Sang, = an honorific prefix applied to 

(1) the names of heroes and minor divinities - such as Darmadewa, Kĕlĕmbai, Nila Utama (the founder of Singapore), Arjuna, and others; 

(2) to the titles of kings - e.g. sang-nata, sang-aji, sang-ratu etc.; 

(3) in the expression sang-yang only, to the names of major divinities - e.g. sang-yang Guru, sang-yang Maha-bisnu, sang-yang Tunggal; 

(4) the names of animals in fables - e.g. sang-tupai, sang-kanchil, sang-nyamok.

Di, I. = at, in; di-sini, here; di-sana, there; di-dalam, inside; di-luar, outside. [By an idomatic use this word, it forms a passive - e.g. kapal di-tunda jongkong, a ship towed by a dinghy; di-dengar-nya, in his hearing; heard by him].

II. = Skr. noble - an abbreviation of adi in certain titles - e.g. dipati for adi-pati, diraja for adi-raja, etc.

Hang, I. = (Kedah) You; the pronoun of the second person singular, = (Riau, Johor) ĕngkau or kau; and (Mĕnangkabau) ang. 

Hang pa: you (plural); you all. In literature hang occurs: Ht. Mar. Mar.

II. = An ancient titular prefix to the names of men of some distinction, e.g. Hang Tuwah, Hang Jĕbat.

III. = (Onom.) A deep breath.

IV. = A matchan or platform for tiger-hunters in the branches of a tree.

Tun = A title of distinction which seems to have been of general use formerly but is now (Riau) only applied to a princess's foster child.

Tuan, Tuwan = Master; lord; lady - an honorific title applied to Europeans (men only) generally, to Malay men and women of a certain rank, to saiyids and sharifahs and to hajis of either sex. 

T. bĕsar : the chief - a term used in speaking of the head of a department or firm in which more than one European is employed.

T. putĕri : the princess.

Bĕrtuwan : to have a master; to be employed under some one. Bĕrtuwankan : to serve; to accept service under; to enter the service of.  Maka sa-orang lagi bĕrkata daripada aku bĕrtuwankan Maharaja Boma itu sa-ribu kali mahu aku bĕrtuwankan Sang Samba ini: then said another: rather than accept the Maharaja Boma as my Lord, I would a thousand times be the servant of Sang Samba; Ht.Sg.Samb.

Tuwan-ku : My Lord; a title usually confined to the sovereign. Yang di-pĕrtuwan or yamtuwan : the ruler; the king or prince of a Malay state.

Pĕrtuwanan : the rank of a tuwan; distinguished or honourable birth. Anak pĕrtuwanan : children of rank; Ht.Pg.Ptg.

Tuhan : God; the Lord. Tuhan Allah : the Lord God. Tuhan-ku : my Lord God. Allah ta'alla sa-bĕnar-nya Tuhan, Nabi Muhammad pĕnghulu kami : Allah most High is verily God, the prophet Muhammad is the chief of us all.

Pĕrtuhankan : to accept as God; to worship; Ht.Isk.Dz.

THE ARTICLE. 

There is no article in Malay, that is, there is no word which corresponds exactly with our definite article the, or indefinite article a, an. 

Kuda, horse, and orang, man, signify equally 

"the horse" and "the man." When it is desired to specify particular objects, the pronouns ini, this, itu, that, and yang, this which, or that which, are used. 

Si sometimes supplies the place of the definite article when a person is spoken of; as si-laki-laki, the man ; si-perampuan, the woman ; si-mati, the deceased ; si-bongkok, the cripple. 

The numeral satu, one, is often used as the indefinite article; as ada sa' orang di negri Kedah, there was a man in the state of Kedah; ini satu kuda chantek, this is a beautiful horse. 

[] se is employed to give an adverbial sense to words, whether primitive or derivative, in any other part of speech, as [] se-benar-nia truly, from [] benar true ; [] se-harus-nia properly, from [] harus proper ; [] se-mana-mana any where, wherever, from [] mana where ; [] se-ber-mula in the first place, from [] ber-mula to commence. 

