The first dynasty of the Minangkabau rulers lasted from 1347 to 1580. This period of 233 years was represented by 11 rulers.
The dynasty came to an end due to the practice of incestuous inbreeding. This in turn caused (1) the shrinking of numbers of royal family members, and (2) eventual genetic disorders.
This becomes quite evident in the last 4 generations of the dynasty (see chart below).
Examining & understanding the chart
The descendancy from Adityavarman to Tuo:
▪ Adityavarman -► Ananggawarman -► Widjayawarman -► DeoWano -► P Panjang Rambuik-2 -► RaiWano -► Sati-2 -► Tuo.
After RaiWano, the next ruler was RamoWano; and then Sati-2. Note that RamoWano is not a descendant of Adityavarman. Everything is fairly simple up to this point. After this, it becomes confusing.
Please note that some names appear twice on the same line. See line5 = "Jalito"; line7 = "Gadih-2" and line8 = "Gadih-3". Repeating the same name happens when the chart is trying to show 2 siblings are married to 2 siblings. The connecting lines cannot cross over so repeating the name is used instead.
Line5 :- RamoWano marries RanggoDewi (of Srivijaya lineage) as well as marries Jalito (of Adityavarman lineage). Here, 2 half-siblings [RamoWano & RaiWano] are married to 2 siblings [Jalito & Kamuniang Mego].
Line6:- RanggoWano marries Gadih-1 . They are half-siblings and have the same mother [RanggoDewi].
Line7:- Here, 2 siblings [Tuo & Cimpago] are married to 2 siblings [SanggoWano & Gadih-2]. Both pairs of siblings are also first cousins; ie they share one set of grandparents [RamoWano & RanggoDewi]. This has the added effect of narrowing the set of royal ranks & titles to a smaller set of people.
Line8:- Again, 2 siblings [Batu Hitam & Suto Dewi] are married to 2 siblings [diBuo-3 & Gadih-3]. Both pair of siblings are also first cousins (in both directions); they share both sets of grandparents [Sati-2 & RanggoWani, as well as RanggoWano & Gadih-1]. At this point, the probability of genetic disorders is very high.
Line9: The entire lineage is now down to 2 people [Alif-1 & Gadih-4]. These last 2 first cousins are married to each other. They both share the same sets of grandparents as well as great-grandparents. They do not beget any offspring.
Marsden was correct. The lineage of Adityavarman ended in 1580 after the death of Alif-1.
Malayo lineage (pre-Minangkabau) to Adityawarman
Legend : Ta = Tuwanku, R = Rajo, P = Puti, d = DatuekTa Kalokamo -+- P Sang Seto Lenggowani / Ta Ratu -+- P dari Tigalareh / Ta Tianso -+- P dari TigaLareh /Ta Tiang Panjang -+- P Indojati / P Dara Jingga -+- Adawayavarman | AdityavarmanSrivijaya lineage (pre-Minangkabau) to P Reno Jalito
P Jatojati-1 --+-- Guo Duato (Dingalau) / P Jatojati-2 --+-- Hyang Indojati (Dingalau) /P Sari Mayang --+-- d Saribijayo / +-----+------+d Sibijayo P Sariputi --+-- d Sari Maharajo / P Indo Cati Bilang R Natan ---+------ Jalito -----+--- Pandai | \ | +-----------+-----------+Ketumangguangan Parpatih P Reno P Reno Nan Sabatang Jalito SudahAdityavarman & the unification of Dharmasraya & Srivijaya
Dharmasraya Majapahit Srivijaya | | |P Dara Jingga -+- Adawayavarman | | | Adityavarman --+-- P Reno JalitoLineage from Adityavarman to Sati-2
Legend : R = Rajo, P = Puti, d = Datuek, t = Tuwan, D = Dewi, Da = Dewang Adityavarman --+-- P Reno Jalito | +--------+-------------+ Ananggawarman D Sanggowani | | | +----+--------+ P Bongsu -+- Wijayawarman Da Duato | DeoWano +--+---------------+ P Panjang Rambuik II Da Bano RajaWano | | Da Pandan P Reno Banang RaiWano -+---- Kamuniang Mego | Da Sari DeoWano Sati IIHowever, P Panjang Rambuik II was married to Hyang Indojati (of Sumaniek). He had a child, RamoWano (Bujang-1) by another wife.
