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Conservation of energy statement
Work, Heat & Internal Energy
Laws of thermodynamics
Laws of thermodynamics
The three laws of thermodynamics define physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances.
The three laws of thermodynamics define physical quantities (temperature, energy, and entropy) that characterize thermodynamic systems at thermal equilibrium. The laws describe how these quantities behave under various circumstances.
Change in Internal Energy, ΔU
Change in Internal Energy, ΔU
States that the change in the internal energy ΔU of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat Q supplied to the system, plus the amount of work W done on the system on its surroundings.
States that the change in the internal energy ΔU of a closed system is equal to the amount of heat Q supplied to the system, plus the amount of work W done on the system on its surroundings.
Heat, Q
Heat, Q
Energy transferred because of a temperature difference. Characterized by random molecular motion. Highly dependent on path. Q entering a system is positive and leaving the system is negative.
Energy transferred because of a temperature difference. Characterized by random molecular motion. Highly dependent on path. Q entering a system is positive and leaving the system is negative.
Work, W
Work, W
Energy transferred by a force moving through a distance. An organized, orderly process. Path dependent. W done by a system (either against an external force or to increase the volume of the system) is positive.
Energy transferred by a force moving through a distance. An organized, orderly process. Path dependent. W done by a system (either against an external force or to increase the volume of the system) is positive.
PhET Virtual lab: Gas Properties
PhET Virtual lab: Gas Properties
Pump gas molecules to a box and see what happens as you change the volume, add or remove heat, and more. Measure the temperature and pressure, and discover how the properties of the gas vary in relation to each other.
Pump gas molecules to a box and see what happens as you change the volume, add or remove heat, and more. Measure the temperature and pressure, and discover how the properties of the gas vary in relation to each other.
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
During a thermodynamic process, a system moves from state A to state B, it is supplied with 400 J of heat and does 100 J of work.
During a thermodynamic process, a system moves from state A to state B, it is supplied with 400 J of heat and does 100 J of work.
(a) For this transition, what is the system’s change in internal energy?
(a) For this transition, what is the system’s change in internal energy?
(b) If the system then moves from state B back to state A, what is its change in internal energy?
(b) If the system then moves from state B back to state A, what is its change in internal energy?
(c) If in moving from A to B along a different path, W′AB=400 J of work is done on the system, how much heat does it absorb?
(c) If in moving from A to B along a different path, W′AB=400 J of work is done on the system, how much heat does it absorb?
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