Gravity Resisted Instructions: Ask the client to sit in a chair with their shoulder raised/flexed to 30°, elbow fully flexed, and forearm supinated. The practitioner will stabilize the humerus and then ask the client to "With your elbow pointing toward the ceiling, straighten your elbow and arm and reach toward the ceiling. Don't let me push and bend your elbow." The client will move the elbow into extension, and the practitioner applies resistance in the forearm in the direction of flexion. 

Grades: Normal (5), Good (4), Fair (3) 

Gravity Minimized: No resistance is applied, and the practitioner or the table supports the testing extremity. (Not pictured) 

Instructions: Client is seated in a chair with the testing arm supported on a table in shoulder flexion, internally rotated, and the elbow flexed. The practitioner will ask the client to "straighten your arm out in front of you as far as you can go." The practitioner will palpate the functional muscle movers of the elbow extensors  (triceps brachii & anconeus).

Grades: Poor (2), Trace (1), No contraction (0)

Gravity Resisted Instructions: Ask the client to sit in a chair with their shoulder neutral/0°, elbow flexed at 90°, and the forearm pronated. The practitioner will stabilize the distal humerus at the elbow and then ask the client to " Turn your palm down toward the floor,  don't let me resist your forearm." The client will move the forearm into pronation, while the practitioner applies resistance in the mid/distal forearm in the direction of supination. 

Grades: Normal (5), Good (4), Fair (3) 

Gravity Minimized: No resistance is applied, and the practitioner or the table supports the testing extremity. (Not pictured) 

Instructions: Client is seated in a chair with the testing arm supported on a table in shoulder flexion, elbow flexed, and the forearm supinated.  The practitioner will ask the client to "Turn your palm down." The practitioner will palpate the functional pronators (pronator teres & pronator quadratus).

Grades: Poor (2), Trace (1), No contraction (0)

Gravity Resisted Instructions: Ask the client to sit in a chair with their shoulder neutral/0°, elbow flexed at 90°, and the forearm pronated. The practitioner will stabilize the distal humerus at the elbow and then ask the client to " Turn your palm up toward the ceiling,  don't let me resist your forearm." The client will move the forearm into supination, while the practitioner applies resistance in the mid/distal forearm in the direction of pronation. 

Grades: Normal (5), Good (4), Fair (3) 

Gravity Minimized: No resistance is applied, and the practitioner or the table supports the testing extremity. (Not pictured) 

Instructions: Client is seated in a chair with the testing arm supported on a table in shoulder flexion, elbow flexed, and the forearm pronated. The practitioner will ask the client to "Turn your palm up toward the ceiling." The practitioner will palpate the functional supinators (biceps brachii & Supinator).

Grades: Poor (2), Trace (1), No contraction (0)