Embedded Files
Shoulder Flexion
Shoulder Flexion
Start Position
Start Position
Client Position: Seated or supine
Axis: below the Acromion process, center of the Glenohumeral head
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to the midline of the trunk
Goniometer Moveable arm: Parallel to the Midline of the humerus
Instruct Client: "Raise your hand to the ceiling."
Shoulder Flexion
Shoulder Flexion
End Position
End Position
Client flexes the shoulder and raises the arm towards the ceiling. The stable arm of the goniometer stays with the midline of the trunk; the moveable arm stays parallel to the humerus.
Norm: 0-180°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including thoracic extension
Shoulder Extension
Shoulder Extension
Start Position
Start Position
Client Position: Seated or supine
Axis: below the Acromion process, center of the Glenohumeral head
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to the midline of the trunk
Goniometer Moveable arm: Midline of humerus
Instruct Client: "Raise your arm behind you as far as you can go."
Shoulder Extension
Shoulder Extension
End Position
End Position
The client extends their shoulder. The stable arm stays aligned with the midline of the trunk, while the moveable arm stays parallel to the humerus.
Norm: 0-60°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including thoracic flexion. The practitioner can stabilize the trunk.
Shoulder Abduction
Shoulder Abduction
Start Position
Start Position
Client Position: Seated or supine
Axis: Anterior or posterior aspect of Acromium process (posterior in picture above)
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to sternum (anterior) or spine (posterior)
Goniometer Moveable arm: Midline of humerus
Instruct Client: "Raise your arm out to the side with thumbs up position and up towards the ceiling as far as you can go."
Shoulder Abduction
Shoulder Abduction
End Position
End Position
Client abducts shoulder, Stable arm stays with midline of trunk, moveable arm stays along midline of humerus.
Norm: 0-180°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including trunk lateral flexion. Practitioner can stabilize the trunk.
Shoulder Adduction
Shoulder Adduction
Start Position
Start Position
Client Position: Seated or supine, the extremity being tested will be overhead.
Axis: Anterior or posterior aspect of Acromion process (posterior in picture above)
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to sternum (anterior) or spine (posterior)
Goniometer Moveable arm: Midline of humerus
Instruct Client: " Lower your arm down to your side slowly"
Shoulder Adduction
Shoulder Adduction
End position
End position
The client adducts the shoulder, stable arm stays parallel with the spine or sternum, movable arm stays along the midline of the humerus.
Norm: 180°-0°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including trunk lateral flexion. The practitioner can stabilize the trunk.
Shoulder Horizontal ADDuction
Shoulder Horizontal ADDuction
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, shoulder to be abducted to 90°, elbow extended or flexed to 90°, and palm down. The practitioner may support the arm as needed
Axis: Over the Acromion process
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to humerus (practitioner to hold goniometer in this initial position as client moves their arm)
Goniometer Moveable arm: Midline of humerus
Instruct Client: " Move your arm across your chest."
Shoulder Horizontal ADDuction
Shoulder Horizontal ADDuction
end position
end position
Client horizontally adducts the shoulder, Stable arm stays parallel with the spine of sternum, moveable arm stays along the midline of the humerus.
Norm: 0°-135°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Shoulder Horizontal ABDuction
Shoulder Horizontal ABDuction
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, shoulder to be abducted to 90°, elbow extended or flexed to 90°, and palm down. The practitioner may support the arm as needed
Axis: Over the Acromion process
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to humerus (practitioner to hold goniometer in this initial position as client moves their arm)
Goniometer Moveable arm: Midline of humerus
Instruct Client: "Move your arm to the back wall."
Shoulder Horizontal ABDuction
Shoulder Horizontal ABDuction
End position
End position
The client horizontally abducts the shoulder. The stable arm stays parallel with the spine of the sternum, the movable arm stays along the midline of the humerus.
Norm: 0°-45°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Shoulder Internal Rotation
Shoulder Internal Rotation
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, shoulder in neutral, elbow flexed to 90°, and forearm neutral.
Axis: Olecranon process
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to midline of forearm/ulna. When the shoulder rotates, the stable arm will stay in this position.
Goniometer Moveable arm: Parallel to midline of forearm/ulna.
Instruct Client: "Move your forearm and hand towards your stomach."
Shoulder Internal Rotation
Shoulder Internal Rotation
end position
end position
Client internally rotates the shoulder, moving the hand/forearm down towards the floor as the assessor keeps the axis at the olecranon. The stable arm of the goniometer stays in its initial position, perpendicular to the body, and the movable arm stays along the midline of the forearm.
Norm: 0°-70°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Shoulder External Rotation
Shoulder External Rotation
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, shoulder in neutral, elbow flexed to 90°, and forearm neutral.
Axis: Olecranon process
Goniometer Stationary arm: Parallel to midline of forearm/ulna. When the shoulder rotates, the stable arm will stay in this position.
Goniometer Moveable arm: Parallel to midline of forearm/ulna.
Instruct Client: "Move your forearm and hand away from your stomach while rotating your shoulder outward."
Shoulder External Rotation
Shoulder External Rotation
end position
end position
Client externally rotates the shoulder, moving the top of the HAND down towards the floor. Stable arm stays in initial position, perpendicular to the body and moveable arm of goniometer stays along midline of forearm.
Norm: 0°-90°
Shoulder ROM
Shoulder ROM
Page updated
Google Sites
Report abuse