Final Exam  & Keystone Review

1. Final Exam Review : Documents

2. PRACTICE for Constructed Response ESSAYS

Below is a list of topics that will be on your Biology final as well as on the keystone.  You will be watching pod casts as well as filling out worksheets that will help you review.  However, you should make sure that you cover all of the topics below in order to be prepared for the test.

I.  Basic Biological Principles

            A.  Scientific Method

1.  Steps:  Observationà scientific questionà hypothesisà experimentà analysis and conclusionsà report out/ share results

2.  Know what happens during each step above

            B.  Characteristics of Life:

                        1.  Made of cells (all cells have DNA, cytoplasm, cell/plasma membrane, and ribosomes)

2.  Need energy

3.  Reproduce

4.  Respond to their environment

5.  Maintain homeostasis

6.  Adapt and evolve

II. Chemical Basis of Life

            A.  pH

1.  know what it is

2. be familiar with the scale: <7= acid; 7= neutral; >7=base

            B.  chemical reactions

                        1. understand reactants and products

                        2.  understand what happens to molecules during chemical reactions

            C. solutions

1.  know solutes

2. know solvents

            D. Water

                        1. know polarity: slight negative and slight positive sides due to unequal sharing of  e-

                        2. relate hydrogen bonds to polarity

3. cohesion and how it leads to surface tension

4. adhesion and how it leads to capillary action

5. how density changes when water freezes

6. high specific heat and how it helps moderate temperature

7. versatile solvent nature of water- dissolves other polar molecules

E.  Enzymes/ catalyst

1. understand how enzymes speed up reactions without being used up or consumed

2. know how activation energy is affected

3. know factors that affect enzymes: pH, temperature, etc 

            F. Macromolecules

1.  know what the fours macromolecules are

2. know structures and functions of the four macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

A. know elements of each

B. know monomers and polymers of each

C. know functions of each

D. Be able to identify the structures of each

III.  Homeostasis and Cell Transport

            A. Cell Theory

                        1.  know the parts

                        2.  know how microscopes affected this

a.  know light vs. electron

b.  know SEM vs. TEM

C. Levels of organization from organellesà organism

D. Cells

            1. Cell organelle structure

            2. Cell organelle functions

3. Organelles like: ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplast, lysosomes, etc

4. Prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

            E. Plasma membrane

                        1.  know the phospholipid bilayer structure

                        2. know the function

            F. Transport

                        1. Active forms: lowà high; protein pumps, endocytosis, exocytosis

                        2. Passive forms: highà low; diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

IV.  Bioenergetics

            A. ATP: know structure and function

            B. Compare and contrast structure and functions of chloroplast vs. mitochondria

C.Photosynthesis

            1. know equation, reactants, and products

            2. know the steps and who does it

            D. Respiration

1.  Aerobic: Cell Respiration

            i. know the equation, reactants, and products

            ii.  know the steps and who does it

2. Anaerobic: glycolysis + fermentation

V.  Cell Growth and Reproduction

            A. surface area to volume ratio

                        1.  know the significance of this in limiting cell size

                        2.  know how this is affected by cell size

                        3.  be able to calculate surface area, volume, and ratio

            B. cell cycle

                        1. know the parts of the cell cycle and their order

                        2. know which events are part of interphase

                        3. know chromosome structure

                                    a. parts of chromosome

                                    b. how visibility and structure differs from interphase to cell division (M phase)

4. Meiosis

                                    a. know all the parts

                                    b. describe how it creates haploid cells and diversity

                        5. Mitosis

                        a.  know all the parts

                        b.  describe how it creates diploid  cells

VI: Genetics

1.     Know how genes are passed down to offspring

2.     Know how to predict phenotypic and genotypic ratios

3.     Know dominant and recessive patterns

4.     Know Mendel’s Laws

5.     Know complete, incomplete dominance, codominance, x-linked genes

VII: DNA replication and Protein synthesis

1.     DNA replication

a.      All of the parts

b.     Enzymes involved

c.      Semi-conservative model

d.     Scientists that contributed to discovery of DNA and DNA replication

e.      Base pairing rules

2.     Pro

a.      Point mutations

b.     Chromosomal mutations

c.      Consequencetein synthesis

a.      Central dogma--- DNA-RNA-protein

b.     Types of RNA purpose and structure

c.      Transcription

                                                              i.     Process

                                                            ii.     Enzymes involved

                                                          iii.     RNA splicing

d.     Translation

                                                              i.     Process

                                                            ii.     Molecules and structures involved

                                                          iii.     Amino acid sequence

3.     Mutationss of each type

4.     Biotechnology

VIII: Evolution

1.      Darwin

a.      Trip

b.     Influences

c.      Ideas on evolution

d.     Evidence of evolution

2.     Microevolution

a.      Different types

b.     How they cause microevolution and changes in allele frequency

c.      How they cause macroevolution

d.     Patterns of natural selection-directional, stabilizing, disruptive

3.     Speciation

a.      Allopatric and sympatric speciation

IX: Ecology

1.      Levels of organization

2.     Biomes

a.      Types and characteristics

b.     How climate influences them

3.     Biogeochemical cycles

4.     Population growth

a.      Exponential and logistic growth

b.     Carrying capacity

c.      Predator prey and competition

d.     Age structure graphs

5.     Interspecific interactions

6.     Food chains and food webs and trophic levels

7.     Ecology pyramids and energy through trophic levels

8.     Succession

9.     Human impact