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Galapagos penguins main relationship with organisms are predator/prey relationships. The penguins are food source for other Galapagos Islands species.
PREDATOR: Penguins eat small fish like Mullets or Sardines, and crustacean like Krill , so it is a relationship of Predator and prey
Galapagos penguins are very ingenious and search widely for their prey. Galapagos penguins hunt in groups, and close to the shore in order to avoid predators like the sea lions, a lonely penguin will be an easy target for predators. In order to secure their meal the penguins will attach the fish from below and from the side..
GALAPAGOS PENGUIN SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP -There is one symbiotic relationship found for the Galapagos penguin , and it is Parasitism with the plasmodium relictum parasite; this parasite causes Avian Malaria and its fatal for the Galapagos penguin since the penguin has an immature immune system. The cause of this is the small population size and inbreeding which prevent gene variations in their immune system. The parasites benefits and the penguin die.
PENGUIN'S PREDATORS
FOOD CHAIN
FOOD CHAIN
Penguin's major predator when hunting underwater: The Sea Lion
GALAPAGOS ORGANISMS
References
Whelan, N. (2020, November 5). What do penguins eat? WorldAtlas. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-do-penguins-eat.html
Jenny_GCT. (2022, December 2). Symbiotic relationships in Galapagos. Galapagos Conservation Trust. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://galapagosconservation.org.uk/symbiotic-relationships-galapagos/
Species: Mugil galapagensis, galapagos mullet. Shorefishes - The Fishes - Species. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/sftep/en/thefishes/species/4693
Galapagos Species Checklist. Charles Darwin Foundation. (n.d.). Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.darwinfoundation.org/en/datazone/checklist?species=13213
Newman, S. (2022, November 24). Galapagos penguin facts, habitat, diet, life cycle, Baby, Pictures. Animal Spot. Retrieved February 10, 2023, from https://www.animalspot.net/galapagos-penguin.html
Keyword: plasmodium relictum, Parasitism, inbreeding, Avian Malaria
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