Since the late 1980s, research has highlighted the unique psychological, spiritual, moral, and interpersonal injuries experienced by perpetrators of violence. However, limited attention has been given to managing such trauma, particularly among offenders. This qualitative study explored protective experiences, activities, and behaviours used by juvenile offenders in two South African correctional centres to manage perpetrator trauma. Using semi-structured interviews with 10 participants, data were analysed through reflexive thematic analysis.
Please read the full Article for more information.
This study examined the psychometric properties of the coping strategy indicator (CSI) among incarcerated male offenders in South Africa. Using a cross-sectional design, 968 participants were recruited through non-probability convenience sampling and completed four measurement scales, namely the CSI, multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS), prison adjustment questionnaire (PAQ), and depression anxiety stress scale (DASS). Five factor models were investigated, namely (i) a unidimensional model, (ii) a correlated three factor model, (iii) a bifactor model with uncorrelated three dimensions, (iv) a correlated four factor model, and (v) a bifactor model with uncorrelated four dimensions. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that a bifactor model with four dimensions showed the best fit. This finding suggests that incorporating a general factor along with four specific dimensions (i.e., problem-solving, seeking social support, avoidance withdrawal, avoidance distraction) most accurately reflects the multidimensional structure of coping strategies in this population. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients confirmed the internal consistency of the four factor model.
Please read the full Article for more information.
Incarcerated offenders must develop coping strategies to adapt
to the stressful correctional environment, where failure to cope
can harm mental and physical health. This study examined
perceived social support, aggression, age, and repeat offending
as predictors of coping among 418 adult male maximum-security South African offenders, using a quantitative, cross-sectional
correlational design.
Please read the full Article for more information.
Correctional adjustment is critical for rehabilitation, managing
behaviour and reducing conflicts within correctional environments.
Wright (1983) developed the Prison Adjustment Questionnaire
(PAQ) to assess correctional adjustment and incarceration
discomfort. This study investigated the psychometric properties,
validity, factor structure and reliability of the PAQ among South
African male incarcerated offenders. Systematic random sampling
was used to select 787 male incarcerated offenders from three
correctional centres
Please read the full Article for more information.
This paper examines the negative stereotypes faced by university-educated exoffenders as they seek professional employment. It emphasizes crucial yet often overlooked issues, such as harmful stereotypes and systemic barriers that lead to the marginalization of well-qualified ex-offenders in the South African labour market.
Please read the full Article for more information.
The Unisa Inside-out engaged scholarship project team in collaboration with the Department of Correctional Service at Losperfontein Correctional Centre co-hosted a successful Career Day Expo and Book Donation. The event was aimed at promoting education, literacy, and personal development among incarcerated students, while strengthening the partnership between UNISA and the Department of Correctional Services. The Career Day Expo featured interactive sessions where inmates engaged with UNISA academics, career advisors, and motivational speakers.
Please read the full report for more information
Advocacy for compulsory education in South African correctional centres represents a proactive approach to dealing with recidivism and illiteracy. Education is a basic human right that the constitution (Republic of South Africa [RSA], 1996) protects unreservedly. Every constitution envisages that education should occur without leaving anyone behind. The United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development (https://www.ohchr.org/en/instrumentsmechanisms/instruments/declaration-right-development) emphasises the imperative for education to be accessible to marginalised demographics.
Please read the full Article for more information.
The Unisa Department of Psychology held the most prestigious 8th Southern African Students’ Psychology Conference from 8-10 July 2025. The theme centered on Healing inter-and transgenerational trauma: A place for psychology in Africa’s future. The event brought together students, scholars, practitioners and colleagues. The first day was dedicated to preconference workshops which provided practical and informative engagements with the conference theme.
Please read the full report for more information
The University of South Africa (UNISA) has implemented a structured viva voce (oral examination) process for doctoral students registered from 2022 onwards. This report summarises key insights from the workshop document to support the Inside-Out Outside-in Community in understanding academic rigor and student-supervisor dynamics
Please read the full report for more information!
Recently it is increasingly common practice for universities and professional registration councils to probe into applicants’ criminal records as a precondition for admission. Using social constructionism, this qualitative study explored the experiences of six formerly incarcerated individuals previously sentenced to life imprisonment, who hold professional university degrees in Law, Education, Psychology and Social Work and investigated whether having a criminal record had any bearing when applying for professional registration.
Please read the full article for more information!