There is also a particle written [] sa and [] sā, which is a contraction from [] sātu one, and of [] sāma alike, as [] sa-lapis single, from [] lapis fold ; [] sa-kali at once, from [] kāla time ; [] sa-āti with one accord, from [] āti the heart. 

PRONOUNS. 

The proper use of the personal pronouns and of the nouns which are used for them presents some difficulty. 

The following words may be used to express the first person singular, I : — 

1. Aku, I. 

2. Sahaya (lit. companion, slave ; Sansk. sahaya). 

3. Hamba (lit. slave), or hamba tuan (lit. master's slave). 

4. Perhamba (lit. lowest slave). 

5. Beta (lit. slave). 

6. Patek (lit. slave). 

7. Tĕman (lit. companion). 

The appropriate use of these pronouns is dependent upon the relative positions of the persons between whom communication takes place. 

Aku is generally used by natives among themselves. Its use implies familiarity and equality. It should not be used by Europeans addressing natives, or by natives addressing 

Europeans. 

Sahaya is the ordinary polite form used by Europeans in conversation with natives of all classes, and by natives of the upper class in addressing Europeans. 

Hamba, haba tuan, and perhamba are used by persons of inferior rank when addressing superiors. Hamba, if used by a chief or native of high rank, implies a certain affectation of modesty. 

The use of beta is confined to literary composition, and it is incorrect to employ the word colloquially. It may be used by 

Europeans and natives. 

Patek is used only by natives, and by them only when addressing a person of royal blood. 

Tĕman is used only in intercourse between natives of the upper class and of approximately equal rank. 

The first person plural is kita or kami, we.  Kita is used when the person addressed is intended to be included. Kami, on the contrary, like the royal "we" in English, excludes the person addressed. 

Sometimes the word orang is added without changing the signification ; as kita orang, we. 

Other forms are also in use, but they are generally provincialisms confined to particular states or districts. Sahaya apa, kita apa, and hamba tuan apa are used in Kedah, and sahaya-ma in Perak, for kita orang. 

Colloquially the personal pronouns are often omitted to avoid repetition. This is done especially in narration or description ; as, for example, in the following sentence : Lepas itu jalan pula ka-kampong singgah di rumah Haji Ismail hari pun sudah pĕtang langsong pulang ka-rumah makan nasi — Afterwards (I started) again (and) walked to the kampong, (and) stopped at the house of Haji Ismail, (and then), as it was evening, (I) went straight home (and) had my dinner. 

Here the personal pronoun I is understood throughout.

Third Person Singular, 

Dia or iya, he, she, it. 

Dia and iya are used indifferently, but perhaps dia is more common in conversation and iya in literature. 

The plural is dia orang (and sometimes, though less commonly, iya orang), they. 

Another form of the third person plural is marika-itu, they, these, or those persons ; but it is found in literary compositions only, and is not used in conversation. 

A pronoun of the third person only used in conjunction with other words is -nia, a contraction of inia, he, she, it. 

The indefinite form "one" (the French "on" and German "man") is expressed in Malay by orang; as orang tiada berani pergi sana, one dare not go there; kalau orang handak kawin, if one is about to marry.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS. 

The possessive pronouns, my, thy, his, our, your, their, are usually denoted by placing the personal pronoun after the word expressing the object possessed; as rumah sahaya, my house; pada pikir-an hamba, in my opinion; apa pen-chari-an angkau? what is your occupation? apa nama dia? what is his name? 

Possessive pronouns are also formed by the word punya or ampunya (lit. owning, owned) placed after the personal pronoun; as aku punya, my or mine; tuan punya suka, as you please (your pleasure); yang ampunya tanah, (he) whose land it is. 

- Singular. 

My, mine, sahaya punya. 

Thy, thine, angkau punya. 

His, hers, its, dia punya. 

- Plural. 

Ours, kita punya. 

Yours, kamu punya. 

Theirs, dia-orang punya. 

Frequently where the word a "your" would be used in English, Malays leave out the pronoun altogether. "Bring your gun with you," would be correctly rendered in Malay, bawa snapang sama (lit. bring gun together), not bawa angkau punya snapang sama angkau. 

In literary composition ku and mu (abbreviated forms of aku and kamu) are affixed to the noun denoting the thing possessed; as rumah-ku, my house; bapa-mu, your father. 