P Panjang Hyang Indojati Upiek Da BanoRambuik II --+-- (Sumaniek) --+-- Atani RajaWano | | | Da Pandan RamoWano P Reno Banang RaiWano (Bujang-1) -+- Marak JalitoRamoWano was married to P Reno Marak Jalito (and their children became rulers in Sekelawi).
P Reno Marak Jalito and P Reno Kamuniang Mego are sisters; their father being Dewang Bano RajoWano (ruler of Sekelawi; as well as son of Widjayawarman).
RamoWano also had other wives including P Reno (Marak Rindang) RanggoDewi.
Special Note - In the Minangkabau matrilineal society, it is quite common to have a situation as follows:-
King-1 has a son and daughter: His son becomes King-2 while his daughter becomes Matriarch.
Matriarch has a son and daughter: Her son becomes King-3 while her daughter becomes Matriarch.
King-2 has a son and daughter: His son is sent to rule another part of the empire while his daughter is married to another part of the empire (hopefully to become Matriarch there).
From the Langgam Nan Tujuah, we can summarise the following:-
- Title - - - - - - - Territory - Raja Alam PagarRuyungRaja Adat BuoTuan Bandaro Putieh Sungai TarabTuan Mangkudum SumaniakTuan Indomo SaruasoWe can ignore the other "religious" titles of Raja Ibadat, Tuan Kadli etc as they were introduced later. However, we will be tracking the title "Tuwan Gadih" [female] (short-title for "Tuwan Gadih Pagaruyung").
The position of "Raja Alam" is all powerful and know this to be within the lineage from Adityavarman.
However, all the other titles are kept within the Srivijaya lineage. The Istana Pagaruyung Records for the Srivijaya lineage is as listed below:-
Legend : P = Puti, d = Datuek, t = Tuwan P Indo Cati Bilang R Natan ---+------ Jalito -----+--- Pandai | \ | +-----------+-----------+Ketumangguangan Parpatih P Reno P Reno Nan Sabatang Jalito SudahThe matrilineal Adat systems are attributed to Katumangguangan and Parpatih Nan Sabatang; who are the children of Puti Indo Jalito. Puti Reno Jalito marries Adityawarman which begins the Minangkabau dynasty.
Her sister, Puti Reno Sudah, begins the lineage of the Tuan Bandaro Putieh and Raja Adat (Raja diBuo).
P Reno Sudah | +-----------------+------------------+P Lenggo Tuwo Bandaro-1 P Reno LenggoBongsu | | +-----------------+ +--------------+P Reno Indo Jani Bandaro-2 P Reno Indo Pito Bandaro-3 | | | | | | R diBuo-1 P Reno Indo Mego-2 Bandaro-4 | +--------+-----+ | | RamoWano R diBuo-2 -----+----- P Reno (Marak Rindang) RanggoDewi -+- (Bujang-1) | | | +------------------+ P Reno Maharani Da RanggoWano D RanggoWani Gadih-1 ---+-- Bandaro-5 & Bujang-2If you think you are seeing the same names again and again, you are not mistaken. Some of the names have to be read carefully because they are different: But some names come up again and again.
RamoWano (Bujang-1) appears in several charts and is consolidated here:-
Da Bano Hyang Indojati RajaWano (Sumaniek) Bandaro-4 | | | P Reno RamoWano P Reno (MarakMarak Jalito --+--(Bujang-1) --+-- Rindang) RanggoDewi | +-------+-------+ D RanggoWani Da RanggoWanoD RanggoWani marries Sati-2.
Da RanggoWano marries Gadih-1.
