16. Science
I am exploring a role for the micro:bit in science teaching. The best science teaching incorporates an investigative approach and the mico:bit has enormous potential to support this.
I am exploring a role for the micro:bit in science teaching. The best science teaching incorporates an investigative approach and the mico:bit has enormous potential to support this.
Possible science investigations:
Possible science investigations:
thermal insulation - the relationship between thickness of insulation and rate of cooling
investigating the latent heat of change of state
fitness investigation
measuring distance
measuring the speed of sound
the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis
the relationship between force and acceleration
the magnetic field surrounding a bar magnet or wire carrying an electric current.
measuring reaction rate
soil moisture sensor
soil irrrigation system
pollution control
data logging
potential divider circuit
fitness investigation
measuring the speed of sound
energy transfer (radio waves)
electrical circuits (sensing and control applications)
MakeCode tutorials - An excellent startingpoint is the MakeCode tutorials. Have a look at the Science and the Tools selection for some simple projects to use in a science or STEM context.
MakeCode tutorials - An excellent startingpoint is the MakeCode tutorials. Have a look at the Science and the Tools selection for some simple projects to use in a science or STEM context.
Science Scope - This site outlines a few ideas for using the micro:bit to teach classic science classes.
Science Scope - This site outlines a few ideas for using the micro:bit to teach classic science classes.
Data Logging - This document describes different methods using micro:bits to collect and record data. If you have access to a Windows 10 computer, then it is well worth downloading and installing the Make Code App. This has an enormous added advantage as it enables data to be recorded, downloaded and imported to a spreadsheet for further data handling. The micro:bit has to be connected to the chrome book or PC via its serial cable for this to work and if not using a Chrome browser, but working on a PC you may need to install an Arm mBed Ms serial port driver.
Data Logging - This document describes different methods using micro:bits to collect and record data. If you have access to a Windows 10 computer, then it is well worth downloading and installing the Make Code App. This has an enormous added advantage as it enables data to be recorded, downloaded and imported to a spreadsheet for further data handling. The micro:bit has to be connected to the chrome book or PC via its serial cable for this to work and if not using a Chrome browser, but working on a PC you may need to install an Arm mBed Ms serial port driver.
micro:bit Remote Data Logging Demo
Watch the video for a demo showing the use of two, radio linked, micro:bits for remote data logging. One micro:bit is measures the light level when button A is pressed (this could be automated). The reading is transmitted by radio to the second micro:bit which records the data as a .csv file on the computer that it has been paired with via the USB cable.
The data in the .csv file can then be opened in a spreadsheet application for analysis.
Note that these are v2 micro:bits but the system will work if using v1 micro:bits.
Pairing
Pairing
A live connection via USB cable between the data logging micro:bit and a chromebook or PC requires the two devices to be 'paired'.
A live connection via USB cable between the data logging micro:bit and a chromebook or PC requires the two devices to be 'paired'.
Connect the two devices.
Connect the two devices.
If you look to the right of the big blue Download button on the MakeCode editor. You will see three dots. Use this menu to select 'connect device' and then follow the instructions.
If you look to the right of the big blue Download button on the MakeCode editor. You will see three dots. Use this menu to select 'connect device' and then follow the instructions.
Soil moisture sensor
Soil moisture sensor
The simple soil moisture sensor (shown below) can be used with the micro:bit to estimate the amount of moisture content in soil and display it on the LED matrix screen. The sensor works by measuring a voltage related to the conductance of the soil and using it to estimate the amount of moisture in the soil.
The simple soil moisture sensor (shown below) can be used with the micro:bit to estimate the amount of moisture content in soil and display it on the LED matrix screen. The sensor works by measuring a voltage related to the conductance of the soil and using it to estimate the amount of moisture in the soil.
A watering alarm system can be programmed to sound an alarm when plants are in need of watering.
A watering alarm system can be programmed to sound an alarm when plants are in need of watering.
A BBC micro:bit Water sensor can be purchased for under £6.00.
A BBC micro:bit Water sensor can be purchased for under £6.00.
Irrigation System
Irrigation System
A fully automated irrigation system can be created by combining a soil moisture sensor with an irrigation pump. It is possible to buy a water pump (see How clean is my pond? project below).
A fully automated irrigation system can be created by combining a soil moisture sensor with an irrigation pump. It is possible to buy a water pump (see How clean is my pond? project below).
A simple pump can be built using a servo and some old milk containers. In this case a soil moisture sensor has been made from a pair of 10 cm iron nails.
A simple pump can be built using a servo and some old milk containers. In this case a soil moisture sensor has been made from a pair of 10 cm iron nails.
Watch the video below.
Watch the video below.
Potential divider circuit
Potential divider circuit
The variable resistor in the circuit diagram can be replaced by a wide range of sensors if they operate by changing their resistance. For example, a light dependent resistor is connected as a light sensor in the diagram above.
