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Google Sheets are able to do many of the same things as Excel, but have the advantage of being much better for collaborative work.
The common features include graphs and charts, but Google Sheets can produce additional visualisations including maps.
You can also use Google Forms to populate a spreadsheet by collecting data with an online form.
You'll find more details and examples using these links:
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Visit the Essential Spreadsheets section of the Working with Data site
Read this Google Document that includes an overview of Google Spreadsheets
View this summary presentation on Google Spreadsheets (used in Knowledge-Sharing events)
See this New Spreadsheets Example illustrating some of the features
See also this example spreadsheet of Data Visualisations and the Visualisation Examples page
Visit the Google Sheets support pages and the Forms support pages
If you work with lists of data, you will discover that the sort and filter tools don't seem to be as well developed as in Excel. This points not to a deficiency in Google Sheets, but to a different approach that is better suited to a collaborative environment.
Simple sorting and filtering are 'destructive' processes, in that the source data is acted on directly. The alternative approach is to generate additional views of the data, leaving the underlying data set untouched.
Google Sheets achieve this using Filter Views and range of functions:
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This document, Google Sheets Data Functions, explains how to interrogate shared data sets - includes links to examples
This data functions examples sheet shows the use of data functions
View a description of using the Google Sheets Query function
Examples of using the Query function can be found in this sheet