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Elbow flexion
Elbow flexion
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, with elbow fully extended, shoulder neutral, and forearm supinated.
Axis: Over lateral epicondyle
Goniometer Stationary arm: Midline of lateral humerus
Goniometer Moveable arm: Along radius, lateral side of forearm
Instruct Client: "Bend your elbow and try to touch your shoulder with fingers."
elbow flexion
elbow flexion
end position
end position
Client flexes elbow, Stable arm stays with midline of humerus, moveable arm stays parallel to radius.
Norm: 0-145°
Assess AROM and then PROM
ROM can also be assessed in supine.
elbow extension
elbow extension
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, with elbow fully flexed shoulder neutral, and forearm supinated.
Axis: Over lateral epicondyle
Goniometer Stationary arm: Midline of lateral humerus
Goniometer Moveable arm: Along radius, lateral side of forearm
Instruct Client: "Straighten your elbow toward the floor" or "Straighten your arm all the way."
elbow extension
elbow extension
end position
end position
Client flexes shoulder, Stable arm stays with midline of trunk, moveable arm stays parallel to humerus.
Norm: 145-0°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including thoracic extension.
Forearm Supination
Forearm Supination
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, with elbow flexed to 90°, shoulder neutral 0°, and forearm neutral
Axis: Palmar aspect of the wrist, proximal to pisiform
Goniometer Stationary arm: Perpendicular to the floor
Goniometer Moveable arm: Across the palmar aspect of the wrist
Instruct Client: "Turn your palm up to the ceiling."
forearm supination
forearm supination
end position
end position
Client supinates the forearm, maintaining elbow at their side (shoulder and trunk stays neutral to avoid compensation), moveable arm of goniometer stays along palmar aspect of wrist. Keep stable arm perpendicular to the floor.
Norm: 0-90°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including trunk lateral flexion, may want to place towel between arm and trunk to minimize compensatory motions.
Forearm pronation
Forearm pronation
start position
start position
Client Position: Seated, with elbow flexed to 90°, shoulder neutral 0°, and forearm neutral
Axis: Palmar aspect of the wrist, proximal to pisiform
Goniometer Stationary arm: Perpendicular to the floor
Goniometer Moveable arm: Across the dorsal aspect of the wrist
Instruct Client: "Turn your palm down toward the floor."
forearm pronation
forearm pronation
end position
end position
Client pronates the forearm, maintaining elbow at their side (shoulder and trunk stays neutral to avoid compensation), moveable arm of goniometer stays along dorsal aspect of wrist. Keep stable arm perpendicular to the floor.
Norm: 0-90°
Assess AROM and then PROM
Watch for substitutions, including trunk lateral flexion, may want to place towel between arm and trunk to minimize compensatory motions.
Elbow & FOrearm ROM
Elbow & FOrearm ROM
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