The variable resistor in the circuit diagram can be replaced by a wide range of sensors if they operate by changing their resistance. For example, a light dependent resistor is connected as a light sensor in the diagram above.
When using sensors that function by changing their resistance they must be arranged as a potential divider. A fixed resistor (R1) is connected, with the sensor, to a common pin for inputting a v (pin 0, 1 or pin 2) on the micro:bit.
When using sensors that function by changing their resistance they must be arranged as a potential divider. A fixed resistor (R1) is connected, with the sensor, to a common pin for inputting a v (pin 0, 1 or pin 2) on the micro:bit.
The resistance of R1 needs to be similar to the range of resistances produced by the sensor in normal light (with the sensor pictured and most cheap light dependent resistors, about 600 ohms should work well).
The resistance of R1 needs to be similar to the range of resistances produced by the sensor in normal light (with the sensor pictured and most cheap light dependent resistors, about 600 ohms should work well).
How clean is my pond?
How clean is my pond?
Particles suspended in the water reduce the water clarity. Water clarity is very important in keeping a pond healthy. Clear water allows light to reach pond plants. Pollution can be harmful to fish and other pond animals.
Particles suspended in the water reduce the water clarity. Water clarity is very important in keeping a pond healthy. Clear water allows light to reach pond plants. Pollution can be harmful to fish and other pond animals.
Aim
Aim
To have a quantitative method of monitoring the water clarity of a garden pond.
To have a quantitative method of monitoring the water clarity of a garden pond.
Method
Method
Using a standard light source, a standard quantity of water, we will use a micro:bit to quantify the light level falling on a LDR.
Using a standard light source, a standard quantity of water, we will use a micro:bit to quantify the light level falling on a LDR.
This will give a value for the pollution level of our pond water.
This will give a value for the pollution level of our pond water.
After testing the electronics, the threshold pollution level for turning on the filter pump has been set to 500.
After testing the electronics, the threshold pollution level for turning on the filter pump has been set to 500.
This 'default' setting will vary according to the light intensity of the LED, the value of the fixed resistor, the resistance of the LDR, the size of water sample and the clarity requirements for the pond.
This 'default' setting will vary according to the light intensity of the LED, the value of the fixed resistor, the resistance of the LDR, the size of water sample and the clarity requirements for the pond.
Algorithm
Algorithm
When button A is pressed the LED lights up.
When button A is pressed the LED lights up.
The analogue value of the LDR is read and this is stored in a variable.
The analogue value of the LDR is read and this is stored in a variable.
The LED is turned off.
The LED is turned off.
The pollution value stored in the variable is compared with the default value.
The pollution value stored in the variable is compared with the default value.
if the value measured is greater than the default, then display the message 'Filter ON' else display the message 'Filter OFF'
if the value measured is greater than the default, then display the message 'Filter ON' else display the message 'Filter OFF'
End
End
The apparatus
The apparatus
MakeCode editor script:
MakeCode editor script:
Outline lesson plan - follow this link to find out how we used the apparatus in the children's science lessons.
Outline lesson plan - follow this link to find out how we used the apparatus in the children's science lessons.
Fitness investigation
Fitness investigation
Walking is an excellent form of exercise that most people can take part in. The average person walks 3000-4000 steps per day. The National Health Service in the UK has set a challenge for each person to walk 10,000 steps per day. This can be counted using a step counter or stepometer.
Walking is an excellent form of exercise that most people can take part in. The average person walks 3000-4000 steps per day. The National Health Service in the UK has set a challenge for each person to walk 10,000 steps per day. This can be counted using a step counter or stepometer.
With thanks to the BBC micro:bit website
When children are studying the cardiovascular system in science or health related fitness in PE they find it interesting to investigate the effect of exercise on their heart rate by carrying out and compare this with other children.
When children are studying the cardiovascular system in science or health related fitness in PE they find it interesting to investigate the effect of exercise on their heart rate by carrying out and compare this with other children.
The children will need to standardise the exercise they carry out to be able to make comparisons. This is where the micro:bit comes in.
The children will need to standardise the exercise they carry out to be able to make comparisons. This is where the micro:bit comes in.
Once programmed as a stepometer, the.
Once programmed as a stepometer, the.
Measuring distance
Measuring distance
Is it possible to measure distance using a micro:bit connected to a HC-SR04 ultrasonic sonar sensor?
Is it possible to measure distance using a micro:bit connected to a HC-SR04 ultrasonic sonar sensor?
The sensor needs a voltage of 4.5 to 5V. I found the easiest setup was to use Kitronic motor board connected to a 4.5V power supply to feed the micro:bit and the sensor as I already have a set of these.
