3.4 Types of Diffusion

Relocation diffusion

Expansion diffusion such as

• Contagious

• Hierarchical

• Reverse-Hierarchical 

• Stimulus 

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Relocation diffusion: 

Capoeira originated in Brazil, particularly in the northeastern region. However, it has spread to various parts of the world as Brazilians have migrated and taken the practice of Capoeira with them. The movement of Brazilian expatriates and travelers has led to the relocation diffusion of this cultural practice. 

Contagious diffusion: 

• In Brazil, a good example of contagious diffusion is the spread of Brazilian samba music and dance. Samba originated in Rio de Janeiro, but it quickly spread throughout the country and even internationally, becoming synonymous with Brazilian culture. 

• Samba's contagious diffusion is also closely linked to various cultural festivals and celebrations held across Brazil. Many cities and regions, beyond Rio de Janeiro, embraced samba as an integral part of their local festivities. 

Hierarchal diffusion: 

An example in Brazil would be the introduction of Catholicism by European colonizers. The Portuguese brought Catholicism to Brazil during the colonial period, and it spread from the top-down, as the Catholic Church and Portuguese authorities promoted the religion among the indigenous and African populations. 

• Reverse-hierarchal diffusion:
  Forró is a traditional music and dance style that originated in northeastern Brazil. It has deep cultural roots and was popular in rural and working-class communities. Over time, a genre known as "Forró Universitário" emerged as a fusion of traditional forró with elements of rock, pop, and electronic music. 

• In Brazil, the development and popularization of samba-rock music, a fusion of samba and rock music, could be seen as an example of reverse-hierarchical diffusion. It started in working-class neighborhoods and later gained recognition in the mainstream music scene. 

• Stimulus:
  In Brazil, the global popularity of fast-food chains like McDonald's is an example of stimulus diffusion. While the core concept of fast food was introduced, the menus and recipes were adapted to cater to Brazilian tastes, incorporating local ingredients and flavors. 

• When McDonald's entered the Brazilian market, it introduced its core concept of fast food, including burgers, fries, and the drive-thru system. However, to cater to Brazilian tastes and cultural preferences, McDonald's adapted its menu. They introduced items like the "McLanche Feliz" (Happy Meal), which is a children's meal with toys.