Nurs. 1999;25(6):22- 34. 12. Moyle W, Cooke ML, Beattie E, Shum DH, O’Dwyer ST, Barrett S, Sung B. Foot massage and physiological stress in people with dementia: A randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med. 2014;20(4):305-311. 13. Schaub C, Von Gunten A, Morin D, Wild P, Gomez P, Popp J. The Effects of hand massage on stress and agitation among people with dementia in a hospital setting: A pilot study. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback. 2018;12(1):1. 14. Smallwood J, Brown R, Coulter F, Irvine E, Copland C. Aromatherapy and behavior disturbances in dementia: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2001;16(10):1010-1013. 15. Doty RL. Influence of age and age related diseases on olfactory function. Ann N Y York Acad Sci. 1989;561:7686. 16. MurphyC. Nutrition and chemosensory perception in the elderly. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 1993;33(l):3-15. 17. Snow LA, Hovanec L, Brandt J. A controlled trial of aromatherapy for agitation in nursing home patients with dementia. J Altern Complement Med. 2004;10(3):431- 437. 18. Yang YP, Lee FP, Chao HC, Hsu FY, Wang JJ. Comparing the effects of cognitive stimulation, reminiscence, and aroma-massage on agitation and depressive mood in people with dementia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2016;17(8):719-724. 19. Yang YP, Wang CJ, Wang JJ. Effect of aromatherapy massage on agitation and depressive mood in individuals with dementia. J Gerontol Nurs. 2016;42(9):38-46. 20. Turten Kaymaz T, Ozdemir L. Effects of aromatherapy on agitation and related caregiver burden in patients with moderate to severe dementia: A pilot study. Geriatr Nurs. 2017;38(3):231-237. 21. Fung JKK, Tsang HW. Management of behavior al and psychological symptoms of dementia by an aroma-massage with acupressure treatment protocol: A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Nurs. 2018;27(9-10):1812-1825. 22. Dimitriou TD, Verykouki E, Papatriantafyllou J, Konsta A, Kazis D, Tsolaki M. Nonpharmacological interventions for agitation/aggressive behavior in patients with dementia: A randomized controlled crossover trial. Funct Neurol. 2018;33(3):143-147. 23. Remington R. Calming music and hand massage with agitated elderly. Nurs Res. 2002;51(5):317-323. 24. Hodgson NA, Andersen S. The clinical efficacy of reflexology in nursing home residents with dementia. J Altern Complement Med. 2008;14(3):269-275. 25. Moyle W, Cooke M, O’Dwyer ST, Murfield J, Johnston A, Sung B. The effect of foot massage on long-term care staff working with older people with dementia: A pilot, parallel group, randomized controlled trial. BMC Nurs. 2013;12:5. 26. Anderson AR, Deng J, Anthony RS, Atalla SA, Monroe TB. Using complementary and alternative medicine to treat pain and agitation in dementia: A review of randomized controlled trials from long-term care with potential use in critical care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2017;29(4):519-537. 27. Fu CY, Moyle W, Cooke M. A randomized controlled trial of the use of aromatherapy and hand massage to reduce disruptive behavior in people with dementia. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2013;13:165. 28. Moyle W, Cooke ML, Beattie E, Shum DH, O’Dwyer ST, Barrett S. Foot massage versus quiet presence on agitation and mood in people with dementia: A randomized controlled trial. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51(6):856-864. 29. Yoshiyama K, Arita H, Suzuki J. The effect of aroma hand massage therapy for people with dementia. J Altern Complement Med. 2015;21(12):759-765. abnormalities in patients with dementia in terms of reducing stress, anxiety, and agitation. From these studies, the current research team would suggest that long-term massage therapy, in combination with aromatherapy, was more significant than other combinations of therapies in controlling behavioral abnormalities. These nonpharmacological interventions seem suited to countering emotional distress and anxiety and inducing physical relaxation and better sleep together with improving communication and decreasing wandering, restlessness, and shouting.10 Moreover, massage therapy has also been found to be useful in reducing the biomarkers of stress, including cortisol and salivary amylase levels in patients with dementia.13 The current research team would suggest that aromatherapy may not be useful alone due to the decrease in olfactory functioning during aging; therefore, absorption of essential oils during massage seems essential for the beneficial effects of aromatherapy.17 Apart from reducing stress and anxiety in patients with dementia, massage therapy has also been shown to be beneficial for health care providers who have been assigned the duty of looking after patients with dementia.25 Unlike the beneficial effects of the combination of aromatherapy and massage therapy, the combination of calming music and massage therapy does not seem to enhance the effects of each, and no significant effects have been found for combining calming music and massage therapy in controlling agitation in patients with dementia.23 However, this observation was the result of a single study;more such studies are needed to draw more conclusive results regarding the effects of the combination of calming music and massage therapy. Conclusions The employment of massage therapy,either alone or in combination, with aromatherapy or calming music, can significantly decrease agitation,