The sensor needs a voltage of 4.5 to 5V. I found the easiest setup was to use Kitronic motor board connected to a 4.5V power supply to feed the micro:bit and the sensor as I already have a set of these.
The script below was used to give a value for the actual distance being measured. The boards have terminals connected to pin0 and pin1.
The script below was used to give a value for the actual distance being measured. The boards have terminals connected to pin0 and pin1.
A simple calibration calculation was required as the value from the sensor did not match the actual distance. This makes for an excellent teaching opportunity. We are so used to connecting digital meters and expecting them to produce an accurate measurement without considering how the value is obtained and the calibration algorithm required to convert analogue data into a 'real world' quantity.
A simple calibration calculation was required as the value from the sensor did not match the actual distance. This makes for an excellent teaching opportunity. We are so used to connecting digital meters and expecting them to produce an accurate measurement without considering how the value is obtained and the calibration algorithm required to convert analogue data into a 'real world' quantity.
From experimentation your pupils should be able to determine and apply this calibration algorithm after a number of tests using a known distance. By dividing the actual distance by the value from the sensor, in my case, a conversion factor of x 1.54 was determined. See the results table below.
From experimentation your pupils should be able to determine and apply this calibration algorithm after a number of tests using a known distance. By dividing the actual distance by the value from the sensor, in my case, a conversion factor of x 1.54 was determined. See the results table below.
It is likely that the children will experience some variation so they should make a number of measurements and calculate the average.
It is likely that the children will experience some variation so they should make a number of measurements and calculate the average.
Once my pupils applied the conversion factor they could obtain extremely accurate distance measurements up to a maximum of about 3 metres (about the limit of the sensor).
Once my pupils applied the conversion factor they could obtain extremely accurate distance measurements up to a maximum of about 3 metres (about the limit of the sensor).
Measuring the speed of sound
Measuring the speed of sound
The traditionaI way of doing this by experimentation is the 'clap echo' experiment which, with practice, can produce surprisingly good results.
The traditionaI way of doing this by experimentation is the 'clap echo' experiment which, with practice, can produce surprisingly good results.
It occurred to me that if we can use a micro:bit connected to a HC-SR04 sensor to measure distance, we should be able to obtain values for the speed of sound over known distances using the pulse time. I recommend doing this after your pupils have used the HC-SR04 sensor to measure distance (see above).
It occurred to me that if we can use a micro:bit connected to a HC-SR04 sensor to measure distance, we should be able to obtain values for the speed of sound over known distances using the pulse time. I recommend doing this after your pupils have used the HC-SR04 sensor to measure distance (see above).
Having worked out a conversion formula based on the known speed of sound in air (343m/s). I gave my pupils a spreadsheet with the formula already entered into the speed column.
Having worked out a conversion formula based on the known speed of sound in air (343m/s). I gave my pupils a spreadsheet with the formula already entered into the speed column.
=SUM(B42/C42)*13000
They were then given a micro:bit and HC-SR04 sensor, a tape measure, a board held in a stand and clamp as a reflector. For each distance used I instructed my pupils to take at least three readings for the pulseTime and enter the average to the spreadsheet.
They were then given a micro:bit and HC-SR04 sensor, a tape measure, a board held in a stand and clamp as a reflector. For each distance used I instructed my pupils to take at least three readings for the pulseTime and enter the average to the spreadsheet.
An important concept in experimental science is the reliability of the data produced and the need to reduce or eliminate experimental error.
An important concept in experimental science is the reliability of the data produced and the need to reduce or eliminate experimental error.
It was up to the pupils to work out how best to conduct the experiment.
It was up to the pupils to work out how best to conduct the experiment.
Measuring acceleration
Measuring acceleration
Investigating the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.
Investigating the relationship between force, mass and acceleration.
The traditional method of measuring acceleration is to use a pair of light gates linked to a timer (or for that matter, a micro:bit). The two light gates can be replaced by a micro:bit and an android phone with the Bitty Data Logger app installed.
The traditional method of measuring acceleration is to use a pair of light gates linked to a timer (or for that matter, a micro:bit). The two light gates can be replaced by a micro:bit and an android phone with the Bitty Data Logger app installed.
From the Bitty Software site....
From the Bitty Software site....
download the file....
download the file....
micro:bit hex file - no pairing required
micro:bit hex file - no pairing required
then drag and drop the file onto the micro:bit.
then drag and drop the file onto the micro:bit.
In the experiment, the trolley was accelerated using the built in spring. The spring has three different force settings. The acceleration for each setting was measured using the Bitty Data Logging software. The acceleration in g was converted to m/s/s and then plotted against the force in Newtons.
In the experiment, the trolley was accelerated using the built in spring. The spring has three different force settings. The acceleration for each setting was measured using the Bitty Data Logging software. The acceleration in g was converted to m/s/s and then plotted against the force in Newtons.
