Physicians: Natural Medicine, Real Solutions, American Association of Naturopathic Physicians, 2015. 16 “Regulation of naturopaths discussed again,” CLEAR News, November 15, 2005, http://clear.blogs.com/clear/2005/11/ regulation_of_n.html. 17 “Bill round-up: BPOL tax, naturopath licensure, competency assessments and non-par notification,” MSV press room news (Richmond, VA: Medical Society of Virginia, February 1, 2011). 18 Kendra Majors, “Regulations for barbers?” 19 Of course, proponents have long argued that licensing signals to consumers that a trained and competent professional will provide the service. But some have argued that licensing can be a way to improve the reputation and credibility of a particular occupation. For example, currently, massage therapists are not licensed in all states. But in a recent interview, the chair of the Michigan Board of Massage Therapy argued that because so many other occupations are now licensed, massage therapists “risk being relegated to second-class status” among professions if they do not succeed in establishing their own regulatory structure via licensing. “Not being licensed really puts our profession back behind a lot of other professions,” stated Karen Armstrong in Stephanie Simon, “A license to shampoo: jobs needing state approval rise,” Wall Street Journal, February 7, 2011, http://www.wsj.com/articles/ SB10001424052748703445904576118030935929752. 20 Jerry Kopel, “Gumshoes, for the most part, prefer regulation over state licensing,” The Colorado Statesman, April 1, 2011. 21 “2011 sunrise review: private investigators,” Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies, Office of Policy, Research and Regulatory Reform, February 17, 2011. 22 “Sunset review of the egg law,” Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies, Office of Policy and Research, 1994. 23 “Colorado State Department of Agriculture: report to the general assembly,” Department of Agriculture (Denver, CO: Colorado Legislative Council, November 1960). 24 “State egg laws and regulation: a summary,” Handbook no. 112 (Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service, December 1956), http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=CAT87208613&content=PDF. 25 “Sunset review of the egg law,” Colorado Department of Regulatory Agencies. 26 “Interior designers,” Occupational Outlook Handbook (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, March 29, 2012), https://www.bls.gov/ooh/ arts-and-design/interior-designers.htm. U.S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 17 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 27 Dick M. Carpenter II, Designing Cartels: How Industry Insiders Cut Out Competition (Arlington VA: Institute for Justice, November 2007), p. 4, http://www.ij.org/images/pdf_folder/economic_liberty/Interior-Design-Study.pdf. 28 Dick M. Carpenter II, Lisa Knepper, Angela Erickson, and John K. Ross, License to Work: A National Study of Burdens from Occupational Licensing (Arlington, VA: Institute for Justice, May 2012), https://www.ij.org/licensetowork. 29 Lynn Dolan, “Connecticut interior designer title law struck down by judge,” Hartford Courant, July 1, 2009. 30 In Florida, a 2010 U.S. District Court ruled that restricting the use of the title “interior designer” to those who were licensed was unconstitutional. The court’s decision applied only to residential (as opposed to commercial) interior designers. In response to federal lawsuits, both New Mexico and Oklahoma have recently amended their laws to permit workers to use the term “interior designer” even though they may not be licensed, certified, or registered. 31 Kleiner, Licensing Occupations. 32 Minnesota Historical Society, State Archives Notebooks, Minnesota Board of Examiners in Watchmaking, Historical Records, 1943–1983. 33 Kleiner, Licensing Occupations, p. 13. 34 Lawrence M. Friedman, “Freedom of contract and occupational licensing 18936 The phenomenon of definitional boundaries of the occupation expanding has been labeled as “license creep.” See Carpenter et al., License to Work, p. 32. 37 “Hair raising,” Wall Street Journal, September 1, 1999, p. A 26. 38 Section 1 of the 14th Amendment states that “. . . no State shall deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law [authors’ italics] . . . .” The courts haves interpreted the concept of due process in two distinct ways. “Substantive due process” refers to whether the government is justified by a sufficient purpose to deprive a person of life, liberty, or property, while “procedural due process” is whether the government has followed the proper procedures in doing so. As Erwin Chemerinsky, “Substantive due process,” Touro Law Review, vol. 15, 1999, pp. 1,501–1,534, states, “Substantive due process was used . . . in the first third of [the 20th] century to protect economic liberties from government interference.” Under substantive due process, hundreds of laws (such as laws limiting the maximum number of hours workers could work) were struck down as violations of freedom of contract. For example, New York first passed a barber