James Cash Penney opened his first store in 1902. In 1913, the name was changed to J.C. Penney Company. In 1956, J.C. Penney began advertising nationally in Life magazine. In 1959, J.C. Penney offered its first store credit card. Between 1961-1962, J.C. Penney expanded its offerings to include appliances, tools, sporting goods, portrait studios, beauty salonsand auto centers. J.C. Penney released its first catalog in 1963.
Sears
Richard Sears and Alvah Roebuck founded Sears Roebuck Co. in 1892. In 1895, Roebuck sold his half of the company to Aaron Nusbaum and Julius Rosenwald. The company began as a mail order catalog company before opening its first retail store in 1925. Sears and Rosenwald later bought out Nusbaum's share of the company. In 1906, Sears became a publicly traded company. In 2004, Sears was aqcuired by KMart. Sears filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2018.
Service Merchandise
Harry and Mary Zimmerman founded Service Merchandise in 1960. Service Merchandise was the leading catalog-showroom retailer in the 1970s and 1980s. Upon entry, customers were given an order form, pen and clipboard to write down the catalog numbers of the merchandise they wished to purchase. They would then head to the cash register to pay for their items. They would then move to the merchandise pickup area, where a conveyor belt would deliver their items from the stockroom. Catalogs were also placed throughout the store so customers could purchase items not displayed in store. Service Merchandise filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 1999.
Spiegel
Spiegel was founded in 1865 by Joseph Spiegel. Spiegel released its first catalog in 1888. Spiegel was the first retailer to allow customers to purchase on credit via its mail order division. 1928, Spiegel became a publicly traded company. In the mid-to-late 1940s, Spiegel opened numerous stores. During the 1960s, Spiegel's received national exposure by sponsoring prizes to be given away on game shows such as Let's Make a Deal and The Hollywood Squares. During the 1980s, Spiegel was ranked 4th in terms of catalog mail order business behind Sears, J.C. Penney and Montgomery Ward. One of Spiegel's best known brands was Eddie Bauer. Spiegel filed for bankruptcy in 2003.