Timeline of Kings (in time blocks)
1340-70 Adityawarman70-1400 Ananggawarman1400-30 Widjayawarman1430-60 Panjang Rambuik-21460-90 RaiWano/ RamoWano90-1520 Sati-21520-50 Tuo1550-80 Batu Hitam1580-10 Alif-1Lineage of Tuo
AdityawarmanAnanggawarmanWidjayawarmanPanjang Rambuik-2RaiWanoSati-2TuoRamoWano is not from this line.After Sati-2, the Istana Pagaruyung Records show a crossover of marriages into the Srivijaya line; intermarrying with the Bandaro & Rajo diBuo (Adat); which is also a continuation from RamoWano's line.
+-------+--------+Deowano D Da RanggoWano P Reno MaharaniSati-II --+-- RanggoWani Bandaro-5 & Bujang-2 --+-- Gadih-1 | | +-----+-----+ +---------+---+MegoWano P Mahligai SanggoWano P Reno Nalo MegoWano Tuo Cimpago --+-- Bandaro-6 & Bujang-3 Nali Gadih-2 --+-- Tuo | | +-----------+-----+ +------------+-----+ Da Banang SutuWano P Reno R P Reno Jalito Banang Sutuwano Batu Hitam Suto Dewi ---+--- diBuo-3 Gadih-3 ---+--- Batu Hitam | | R Alif-1 -----+----- P Reno Pomaisuri Gadih-4Note that Tuo & Batu Hitam are shown twice (at both ends). This is because 2 siblings marrying 2 siblings can't be conveniently displayed in this method.
Istana Pagaruyung Records shows the lineage from Alif-1 as follows:-
R Alif-1 --+-- Gadih-4 | +-----------+----------------+------------+-----------+Gamuyang-1 Kuaso-1 P Reno Rampiang Siput P Reno Sadi DBandaro-8 Mangkudum Gadih-5 Aladin Gadih Saruaso-1 -+- IndomoGadih-5 marries R Samik-1 of Sumpur, which we can assume to be R Ibadat (who resides at Sumpur Kudus/ Lintau).
Similarly, Gadih Saruaso-1 marries D Indomo.
We can assume that the women carry the birthright of the Gadih (Pagaruyung) & Gadih Saruaso titles while their husbands are awarded/ rewarded with the R Ibadat and D Indomo titles respectively.
Unresolved Problems with Alif-1:
According to Marsden, in 1580 Alif-1 died without any heirs which then led to a division of political power.
The Istana Pagaruyung Records show Alif-1 in 3 blocks almost as if it were 3 different persons: (a) Alif-1, (b) R Bakilap Alam (Yt Garo)., and (c) R Bagewang-3 Bandaro-7.
The spread of royal-titles after Alif-1 certainly looks like a "division of political power".
The use of titles before Alif-1.
The use of titles after Alif-1.
We need to examine the entire lineage up to Alif-1 to grasp the situation.
Below is the Adityavarman's lineage chart for most of the First Dynasty period.
Adityavarman --+-- Pr Jalito | +--------+-------------+ Ananggawarman D Sanggowani | | | +-------+-------------+ P PutuWano Da Duato Bongsu --+-- Wijayawarman DeoWano | +---------+---+Da Bano P Panjang Hyang Indojati UpiekRajaWano Rambuik II -+---- (Sumaniek) ----+- Atani | / \ +-+--------+ / \ + Pr Pr Da Pandan Pr Marak Da Bano PrMarak Kamuniang Banang Rindang RamoWano MarakJalito Mego -+- RaiWano RanggoDewi -+- Bujang-1 -+- Jalito | | | Da Sari DeoWano +-------+---+ +-----------+ Sati II ----+--- RanggoWani RanggoWano BansoWani BansoWano | +--------+-------+ MegoWano Tuo P Mahligai CimpagoNote that Pr Marak Jalito (daughter of RajaWano of Sekelawi) appears twice (at both ends). This is because 2 half-brothers married to 2 sisters can't be conveniently displayed in this method.
