T099 Bella, T099D, and T124A1 Bonapartes (inner coast subpopulation)
Photo Credit: Gary Sutton
The West Coast Transients (Biggs) population consists of 500+ individuals, but exact values are difficult to come by as whales are born, die, and new research is published. They are one of the harder populations along the West Coast to study due to their large travel ranges and cryptic behavior, though their population has increased dramatically since the 1990s. They are silent hunters, often staying underwater for long periods of time with little to no vocalizations. They're also not as surface active as the resident ecotypes, with very little breaching, splashing, or other disruptive behaviors during their hunts. They often celebrate a successful hunt with breaches, tail slaps, spyhops, and other surface-active behavior.
West Coast Transients were recently identified to consist of two different subpopulations- the inner coast Bigg's and the outer coast Bigg's- based on behavior and habitat use preferences as well as dialects.
The Inner Coast Subpopulation has a preference for shallow, coastal habitats ranging from Southeast Alaska to Southern California, where they hunt near the coast for harbor seals. They are found in straits, bays, narrow inlets, coves, around shallow submerged reefs, rocky shores, shallow sandy surf zones, and even in inlets reaching far inland. They also utilize man-made structures, such as coastal breakwaters, as well as rocky intertidal areas, lagoons, and estuaries.
The Outer Coast Subpopulation, however, is found in offshore waters near the continental break and slope. They hunt near submarine canyons, subsurface seamounts, and offshore islands, using the unique bathymetry and bathymetric interactions to hunt and ambush prey. While they are mostly found in open waters, they have been observed near the Farallon and Channel Islands and have made short incursions to the Strait of Juan de Fuca (often for <2 days at a time over deep waters).
Range map. Red is the Outer Coast Subpopulation range, yellow is the Inner Coast Subpopulation range, and red-yellow stripes are where the subpopulations overlap.
Figure from McInnes et al., 2025 (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0325156)
Species: Orcinus orca rectipinnus
Population Numbers:
Transients, like other populations, are matrilineal, but matrilines often break away into groups of 4-6 to keep up stealth. Due to the prey they hunt, they rarely vocalize to avoid detection by their prey. There are 500+ transients in this population.
Population Status: Threatened (CAN)
Subpopulations: Inner Coast Transients (~370 whales, A and B dialect groups); Outer Coast Transients (~211+ whales, C and D dialect groups)
Study Years: 1976-present
Diet: Marine Mammals- California sea lions, northern elephant seals, gray whale calves, Pacific white-sided dolphins, common dolphins, harbor seal, Steller sea lions, harbor porpoise, Dall's porpoise, and minke whales