Dear Inside-out Community
Please find attached an article recently published by Mr. Kenneth Owusu Ansah, one of our PhD students. This publication forms part of his doctoral research and offers valuable insights into the effectiveness of well-being interventions among correctional officers. Kenneth is currently in his first year of PhD studies, focusing on the development of a well-being intervention programme for correctional officials in Ghana and South Africa: A mixed-method study. He is supervised by Dr Wandile Tsabedze who is a team member in the Inside-out and Prof. Curwyn Mapaling from North-West University.
Please read the full article for more information!
Dear Inside-out Community
Thank you for your continued engagement and support.
We are pleased to share the report on the recent "Ethics in Corrections" webinar held on 21 May 2025. The session, facilitated by Dr. Mbongiseni Mdakane, addressed key ethical and methodological challenges in correctional services research and provided valuable reflections from both facilitators and participants.
Please read the full report for more information!
In the context of higher education, as propounded by the Community Engagement and Outreach Policy (Unisa, 2013), the University of South Africa (Unisa) academics are encouraged to involve students in In-Service Learning programmes, including those who may wish to volunteer their time to gain soft skills, experiential learning, and work-related skills. This study explored the volunteerism experiences of female Psychology students as part of Unisa’s “Inside-Out Outside-In” Corrections Interest Group. An exploratory, qualitative approach grounded in a phenomenological research design was incorporated into the study, and the standard ingroup identity model was used as the study’s theoretical framework.
Please read the full article for more information!
This study explored the instructional media used in the correctional school and during the rehabilitation programmes at the Johannesburg Female Correctional Centre. The study also examined the instructional media preferences of offenders. Underpinned by the positivism paradigm, a quantitative approach was followed, and a cross-sectional survey design was used. he enumeration sampling technique was applied due to the small size of the population (n = 571). Data was collected from 402 participants who were sentenced offenders, thus yielding a response rate of 70.40%. A Kolb Learning Style Questionnaire was used to collect data and version 26.0.0 of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) was applied to analyse data. Descriptive and inferential statistics were computed as part of data analysis.
Please read the full article for more information!
The Inside-Out Outside-In Engaged Scholarship Project is calling for contributions of Down body cream, bath cloths, and Protex bar soap to support women at the Johannesburg Female Correctional Centre this Women’s Day, 09 August 2025. Many incarcerated women face significant challenges in accessing basic hygiene products essential for maintaining dignity, self-care, and overall well-being. By donating these items, we can help restore a sense of self-worth and contribute to their rehabilitation journey. Join us in making a meaningful difference. Your small contribution can have a big impact!
Please see the full poster for more information!
The Unisa Inside-out engaged scholarship project team together with the women in conflict with the law at the Johannesburg Female Correctional Centre co-hosted a successful Boog Challenge Competition., the Book Challenge Competition at the centre was a day marked by intellectual engagements and motivations, such as debating and spelling bee.
Please read the full report for more information!
It is with profound sorrow that we announce the passing of Inside-out team member and postgraduate student, Keith Scott.
Keith became a project team member of the Inside-out engaged scholarship team in 2020 and enrolled for his MA studies in the Department of Psychology in January 2021. His research study entitled, #disabled and incarcerated: An autoethnographical study of an ex-offender, examines his lived experiences as he navigated the complex challenges of change, physical rehabilitation, societal reintegration, and a period of incarceration. Relocating himself after a traumatic experience reveals significant insights, accenting the positive effect that education, both in life and formal learning environments, can have on one’s lived reality. The study, explores through theories of criminality, social stigma and resilience, the significance of adaptive strategies in addressing emotional struggles, including shame, guilt, and loss of dignity.
Please read the full orbituary for more information!
The Career Expo was a joint collaborative initiative by Unisa’s Department of Psychology, the Department of Correctional Services (DCS), and the Non-Profit Organisation (NPO) It’s Possible for All (IPFA). The event aimed to offer educational and career guidance to current and prospective incarcerated students and correctional staff, support rehabilitation, and to contribute towards reintegration into society. The programme featured an opening ceremony, keynote addresses, a career exhibition, and a book donation initiative, with various Unisa departments providing information on education, funding, and career opportunities.
Please read the full report for more information!
On February 12, 2025, Dr. Mdakane, and interns in the Psychology Department, UNISA , Mr. Nkuna, Ms. Mabona, and Ms. Genqese, visited Losperfontein Correctional Centre in Brits, Northwest Province, to conduct a needs analysis for the Inside-Out laptop donation initiative. Upon arrival, we were warmly welcomed by Mrs. Tebogo Khumalo, a correctional educationist at the centre. She introduced us to her colleagues and guided us to the correctional centre’s school.