The diagram above shows the data from the experiment and illustrates a directly proportional relationship between the force and resultant acceleration.
The diagram above shows the data from the experiment and illustrates a directly proportional relationship between the force and resultant acceleration.
To convert acceleration in g to acceleration in m/s/s you can use the Endmemo converter - follow the link below.
To convert acceleration in g to acceleration in m/s/s you can use the Endmemo converter - follow the link below.
Energy transfer - Radio
Energy transfer - Radio
These lessons are designed to demonstrate the transfer of energy wirelessly via radio waves using a pair of micro:bits to create a remote controlled device.
These lessons are designed to demonstrate the transfer of energy wirelessly via radio waves using a pair of micro:bits to create a remote controlled device.
The fact that most children now talk about ‘having Wi-Fi’ instead of ‘having Internet access’, clearly indicates the importance to the children of radio waves as used by WLAN (wireless local area networks). Radio as a form of energy transfer is largely hidden yet it plays a vital part in all our lives as a mechanism to access the Internet.
The fact that most children now talk about ‘having Wi-Fi’ instead of ‘having Internet access’, clearly indicates the importance to the children of radio waves as used by WLAN (wireless local area networks). Radio as a form of energy transfer is largely hidden yet it plays a vital part in all our lives as a mechanism to access the Internet.
Challenge
Challenge
To create an electronic device that depends on the transmission of energy (between a hand held transmitter and a receiver) in the form of radio waves.
To create an electronic device that depends on the transmission of energy (between a hand held transmitter and a receiver) in the form of radio waves.
The challenge for the children is to create a system that can be used to turn the lights in a bedroom on and off without having to get out of bed.
The challenge for the children is to create a system that can be used to turn the lights in a bedroom on and off without having to get out of bed.
I used this as a chance to test the MI power boards (from Kitronik) as the small 'coin' cell makes them much more portable.
I used this as a chance to test the MI power boards (from Kitronik) as the small 'coin' cell makes them much more portable.
The link works well over a short distance - 4-5 metres. It is possible to set the radio to work at higher power but this is at the expense of battery life.
The link works well over a short distance - 4-5 metres. It is possible to set the radio to work at higher power but this is at the expense of battery life.
The children will need a pair of micro:bits and a bright LED wired with a current limiting resistor and two leads with a crocodile clip at each end to connect the LED to the micro:bit.
The children will need a pair of micro:bits and a bright LED wired with a current limiting resistor and two leads with a crocodile clip at each end to connect the LED to the micro:bit.
N.B. Don't for get to switch them off as radio - even when set to low power, runs the little battery down very quickly.
N.B. Don't for get to switch them off as radio - even when set to low power, runs the little battery down very quickly.
.
Click the link below to watch a demo.
Click the link below to watch a demo.
Refrigerator alarm project
Refrigerator alarm project
To demonstrate a more practical application for radio communication between two micro:bits, set the refrigerator alarm project for your pupils.
To demonstrate a more practical application for radio communication between two micro:bits, set the refrigerator alarm project for your pupils.
Electrical circuits
Electrical circuits
We teach simple circuits in a fairly traditional way at Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3.
We teach simple circuits in a fairly traditional way at Key Stage 2 and Key Stage 3.
This burglar alarm project is designed to reinforce and build on my pupil's knowledge of circuit electricity and introduce them to simple electronics.
This burglar alarm project is designed to reinforce and build on my pupil's knowledge of circuit electricity and introduce them to simple electronics.
Alarm specification
Alarm specification
The burglar alarm must be triggered by two or three different sensing components (twpes of switch).
The burglar alarm must be triggered by two or three different sensing components (twpes of switch).
If just one of the inputs is triggered by a burglar, the alarm must sound and continue to sound until it has been reset by the homeowner entering a pin number (A+B).
If just one of the inputs is triggered by a burglar, the alarm must sound and continue to sound until it has been reset by the homeowner entering a pin number (A+B).
Sensing circuit
Sensing circuit
This is a parallel circuit, each sensor (switch) is on a separate branch of the circuit. The logic is that only one switch, switch 1 or switch 2 or switch 3, needs to be closed to make a connection between pin 0 and 3V.
This is a parallel circuit, each sensor (switch) is on a separate branch of the circuit. The logic is that only one switch, switch 1 or switch 2 or switch 3, needs to be closed to make a connection between pin 0 and 3V.
Alarm circuit
Alarm circuit
To help the children to understand the alarm circuit I tell the children that the micro:bit acts like a 3 volt battery. GND is acting as the negative terminal and pin 2 as the positive terminal.
To help the children to understand the alarm circuit I tell the children that the micro:bit acts like a 3 volt battery. GND is acting as the negative terminal and pin 2 as the positive terminal.
MakeCode editor script
MakeCode editor script