Examining the chart, we can see the descendancy from Adityavarman:
▪ Adityavarman -► Ananggawarman -► Widjayawarman -► DeoWano
-► P Panjang Rambuik-2 -► RaiWano -► Sati-2 -► Tuo.
After RaiWano, the next ruler was RamoWano; and then Sati-2.
We can see that RamoWano is not a descendant of Adityavarman: But he does marry RanggoDewi from the Srivijaya side.
Below is the Srivijaya lineage for the period of the First Dynasty.
Pr Sudah | +---------------------+-------------------+P Lenggo Tuwo Pr LenggoBongsu Bandaro-1 +---------+ | | Bandaro-2 +-------------------+Pr Indo Jani Pr Indo Pito Bandaro-3 | | | R diBuo-1 Pr Indo Mego-2 Bandaro-4 Hyang Indojati | +-+-----------------+ (Sumaniek) | / / \ | Pr Marak Rindang RamoWano RaiWano R diBuo-2 ----+--- RanggoDewi -----+---- Bujang-1 | / | | / +------+-------------+ | Pr Maharani Da RanggoWano D DeoWano Gadih-1 --+-- Bandaro-5 & Bujang-2 RanggoWani -+- Sati-II \ | +---+--------------+ +--+--------+ MegoWano Pr Nalo Nali SanggoWano P Mahligai MegoWano Tuo --+-- Gadih-2 Bandaro-6 & Bujang-3 -+- Cimpago Tuo | | + +-------+-----------+ +----+--------+Batu Pr Jalito R Pr Da SutoWano Hitam ---+--- Gadih-3 diBuo-3 -+- Suto Dewi Batu Hitam | | Pr Pomaisuri Gadih-4 ---+--- R Alif-1Note that Tuo & Batu Hitam are shown twice (at both ends). This is because 2 siblings marrying 2 siblings can't be conveniently displayed in this method.
Here we can see the effect of RamoWano's marriage to RanggoDewi (from the Srivijaya side). Their children marry well (i) his daughter, RanggoWani marries Sati-2, and (ii) his son, RanggoWano marries Gadih-1 (a half-sister).
The effect of 2 siblings {Tuo & Cimpago} marrying 2 siblings {SanggoWano & Gadih-2} and they are first cousins, which consolidates the titles/ ranks to a smaller set of people.
Continuing Adityavarman's descendancy, from Tuo to Batu Hitam is connected in 2 ways (i) Batu Hitam is Tuo's sister's son, and (ii) Batu Hitam is Tuo's daughter's husband.
Their children continue this effect of 2 siblings {Batu Hitam & Suto Dewi} marrying 2 siblings {diBuo-3 & Gadih-3} and they are first cousins (in both directions), which narrows down the entire lineage down to 2 people.
...and like a bad incestuous DNA accident waiting to happen, the last 2 descendants {Alif-1 & Gadih-4} get married to each other.
It looks like Marsden was correct and the lineage ended after the death of Alif-1 in 1580.
What happened next would have been a damage control exercise by the Istana (palace). From the way the Istana Pagaruyung Records are presented, I shall assume the Limbago (Council) acted in the following manner:-
continued business as usual after Alif-1's death, probably not publicising it.
appointed Rajo Balikap (YamTuan Garo) as Raja Alam
appointed Rajo Bagewang-3 as Bandaro-7
setting up of the division of power.
So who are these people? The focus of the matrilineal system is that the royal children of the female line become the Minangkabau rulers. You may remember that most of the royal children of the male line are sent to rule elsewhere to expand the empire. As such, there would have been many eligible contenders to supplement the Minangkabau royal court. Examples of this royal diasporic rule:-
Ananggawarman's daughter married into Jambi royal family.
DeoWano's 4 children became royalty in Jambi.
RaiWano's other children became royalty in Indrapura & Kerinci.
RamoWano's children (with Pr Marak Jalito) became royalty in Sekelawi
Tuo's children from a different wife married into royalty in Tigobaleh, Pesisir, Aceh,
From the Srivijaya line, there would have been countless lower ranked royal males sent out to merantau (venture).