Please read the full report for more information
Dear Members of the Inside-out Community,
As from 2015, the Inside-out engaged scholarship project team put together an annual narrative report showcasing the work that the project team, together with communities inside and outside corrections, embarked on. In the 2024 annual narrative report, we report, among others, on a series of engaged scholarship activities, including career expo events for current and prospective incarcerated students and correctional officials, research training workshops, the books project, networking sessions for MA and PhD students involved in corrections studies, workshops focussing on the mental healthcare of officials and the wellbeing of elderly correctional officials, conference presentations, supervision and peer-reviewed publications.
Please read the full report for more information!
Dear Inside-Out Community
The Department of Psychology in the College of Human Sciences at Unisa is proud to announce that Michelle Fine, professor extraordinaire in our Department since 2022, project team member of the Inside-out engaged scholarship project, and distinguished Professor at the City University of New York, was elected a member of the prestigious National Academy of Education in the United States of America.
Our congratulations to Prof Michelle Fine!
Please read the full report for more information!
Several postgraduate students and members of the Inside-out engaged scholarship project pursue corrections-related MA and PhD studies. In this newsletter we share the experiences of some of these postgraduate students who completed their studies in 2022 and 2023.
Please read the full report for more information!
On October 24, 2024, The Boksburg Correctional Officials' Appreciation and Information Sharing Session. The Inside-Out Outside-In South African Corrections Interest Group honored the commitment of correctional officials and included valuable insights on career development, educational opportunities, and emotional well-being. The report highlights keynote addresses, interactive discussions, and resources aimed at empowering correctional staff as key agents of transformation.
Please read the full report for more information!
Inside-out project team member and postdoctoral fellow, Dr Wandile Tsabedze, together with colleagues and postgraduate students recently presented papers at the 7th International Conference on Gender and Sexuality in Bangkok. Thailand.
Please read the conference report for more information.
The Inside-out project team continues to celebrate the increasing number of completed MA and PhD studies under our supervision. Attached are reflection by Inside-out collaborator and clinical psychologist at the Department of Correctional Services on his journey of becoming Dr Madlala.
The 15th of April 2024 marked the celebration and completion of a long journey that officially started in 2020. Here is my short reflection on my journey of becoming Dr Madlala:
Please read the full report for more information!
THE INSIDE-OUT OUTSIDE-IN SOUTH AFRICAN CORRECTIONS INTEREST GROUP Mental Healthcare Interactive Hybrid Workshop: Evaluating Best Practice Methods, Barriers with Applicability and Guidelines Followed in Practice
On the 18th September 2024, The Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group at UNISA hosted an interactive hybrid workshop with social workers and psychologists from the Boksburg Correctional Centre, and colleagues from the Department of Social Work, Department of Psychology, and the Department of Health Studies at UNISA.
The aim of the workshop was to create networking opportunities and provide attendees with real-world scenarios and evidence-based practices on current research and trends in the field of mental health and to offer examples on practical skills development such as therapeutic techniques, crisis intervention, communication strategies, and assessment methods. The workshop also focused on the importance of a healthy mental health to ensure optimal interventions.
To read the report in full, please find it attached.
Inside-out project team member, Dr Mbongiseni Mdakane and collaborators published the article, Caught in the spider’s web: the collateral consequences of the criminal record on higher education, professional registration, and employment opportunities in the open access journal, Research in Business & Social Science.
Please read the full report for more information!
Dear Inside-out Community and Colleagues,
We trust that you are well.
On Friday 20 September 2024, Inside-out collaborator, Dr Jacques Jordaan, and postgraduate students of the Department of Psychology at the University of the Free State, donated a large number of books to the Mangaung Correctional Centre. The donation was made possible by a generous book donation from the Unisa library, facilitated by Inside-out Books Project coordinator, Dr Fana Simelane and his team, as well as contributions from Rotary Humanitarian International, facilitated by Inside-out PhD student, Ms Jacqui Pirzenthal.
The University of the Free State reported on the event, see https://www.ufs.ac.za/templates/news-archive-item/campus-news/2024/september/book-project-at-mangaung-correctional-centre. In addition, Radio Rosestad 100.6 FM also reported on the event, see https://rosestad.co.za/mangaung-korrektiewe-sentrum-kry-n-nuwe-boekprojek/
We appreciate the work that our collaborators are doing and are looking forward to continuing to distribute books to more correctional facilities in South Africa.
