licensing law in 1903 and repealed it in 1906. Nebraska, California, Kentucky, and Kansas each repealed their early barber licensing laws only to reenact them later. See W. Scott Hall, The Journeymen Barbers’ International Union of America (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press, 1936), pp. 79–80, note 2. We have also mentioned that the courts struck down most watchmaker licensing laws. Since the 1930s, however, few federal, state, or local economic laws or regulations have been struck down on substantive due process grounds. Therefore, the decisions of the courts in the cases involving hair braiders and (as we note later in the article) the Louisiana monks mark a sharp departure from the past. 39 Jacob Goldstein, “So you think you can be a hair braider?” New York Times, June 12, 2012. 40 “Brushing out Utah’s African hairbraiding laws: Clayton v. Steinagel,” Utah hairbraiding case (Arlington, VA: Institute for Justice, June 2012). 41 “Cosmetology and hair braiding,” Utah House bill 238, 2013 General Session, http://le.utah.gov/~2013/bills/hbillint/hb0238.htm. 42 “Suit filed in Utah challenging state’s cosmetology law,” CLEAR News, April 29, 2011. 43 “Lawsuit filed against Louisiana board of embalmers and funeral directors,” CLEAR News, April 13, 2011, http://clear.blogs.com/ clear/2011/04/lawsuit-filed-against-louisiana-board-of-emblamers-and-funeral-directors.html. U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 18 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 44 Claire Suddath, “It’s illegal for monks to sell caskets in Louisiana,” Bloomberg Business, June 1, 2012, http://www.bloomberg.com/ bw/articles/2012-06-01/its-illegal-for-monks-to-sell-caskets-in-louisiana. 45 Shira Rawlinson, “Victory for the monks in federal court of appeals,” Web release (Arlington VA: Institute for Justice, October 24, 2012). 46 Gere B. Fulton, “Retail casket sales: a white paper on the status of litigation to overturn state restrictions on retail casket sales” (The Funeral Consumers Alliance, April 4, 2005); and “Circuit Court of Appeals asks Louisiana Supreme Court to decide monks casket case,” CD Funeral News, October 25, 2012, https://connectingdirectors.com/36828-circuit-court-of-appeals-asks-louisianasupreme-court-to-decide-monks-casket-case. 47 “Act to promote North Carolina job growth through regulatory reform,” Press release, North Carolina House bill 587, Freedommom’s Blog, WordPress, April 5, 2011, https://freedommom.wordpress.com/2011/04/05/press-release-for-nc-hb587/. 48 “North Carolina bill would create commission on occupational licensing,” CLEAR News, June 10, 2011, http://clear.blogs.com/clear/ 2011/06/north-carolina-bill-would-create-commission-on-occupational-licensing.html. 49 “Act to promote North Carolina job growth through regulatory reform,” short title “North Carolina Jobs Bill,” North Carolina House bill 887, Session 2011, section 10.2, April 5, 2011, http://www.ncleg.net/Sessions/2011/Bills/House/PDF/H587v1.pdf. 50 “Act to increas 52 “Deregulation of professions and occupations,” Florida House bill 1189, July 1, 2013, http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/ 2013/1189/Category; and “Deregulation of professions and occupations,” Florida Senate bill 720, July 1, 2013, http:// www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bill/2013/0720/ByVersion. 53 “New Hampshire bill proposes ending regulation of thirteen occupations,” CLEAR News, February 25, 2011, http://clear.blogs.com/ clear/2011/02. 54 “Act relative to criteria for the government regulation of occupations and professions,” New Hampshire House bill 1265, Regular Session, 2012, http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/legislation/2012/HB1265.html. 55 Ibid. 56 Personal telephone conversation between Robert J. Thornton and George Lambert, July 18, 2013. 57 “State representative Gail Riecken opposes Indiana HB 1006,” City-County Observer, January 25, 2012Current landscape of the massage therapy profession The 2021 Massage Profession Research Report Welcome to the 14th annual Massage Profession Research Report, AMTA's collection and analysis of current data and trends that shape the massage therapy environment. AMTA, the most trusted name in the massage profession, publishes this report to provide massage therapy school administrators and educators with current information and research to help them better run their schools, make informed business decisions, and educate students on current trends in the profession. This report is a major AMTA School Member benefit that helps you review current information on the massage market, including consumers, therapists, employers and schools, all in one document. Four Annual Research Studies In the pages that follow, you’ll find results of four benchmark surveys that track the state of the profession