepare troops for battle. For the most part, the drill procedures practiced are identical to the tactical maneuvers employed on the battlefield. Drill enables commanders to quickly move their forces from one point to another, mass their forces into a battle formation that affords maximum firepower, and maneuver those forces as the situation develops. 

1-2. In 1775, when this country was striving for independence and existence, the Nation’s leaders were confronted with the problem of not only establishing a government but also of organizing an Army that was already engaged in war. From the “shot heard around the world,” on 19 April 1775, until Valley Forge in 1778, Revolutionary forces were little more than a group of civilians fighting Indian-style against well-trained, highly disciplined British Redcoats. For three years, General George Washington’s troops had endured many hardships—lack of funds, rations, clothing, and equipment. They had also suffered numerous losses to the superior British forces. These hardships and losses mostly stemmed from the lack of a military atmosphere in the country, resulting in the creation of an Army with little or no organization, control, discipline, or teamwork. 

1-3. Recognizing the crisis, General Washington, through Benjamin Franklin, the American ambassador to France, enlisted the aid of Prussian officer Baron Friedrich von Steuben. Upon his arrival at Valley Forge on 23 February 1778, von Steuben, a former staff officer for Frederick the Great, met an army of several thousand wretched, half-starved men in rags. He commented that a European army could not be kept together in such a state. To correct the conditions that prevailed, he set to work immediately and wrote drill movements and regulations at night and taught them the following day to a model company of 120 men selected from the line. 

1-4. Discipline became a part of military life for these selected individuals as they learned to respond to command without hesitation. This new discipline instilled in them a sense of alertness, urgency, and attention to detail. Their confidence in themselves and their weapon grew as each Soldier perfected the fifteen 1-second movements required to load and fire their musket. As the Americans mastered the art of drill, they began to work as a team and to develop pride in themselves and in their units. 

1-5. Watching this model company drill, observers were amazed to see how quickly and orderly the troops could be massed and maneuvered into different battle formations. Officers observed that organization, chain of command, and control were improved as each Soldier had a specific place and task within the formation. Later, the members of the model company were distributed throughout the Army to teach drill. Through drill, they improved the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the Army. 

1-6. To ensure continuity and uniformity, von Steuben, by then a major general and the Army Inspector General, wrote the first Army field manual in 1779, “The Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troops of the United States,” commonly referred to as the Blue Book. The drill procedures initiated at Valley Forge were not changed for 85 years, until the American Civil War, and many of the drill terms and procedures are still in effect today. 

1-7. Drill commands are about the same as at the time of the War of 1812, except that then the officers and NCOs began them by saying, “Take care to face to the right, right, face.” Also, during the American revolutionary period, troops marched at a cadence of 76 steps per minute instead of the current cadence of 120 steps. (Cadence is the uniform rhythm in which a movement is executed, or the number of steps or counts per minute at which a movement is executed. Drill movements are normally executed at the cadence of quick time or double-time. Quick time is the cadence of 120 counts or steps per minute; double-time is the cadence of 180 counts or steps per minute.) Then units performed precise movement on the battlefield, and the Army that could best perform them was often able to get behind the enemy, or on their flank, beating them. Speed ruined the winning exactness. Also, firearms shot neither far nor accurately in 1776, so troop formations could take more time to approach the enemy. 

1-8. As armament and weaponry improved, drill had to adapt to new tactical concepts. Although the procedures taught in drill today are not normally employed on the battlefield, the objectives accomplished by drill—professionalism, teamwork, confidence, pride, alertness, attention to detail, esprit de corps, and discipline—are just as important to the modern Army as they were to the Continental Army.