The Inside-out Outside-in team conducted a series of workshops for correctional officials, discussing well-being and agency of the elderly official at the Polokwane Correctional Services on 26th to 28th August 2024. The purpose of the workshops was to have conversations with a group of officials who are 50-years and older on their emotional well-being and health in the later part of one’s career. We discussed the mental well-being of officials in corrections, self-care and physical wellness and health, preparing for retirement, and successful ageing.
Kindly read the full report for more information.
In 2021, after conducting research at His Majesty’s Correctional Services (HMCS) in Eswatini, Inside-out project team member, Dr. Wandile Fundo Tsabedze (University of North-West) and Dr. Sifiso B Shabangu (Stellenbosch University) shared the PhD research findings of Dr. Tsabedze with HMCS in Eswatini. In August 2024, they were invited to present the research findings to correctional representatives at (HMCS) in Eswatini.
Presentations and discussions centred around the importance of spiritual care, social support, religiosity, forgiveness, resilience, personality, mental health, and their role in reducing recidivism within HMCS.
Please read the full report for more information.
The empowering efect of higher education in a carceral environment is recognised globally as the most efective rehabilitative tool for reducing reofence and promoting the reintegration of incarcerated individuals into society. While many researchers from the Global North have studied carceral education and accessibility, few of those studies have focused specifcally on incarcerated women’s access to higher education.
Please read the full report for more information!
Higher education in the correctional environment is endorsed globally as the most effective tool for rehabilitation. Studies from the Global North have researched correctional education and its accessibility, but few of those have focused specifically on incarcerated women’s access to tertiary education online. Even fewer consider this topic within the context of the Global South. This study aimed to address that gap by providing a holistic perspective of South African women’s experiences of e-learning and distance higher education while incarcerated.
Please read the full report for more information!
On 16 August 2024, the Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group was invited by the Social Work Component from Boksburg Management Area to attend a group supervision workshop based on Ms. Nonhlanhla Nkosi’s Master’s Degree: Evaluating the rehabilitation programmes offered to male parolees who were sentenced for femicide in the Gauteng Region; and second, based on Ms. Nkosi’s presentation, to address the social workers on a proposed gender-based violence programme for DCS.
Please read the full report for more information!
In South Africa, higher education is a constitutionally enshrined basic human right and one of the cornerstones for accomplishing the ideals of offenders’ rehabilitation and preparation for life beyond bars. However, acquiring higher education whilst serving a sentence in a correctional centre is compounded by many institutional challenges especially towards incarcerated female students.
As part of the 2024 series of capacity building workshops, the Department of Community Engagement and Outreach (DCEO) invited the Inside-out project team to facilitate a workshop on building a high performance engaged scholarship team.
On 26 June 2024, the Inside-out project was invited by the Department of Correctional Services (DCS)’s Emthonjeni youth centre in Baviaanspoort, Pretoria to commemorate youth month. The aim of the event was to engage youth offenders in a round table discussion, coinciding with the month of June, which is recognized as the Men’s Mental Health Awareness Month and corresponds with the Men’s Health Week (12 to 18 June).
For more on the story, please read the following!
On 26 June 2024, the Inside-out project was invited by the Department of Correctional Services (DCS)’s Emthonjeni youth centre in Baviaanspoort, Pretoria to commemorate youth month. The aim of the event was to engage youth offenders in a round table discussion, coinciding with the month of June, which is recognized as the Men’s Mental Health Awareness Month and corresponds with the Men’s Health Week (12 to 18 June).
For more on the story, please read the following!
The Inside-out Books and Student Volunteer project continues to reach out to all corners of South Africa to achieve the goal of distributing books and empowering the incarcerated community through reading. During June, the project collaborated with the Department of Psychology at the University of Free State through Dr Jacques Jordaan where a need for books at the Mangaung Prison was identified.
The aim of the project includes collecting books in various Regions in South Africa and distributing them to the Correctional Centres around the country.
Please read the full report for more information!
Academic knowledge, mentorship and library resources are important components in research and publishing journey. The purpose of this session was to get an overview of how to navigate library resources, how to select a publication journal and importance and benefit of publishing from your M&D project especially when working on correctional related fields. Read the full report for more information.
The Inside-out Books and the Students Volunteer Project participated in the Correctional Educators Appreciation Day, hosted by the Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group.
We believe that Education plays a vital role in the lives of everyone, including the incarcerated community. The Book Project received a donation of 24 boxes of books from the Library of the University of South Africa and three boxes of books were distributed to the Correctional Services Educators who attended the Correctional Educators Appreciation Day. Read the full report for more info!
