define key concepts. Key Concepts Integrative therapy. Integrative Therapy is a dynamic and comprehensive treatment model that provides an individualized approach addressing the physical, mental, and emotional components to healing by incorporating the use of touch with multiple theories and practices from separate professional modalities simultaneously in order to achieve desired results. Sound clinical practice. A sound clinical practice is an established, accepted, viable, and professional method of conducting an objective, consistent, thorough, and ethically solid approach to treatment (Mish, 1991, pp. 249, 923, 1127). Massage therapy. Massage Therapy is “the scientific art and system of assessment and systematic, manual application of a technique to the superficial soft tissue of the skin, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia, as well as to the structures that lie within the superficial tissue, by means of the hand, foot, knee, arm, elbow, and forearm. The manual technique involves systematic application of touch, stroking (effleurage), friction, vibration, percussion, kneading (petrissage), stretching, compression, or passive and active joint movements within the normal physiologic range of motion. Also included are adjunctive THE WELL-EMBODIED PROFESSIONAL 11 external applications of water, heat, and cold for the purposes of establishing and maintaining good physical condition and health by normalizing and improving muscle tone, promoting relaxation, stimulating circulation, and producing therapeutic effects on the respiratory and nervous systems and the subtle interactions among all body systems. These intended effects are accomplished through the physiologic, energetic and mind/body connections in a safe, nonsexual environment that respects the client’s self-determined outcome for the session” (Fritz, 2000, p.36). Psychotherapy. “Psychotherapy, or ‘talk therapy’, is a way to treat people with a mental disorder by helping them understand their illness. It teaches people strategies and gives them tools to deal with stress and unhealthy thoughts and behaviors. Psychotherapy helps patients manage their symptoms better and function at their best in everyday life” (NIMH, 2012, para 1). Grounded theory. Grounded Theory is “a research methodology for developing theory by letting the theory emerge from, or be ‘grounded’ in, the data” (Monette, Sullivan, & DeJong, 2011, p. 225). Literature Review Independent Treatment Approaches Many studies have been done to research the effectiveness of cognitive and physiological approaches to treating trauma. However, the cognitive approaches neglect to address the physiological manifestations of trauma; and, the physiological approaches do not provide enough cognitive or behavioral support in order to prevent re-victimization. While THE WELL-EMBODIED PROFESSIONAL 12 each has successful outcomes, they fail to provide a truly comprehensive approach to a multidimensional problem. A review of salient studies follows below. Cognitive approaches. Traditional psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy, approaches to treating trauma have yielded positive outcomes and is highly regarded in the medical field. Pennebaker, Kiecolt-Glaser, and Glaser (1988) found a link between psychotherapy and reduced health problems after reviewing 28 studies conducted between 1965 and 1980. Psychotherapy was associated with a 13-20% drop in medical use. Another study (Pennebaker et al., 1988) found that college students who were asked to confront their trauma through written expression and verbal discussion visited the student health center significantly less than those who did not. Those who disclosed more about their trauma had a higher immune system stimulation response during the course of the study compared to those who disclosed very little (Pennebaker et al., 1988). This is significant because it suggests that physiological changes are taking place with the addition of psychotherapy resulting in effective cognitive treatment of trauma. However, nothing was noted in the study regarding the types of trauma experienced by the high disclosers versus the low disclosers. Knowing the type and duration of the trauma may be important when understanding one’s ability to embody the experience. Quite possibly, those who disclosed the least may be unable to fully express how deeply the trauma had impacted them suggesting a greater need for an integrative therapy session. In addition, another drawback is the inability of replicating this study into a sound clinical practice with certain populations, such as children, English language learners, and people with developmental disabilities because of the potential lack of language development and inability to express themselves through written and oral communication. THE WELL-EMBODIED PROFESSIONAL 13 Kubany, Hill, and Owens (2003) describe their Cognitive Trauma Therapy approach as one that is similar to Mowrer’s (1960) conceptual framework of social learning through escape and avoidance conditioning and symbolic processes. According to Kubany, Hill, and Owen (2003), their randomized study design was tailored specifically for battered women and includes elements of psycho-education about PTSD, stress management, self-monitoring of maladaptive thoughts and speech, and talking about the