The affix -nia is used in the sense of his, hers, or its, as well as the other forms of the possessive pronoun; as patah kaki-nia, his leg was broken; bauh-nia terlalu wangi, its smell is very sweet. 

REFLECTIVE PRONOUNS. 

Diri, sendiri, or kendiri, self, are used with or without the personal pronouns to signify myself, yourself, himself, our- selves, &c. 

- Examples.

Bunoh diri, to kill oneself. 

Meng-ajar diri, to take oneself to task. 

Hamba sendiri handak pergi, I shall go myself. 

Baik tuan sendiri suroh, you had better order it yourself. 

Kemdian turun-lah raja sendiri, afterwards the king himself descended. 

Dia lari masok hutan membawa diri-nia, she escaped to the jungle with her life (lit. taking herself with her). 

Biar-lah hamba sa-orang diri me-lawan dia, let me fight him myself alone.

[] gua  appears  as  a  pronoun  of  the  first  person  in  some vocabularies published  at  Batavia, and  may  have  been  borrowed  from the Chinese; but  it is vulgar,  and does not occur  in  any  good  Malayan writings.

[] kami  we, us, on the contrary, excludes the party addressed, but, like [] kita,  is  often  employed  for the singular in  the style of sovereigns, as  [] kami  tiada  mau  we (or I) do not chuse,  [] ka-besar-an  kami  our greatness; it is not,  however, confined to this tone of  superiority,  and  the  phrases [] kami  pinta tolong  we beg assistance,  and  even [] kami  hina papa  we are mean  and poor,  are  not  uncommon.  When,  in  order  to  express  several  persons, the  word [] orang  is annexed,  no elision takes  place,  both because  the final  vowel  is  long,  and  in  order  to distinguish the compound from [] kam'orang  for  kamu-orang  ye;  as []  kami-orang sakali-an orang acheh we are  all of us men of Achin.

[] dikau  you, thee, appears to be only a  modification of [] angkau, in order to  accommodate it to the sound of the  preceding vowel or nasal and avoid a hiatus,  as [] deri-mana dikau  from whence (art) 

thou? []  jeka kau-buat  bagitu se-nischaya  ku-bunoh  akan  dikau  if thou doest so, I shall  certainly put thee to death:  in which instances the words  mana angkau  and  akan angkau  would be unpleasant to the ear of a  native.  It is never (or, if ever, under very  peculiar circumstances only) employed as the agent or nominative case to the verb, but is  the object or subject of the action, and  generally follows a preposition.  This would  seem to entitle it to being considered as a  case of the pronoun  [] angkau, were there  not a more consistent mode of explaining why it  is found in the latter situation alone,  which  is this; that in the place of a nominative preceding the verb, as well as the other parts  of the sentence immediately connected with  it, the occasion would not exist for any  qualification of the original pronoun,  because no hiatus could be there apprehended.

[] pakanira,  [] ju,  [] lu,  thou,  you,  ye,  are words to be met with as pronouns in some  European vocabularies, but they are  provincial and vulgar, and not to be found  in  good Malayan writings.

[] iya he, she, him, her, it, has no positive character of superiority or inferiority ; yet it is considered more respectful (as in other languages) to designate the person spoken of, as well as the person spoken to, by his or her name, title, or other description, than by the use of a pronoun, and instead of [] iya tau he knows, a well-bred native would say, [] tuan or [] orang kaya tau his honour knows. The word is also, but not commonly, written [] inya. 

In order to avoid the hiatus produced by successive vowel sounds, and collisions unpleasant to the ear (as noticed in speaking of the pronoun [] dikau) [] iya is frequently changed to [] diya, as [] pinta diya pergi ask him to go; [] ka-mana diya mau ber-layer whither is he going to sail? [] iya kanal akan diya he recollects him. It may be observed, in reference to what has been said of [] dikau (p. 46) that [] diya, although generally, is not always in the situation of an objective or a subjective case, as in the last example but one, it forms the nominative to the verb , [] mau; and evidently takes the place of [] iya on account of the vowel sound immediately preceding in the word [] mana. 