Across the many correctional centers where the Inside Out project is involved, a significant number of correctional officials, particularly those in the education space seem to present with emotions of despondency, and feel less appreciated by DCS management despite "giving it all and going the extra mile". To this end, they may experience their working environment as stressful, with fewer opportunities for self and collective development.
To this end, the Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group hosted the Department of Correctional Services' educators at Unisa's Bamboo Auditorium Hall in the Kgorong building, on Tuesday 14 May 2024 to celebrate them. Please read the full report for more info.
In the attempt to foster interuniversity collaboration through Unisa's engaged scholarship project, Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group member, Dr Mbongiseni Mdakane was invited on the 29th of April 2024 by the Jindal Institute of Behavioural Sciences (JIBS) at the O. P. Jindal Global University in India to deliver an online guest lecture on Conducting research with vulnerable populations: A case of the University of South Africa (Unisa) and Department of Correctional Services (DCS), South Africa.
Read the full report for more information.
The Europris and International Corrections & Prisons Association hosted a mind-blowing conference in Turkey (Istanbul) from the 21st of April 2024 to 26 April 2024. The conference was hosted at the Hilton Istanbul Kozyatagi Hotel and the first 4 days of the conference focused on the role of technology in corrections. The aim was to promote the ethical safe use and implementation of advanced digital technology in the corrections environment. Read the full report for more info!
The first Master’s and Doctoral(M&D) networking session, themed "Negotiating the Correctional Space through Language and Conduct,"commenced on April 3, 2024. The primary objective of this session was to shed light on the importance of language and jargon in theses or dissertations, especially within the context of correctional facilities.
Read the full report for more information!
The Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group, in collaboration with the Polokwane Region College of Health Sciences, NER Counselling and Career Development Unit and Library Services facilitated a career day expo for the incarcerated community at the Correctional Services Polokwane Centre. The main purpose of the visit was to empower the incarcerated community become aware of the institutional support available for them in terms of Career guidance and Library services.
Read the full report for more information.
The Inside-out-Outside-In SA Corrections Interest Group arranged a visit to the Boksburg Correctional Centre to spread the net of influence and liaison with the Department of Correctional Services(DCS).
Read the full report for more information!
On January 29, 2024, the Inside-Out Team, in collaboration with various Unisa Directorates, actively engaged in a Career Day Expo hosted at the Kgosi Mampuru II Correctional Centre. The primary objective of this event was to provide invaluable insights to the residents of the correctional center regarding the significance of education.
The aim was to guide individuals in selecting relevant and appropriate qualifications that align with their interests and aspirations. Moreover, the event addressed pertinent issues related to employment, offering valuable information on job prospects and pathways to a successful career.
Read the full report for more info!
The annual narrative report serves as a reflective tool, enabling us to evaluate our progress, pinpoint areas of development, and communicate our collective journey with stakeholders and supporters. This comprehensive report encapsulates the initiatives and achievements accomplished by the Inside-Out Outside-In team throughout the past year (2023). Attached is the 2023 Inside-Out Outside-In Annual Narrative Report. We sincerely thank you all for your ongoing support; it is truly valued.
Please read the full report for more information!
The annual narrative report serves as a reflective tool, enabling us to evaluate our progress, pinpoint areas of development, and communicate our collective journey with stakeholders and supporters. This comprehensive report encapsulates the initiatives and achievements accomplished by the Inside-Out Outside-In team throughout the past year (2023). Attached is the 2023 Inside-Out Outside-In Annual Narrative Report. We sincerely thank you all for your ongoing support; it is truly valued.
Please read the full report for more information!
The annual narrative report serves as a reflective tool, enabling us to evaluate our progress, pinpoint areas of development, and communicate our collective journey with stakeholders and supporters. This comprehensive report encapsulates the initiatives and achievements accomplished by the Inside-Out Outside-In team throughout the past year (2023). Attached is the 2023 Inside-Out Outside-In Annual Narrative Report. We sincerely thank you all for your ongoing support; it is truly valued.
Please read the full report for more information!
On 16 August 2024, the Inside-out Outside-in South African Corrections Interest Group was invited by the Social Work Component from Boksburg Management Area to attend a group supervision workshop based on Ms. Nonhlanhla Nkosi’s Master’s Degree: Evaluating the rehabilitation programmes offered to male parolees who were sentenced for femicide in the Gauteng Region; and second, based on Ms. Nkosi’s presentation, to address the social workers on a proposed gender-based violence programme for DCS.
Please read the full report for more information!