As applied to inanimate things its use is not frequent, the more cus- tomary form of expression requiring that the noun should be repeated with the definite article; yet it is by no means incorrect to say, when speaking of moveables, [] mengaluar-kan diya to take them away. 

 In the possessive form of the noun, and also in the indefinite form of the verb (preceded by the particle [] de, as will be hereafter explained) this pronoun, being annexed to either word, undergoes an entire change of letters, and instead of [] iya is written and pronounced [] nia. We may conjecture from analogy that this was at first intended for [] inya (the [] n being frequently interpolated, as [] pontong for [] potong, to improve the sound) and afterwards, for the sake of brevity, expressed by a single character scarcely differing at all in sound from that pronoun, as in [] kapala-nia his head, [] rambut-nia her hair, [] de pukul-nia he struck, [] de minta-nia he asked.

Although [] iya and [] diya are sometimes employed in the plural, it is more commonly expressed by annexing [] orang, as [] di'orang suka ber-main they, or those persons, love to play, [] kasih di'orang pulang allow them to return. 

[] marik 'itu or marika itu those persons, they, them, as [] sopaya jangan marik 'itu ber-champur dangan orang islam in order that they may not mix with Mahometans, [] suruh-lah kambali marik 'itu order them to return. In sense it is nearly synonimous with [] di'orang, but much less common in conversation. 

Personals, equally with nouns, of whose nature they so much partake, assume the possessive form, by annexing the word [] punia own, belonging to; or otherwise by the position of the word betokening the subject of property (explained at p. 32), as [] aku punia or [] amba punia mine, [] beta sindiri punia my own,[] angkau punia, [] kamu punia, [] tuan punia thine, yours, [] iya or [] diya punia his, her's, theirs; [] pedang-ku my sword, [] tangan amba my hand, [] mata-mu your eye, [] anak-kau thy child, [] bini tuan your wife, [] mulut-nia her mouth, [] pusaka-nia his inheritance.

This class may include not only demonstratives proper, but also the definite articles, together with relatives and interrogatives, which, in this, as in other languages, are for the most part the same words employed in a relative or interrogative instead of a demonstrative sense. They are enumerated as follows, 

[] iang that which, those, who, whom, the; as [] iang baik that which is good, those who are good, [] iang de per-tuan he who governeth, the sovereign, [] iang pertama the first, [] musim iang datang the approaching season, [] iang ampunia rumah the person to whom the house belongs. The pronoun [] nen seems to be only a vulgar substitute for [] iang. 

[] itu that, those, the, as [] orang itu that man, [] pada katika itu at that time, [] sebab itu on that account, [] sakit-lah raja itu the king was sick. 

[] ini this, these, as [] bulan ini this month, [] atau ini atau lain either this or another, [] ini-lah bath itu-lah buruk this is good, that is bad. 

[] apa what, which, as [] apa itu what is that? [] ulih apa by what means? [] surat apa ini what writing is this? 

[] si-apa (being the preceding interrogative personified by means of a particle commonly prefixed to proper names) who, whom, which, as [] si-apa mau who chuses? [] akan si-apa to whom (relatively as well as interrogatively), [] si-apa punia budak or [] budak si-apa whose servant ? 

[] mana, is properly the adverb "where," but is used idiomatically to signify "who, whom, which, what," as [] orang mana itu who is that man? [] benua mana what country? [] kuda mana which horse? 

[] diri self, is commonly joined to personal pronouns, and, as in English, partakes much of the nature of a noun, as [] jaga diri kamu take care of thyself, [] iya sudah tikam akan diri-nia he has stabbed himself. When the personal precedes, this definitive is changed to [] sindiri or [] kindiri, as [] amba sinidiri I myself, [] tuan kindiri thou thyself, [] diya kindiri he himself. Sometimes, however, it is employed, but rather quaintly, for the second personal, as [] apa diri kata what dost thou say? 

[] iya-itu may be considered as a compound pronoun, but is only employed to express the phrase of "that is to say." 

The definite article being thus classed with the pronoun, it may be proper to observe, that the indefinite article [] sa or [] sā a, an, is no other than a contraction of the numeral of unity (as in most European languages) and has already been noticed as such.